The paper shares the findings on the typical problems facing the heritage or old buildings in term of the problem pertaining to building leakage symptom scenario in Malaysia. Initialized from the problem finding, the paper highlight list of potential solutions best practiced by the local professional waterproofing implementer. By clearly identifying the possible factors that cause the leakage, one can take early steps to prevent the same defects form repeating thus savings can be achieved on the budget side. From the finding analysis, this paper gives the formulation ideas that can be used for creating a framework to prevent or minimize the building leakage syndrome focusing to concrete flat roof and metal roofing from re-happening.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Lecture 2 - Site Analysis - Commercial-Institutional Interiors VDIS10009Virtu Institute
This document provides guidance on conducting a site analysis for design projects. It discusses important factors to consider such as location, orientation, temperature and sun path, wind direction, topography, and soil type and condition. A thorough site analysis identifies opportunities and constraints that should inform the design response in order to best suit the site. Key aspects of the physical site and surroundings are documented through surveys, maps, photographs and sketches to understand how the design can respect and improve the existing context.
This document contains dimensional information and diagrams for work stations, modules, and wall elevations. It lists the names and heights of 11 module types labeled SB1 through SB11. Diagrams include plans, front/back/side views of a head cabin, and wall elevations A through C showing shelves, blinds and other dimensions. Dimensions provided include the overall heights, widths and depths of work station areas, modules and individual components.
plastic Facade- PLOYCARBONATE AND PTFE Revathy Royer
This document discusses polycarbonate and PTFE (Teflon) facade systems. It provides details on the materials, their properties, advantages for facades, installation processes, examples of installations, and disadvantages. Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic that can be used for transparent or translucent facades and roofs. It provides benefits like aesthetics, thermal performance, strength, weather resistance and fire resistance. PTFE is a Teflon-coated fiberglass that is durable, weather resistant and provides benefits like reflectivity, tensile strength and thermal stability. Examples described include installations at the King Fahd National Library and Burj Al Arab.
Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish made from a combination of drying oils, resins, and solvents. It is primarily used to protect and enhance the appearance of wood surfaces. Varnish finishes can be glossy or satin/semi-gloss depending on the addition of flattening agents. Varnish intensifies the natural wood grain, protects surfaces from environmental damage, and renders brilliance to painted surfaces. An ideal varnish dries quickly, remains durable and transparent without cracking or fading over time. Common types include oil, spirit, terpentine, water, polyurethane and acrylic varnishes which are used to protect a variety of materials like wood, metal, leather and more.
Carmona Cavite Comprehensive Land Use PlanningShayne Galo
The document provides a comprehensive land use program for Carmona over the next 10 years. It summarizes key points regarding demographics, services, infrastructure, environment, and a proposed spatial strategy. Some highlights include:
- The population is projected to continue growing at under 7% annually, requiring expansion of housing, education, health and other facilities.
- Additional land is needed for schools, hospitals, daycare centers, sports facilities and ecological preservation.
- Infrastructure upgrades like roads, bridges, drainage and utilities also require further development and investment.
- A multi-nodal growth strategy is proposed to concentrate development around existing urban centers and introduce new commercial and eco-tourism zones to accommodate future growth
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Lecture 2 - Site Analysis - Commercial-Institutional Interiors VDIS10009Virtu Institute
This document provides guidance on conducting a site analysis for design projects. It discusses important factors to consider such as location, orientation, temperature and sun path, wind direction, topography, and soil type and condition. A thorough site analysis identifies opportunities and constraints that should inform the design response in order to best suit the site. Key aspects of the physical site and surroundings are documented through surveys, maps, photographs and sketches to understand how the design can respect and improve the existing context.
This document contains dimensional information and diagrams for work stations, modules, and wall elevations. It lists the names and heights of 11 module types labeled SB1 through SB11. Diagrams include plans, front/back/side views of a head cabin, and wall elevations A through C showing shelves, blinds and other dimensions. Dimensions provided include the overall heights, widths and depths of work station areas, modules and individual components.
plastic Facade- PLOYCARBONATE AND PTFE Revathy Royer
This document discusses polycarbonate and PTFE (Teflon) facade systems. It provides details on the materials, their properties, advantages for facades, installation processes, examples of installations, and disadvantages. Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic that can be used for transparent or translucent facades and roofs. It provides benefits like aesthetics, thermal performance, strength, weather resistance and fire resistance. PTFE is a Teflon-coated fiberglass that is durable, weather resistant and provides benefits like reflectivity, tensile strength and thermal stability. Examples described include installations at the King Fahd National Library and Burj Al Arab.
Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish made from a combination of drying oils, resins, and solvents. It is primarily used to protect and enhance the appearance of wood surfaces. Varnish finishes can be glossy or satin/semi-gloss depending on the addition of flattening agents. Varnish intensifies the natural wood grain, protects surfaces from environmental damage, and renders brilliance to painted surfaces. An ideal varnish dries quickly, remains durable and transparent without cracking or fading over time. Common types include oil, spirit, terpentine, water, polyurethane and acrylic varnishes which are used to protect a variety of materials like wood, metal, leather and more.
Carmona Cavite Comprehensive Land Use PlanningShayne Galo
The document provides a comprehensive land use program for Carmona over the next 10 years. It summarizes key points regarding demographics, services, infrastructure, environment, and a proposed spatial strategy. Some highlights include:
- The population is projected to continue growing at under 7% annually, requiring expansion of housing, education, health and other facilities.
- Additional land is needed for schools, hospitals, daycare centers, sports facilities and ecological preservation.
- Infrastructure upgrades like roads, bridges, drainage and utilities also require further development and investment.
- A multi-nodal growth strategy is proposed to concentrate development around existing urban centers and introduce new commercial and eco-tourism zones to accommodate future growth
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document summarizes different types of flooring materials including soft floorings like carpet and rugs, and hard floorings like wood, stone, and tile. It provides details on various types of wood flooring like strip flooring and tongue and groove flooring. It also discusses different stone flooring options like marble, limestone, terrazzo, and travertine. Additionally, it covers ceramic and other tile flooring materials as well as vinyl flooring and carpets, noting characteristics like fiber composition and backing.
This document discusses different types of surface coatings used in painting. It describes primers, undercoats, gloss, eggshell, emulsion, acrylic, and varnish paint finishes. It provides instructions for preparing various surfaces like walls, wood, and old paintwork for painting. Walls should be protected with dustsheets and loose plaster removed before painting. New wood requires sanding, knotting, and filler while old paint needs flaking paint removed and sanding to prepare for new coats.
The boiling furnace for gypsum industry, gypsum powder production lineGery Zhang
Shanghai Clirik Machinery devoted into the filed of gypsum powder making machines R&D and manufacturing more than decade years, more information welcome to visit our website https://www.clirik.com or call us 008618001642498
When we are constructing homes we don't even know how many types of flooring are there. If you want to know about it then watch the slides. To know more about it go through this link( https://blog.builtify.in/2019/07/11-best-suited-flooring-types-for-Indian-home-builtify.html )
Column and Footing details for Architectural and Engineering students.
What is a column. Parts of Columns. Types of Columns. Footings and footing details. Samples of different types of footings. Descriptions and Images.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
Paints and varnishes (TYPES OF PAINTS AND VARNISHES)ApekshaWankhede1
This document provides information about paints and varnishes for a market survey project. It includes an introduction to paints and varnishes, different types of paints classified by use and properties, popular paint companies in India, composition of paints, application process, and health and safety considerations. It also discusses types of varnishes, their composition, and introduction. A group of 7 students is listed who are conducting the market survey on paints and varnishes.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
This document provides an overview of different types of ceramic and porcelain tiles available from Tilesbay.com, including brick look, concrete look, cotto look, fabric look, glazed, metal look, polished, wood look and stone look tiles. For each type, examples of color and pattern options are displayed with product images. The document encourages browsing their selection and suggests these tile types can be used on floors and walls to achieve various aesthetic looks for bathrooms, kitchens and other home spaces.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
This document discusses a resort design project by Mr. Riccardo Tossani in a publication by Hi-design International Publishing between pages 116-129. The resort is called Akatsuki and the details of the design are contained within those pages of the publishing.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
This document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on wood. It describes natural wood, classifying it as hardwood or softwood and providing examples of each with their characteristics and common uses. It then discusses problems with overexploitation of natural wood resources and introduces engineered wood as an alternative, describing types like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and high-density fiberboard.
This document summarizes steel roof trusses. Most building roofs can be framed with prefabricated light-gauge steel trusses, which offer a high-strength, lightweight roof system that can be installed quickly. Steel trusses are manufactured from C-shaped galvanized steel and are stronger than wood trusses. They are constructed by connecting chord and web members made of steel into triangular shapes, then bolting or welding them together on the ground before installing the completed truss on the roof. All steel roofing has a protective metallic coating to prevent rusting.
Mild steel consists of iron alloyed with less than 0.3% carbon. Mild steel frames are commonly used in building construction as they allow for ductility and malleability. A mild steel frame uses a skeleton structure of vertical steel columns and horizontal beams arranged in a grid pattern to support floors, roofs, and walls. This technique enabled the construction of skyscrapers. Various steel construction materials are discussed, including cuplocks, steel plates, props, acrospans, channels, jacks, joint pins, couplers, mild steel pipes, and steel challis. Their uses, properties, sizes, and specifications are described.
Here are the key points from my site visit to the timber market:
- The timber market sources wood from various forests and suppliers across the country. The wood is brought in by trucks in large quantities and stacked according to type.
- The main types of wood available are teak, sheesham, deodar, rosewood and pine. Teak and sheesham are the most popular and expensive woods.
- Customers including builders, carpenters, furniture makers visit the market to select wood based on their requirements such as size, quantity and budget. The wood is cut and planed on demand.
- In addition to raw wood, the market also sells hardware items used in woodwork like h
The document discusses the process and elements of site analysis for architecture and design projects. Site analysis involves researching social, historical, climatic, geographic, legal and infrastructure aspects of a location. It is an inventory of existing conditions on and around the project site, including contextual analysis of surrounding development. The typical elements addressed in site analysis are location, size/shape, drainage, zoning, utilities, on-site features, traffic, views and climate. Site analysis informs early design concepts so responses can incorporate external conditions.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
The document discusses construction safety management in India. It notes that construction is the second largest employer in India and a leading cause of accidents, with falls from heights being a major risk. Effective safety management through planning, training, and innovation can help reduce accidents. Key aspects of safety management include training workers, implementing safety programs, using safety equipment, and managing compensation claims. The document provides an overview of common safety hazards and how to mitigate risks through equipment, personal protective gear, and fall protection.
WATER LEAKEGE REMEDIES AND PRECAUTIONS IN RCC STRUCTUREchintandomadiya
The document discusses various types of water leakage issues that can occur in reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and provides remedies and precautions. It covers types of terrace construction like brick bat coba and Indian patent stones that are used. It also discusses how to detect and repair slab leaks, leaks from terraces, roof leaks, and water damage to ceilings. Various supplies and tools needed for repairs are listed. Waterproofing systems using chemicals, coatings, and membranes are introduced. Causes of leakage like defects in construction, maintenance, and design are explained along with preventive measures.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles, with silica being the most common constituent. There are different types of sand sourced from pits, rivers, seas and dredging, with each having distinct properties that make them suitable for different construction applications like plastering, masonry or concreting. Proper testing and grading of sand ensures it meets the necessary quality standards for use in various building works.
This document summarizes different types of flooring materials including soft floorings like carpet and rugs, and hard floorings like wood, stone, and tile. It provides details on various types of wood flooring like strip flooring and tongue and groove flooring. It also discusses different stone flooring options like marble, limestone, terrazzo, and travertine. Additionally, it covers ceramic and other tile flooring materials as well as vinyl flooring and carpets, noting characteristics like fiber composition and backing.
This document discusses different types of surface coatings used in painting. It describes primers, undercoats, gloss, eggshell, emulsion, acrylic, and varnish paint finishes. It provides instructions for preparing various surfaces like walls, wood, and old paintwork for painting. Walls should be protected with dustsheets and loose plaster removed before painting. New wood requires sanding, knotting, and filler while old paint needs flaking paint removed and sanding to prepare for new coats.
The boiling furnace for gypsum industry, gypsum powder production lineGery Zhang
Shanghai Clirik Machinery devoted into the filed of gypsum powder making machines R&D and manufacturing more than decade years, more information welcome to visit our website https://www.clirik.com or call us 008618001642498
When we are constructing homes we don't even know how many types of flooring are there. If you want to know about it then watch the slides. To know more about it go through this link( https://blog.builtify.in/2019/07/11-best-suited-flooring-types-for-Indian-home-builtify.html )
Column and Footing details for Architectural and Engineering students.
What is a column. Parts of Columns. Types of Columns. Footings and footing details. Samples of different types of footings. Descriptions and Images.
The document discusses various types of reinforcement and formwork materials used for speedy construction. It describes four main types of reinforcement - hot rolled deformed bars, mild steel plain bars, cold worked steel reinforcement, and pre-stressing steel. It also discusses four common formwork systems - table or flying formwork, column formwork, horizontal panel systems, and vertical panel systems. The formwork systems allow for faster construction through modular, engineered components that reduce time, costs, and waste compared to traditional formwork.
Paints and varnishes (TYPES OF PAINTS AND VARNISHES)ApekshaWankhede1
This document provides information about paints and varnishes for a market survey project. It includes an introduction to paints and varnishes, different types of paints classified by use and properties, popular paint companies in India, composition of paints, application process, and health and safety considerations. It also discusses types of varnishes, their composition, and introduction. A group of 7 students is listed who are conducting the market survey on paints and varnishes.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
This document provides an overview of different types of ceramic and porcelain tiles available from Tilesbay.com, including brick look, concrete look, cotto look, fabric look, glazed, metal look, polished, wood look and stone look tiles. For each type, examples of color and pattern options are displayed with product images. The document encourages browsing their selection and suggests these tile types can be used on floors and walls to achieve various aesthetic looks for bathrooms, kitchens and other home spaces.
The document discusses various types of floor finishes that can be used for commercial, residential and industrial settings. It describes different flooring materials like tiles, wood, PVC, marble, granite, glass and natural stones. For each material, it provides details on types, finish, durability, usage, installation process, costs and maintenance requirements. The document also provides specifications and laying procedures for ceramic tiles and stone flooring.
This document discusses a resort design project by Mr. Riccardo Tossani in a publication by Hi-design International Publishing between pages 116-129. The resort is called Akatsuki and the details of the design are contained within those pages of the publishing.
Soil - Building Materials and ConstructionGeeva Chandana
The document provides information about soil and its use in construction. It discusses the key components of soil including minerals, water, air and organic matter. It then describes the five factors that influence soil formation: parent materials, weathering, organic matter, topography and time. The document outlines different soil types based on particle size such as gravel, sand, silt and clay. It discusses principles of soil stabilization including increasing density, adding stabilizing agents, and improving properties like strength and shrinkage resistance. Finally, it briefly mentions different techniques for mud wall construction like cob, rammed earth and adobe.
This document discusses various types of construction materials, focusing on wood. It describes natural wood, classifying it as hardwood or softwood and providing examples of each with their characteristics and common uses. It then discusses problems with overexploitation of natural wood resources and introduces engineered wood as an alternative, describing types like plywood, blockboard, veneers, laminates, particleboard, medium-density fiberboard, and high-density fiberboard.
This document summarizes steel roof trusses. Most building roofs can be framed with prefabricated light-gauge steel trusses, which offer a high-strength, lightweight roof system that can be installed quickly. Steel trusses are manufactured from C-shaped galvanized steel and are stronger than wood trusses. They are constructed by connecting chord and web members made of steel into triangular shapes, then bolting or welding them together on the ground before installing the completed truss on the roof. All steel roofing has a protective metallic coating to prevent rusting.
Mild steel consists of iron alloyed with less than 0.3% carbon. Mild steel frames are commonly used in building construction as they allow for ductility and malleability. A mild steel frame uses a skeleton structure of vertical steel columns and horizontal beams arranged in a grid pattern to support floors, roofs, and walls. This technique enabled the construction of skyscrapers. Various steel construction materials are discussed, including cuplocks, steel plates, props, acrospans, channels, jacks, joint pins, couplers, mild steel pipes, and steel challis. Their uses, properties, sizes, and specifications are described.
Here are the key points from my site visit to the timber market:
- The timber market sources wood from various forests and suppliers across the country. The wood is brought in by trucks in large quantities and stacked according to type.
- The main types of wood available are teak, sheesham, deodar, rosewood and pine. Teak and sheesham are the most popular and expensive woods.
- Customers including builders, carpenters, furniture makers visit the market to select wood based on their requirements such as size, quantity and budget. The wood is cut and planed on demand.
- In addition to raw wood, the market also sells hardware items used in woodwork like h
The document discusses the process and elements of site analysis for architecture and design projects. Site analysis involves researching social, historical, climatic, geographic, legal and infrastructure aspects of a location. It is an inventory of existing conditions on and around the project site, including contextual analysis of surrounding development. The typical elements addressed in site analysis are location, size/shape, drainage, zoning, utilities, on-site features, traffic, views and climate. Site analysis informs early design concepts so responses can incorporate external conditions.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
The document discusses construction safety management in India. It notes that construction is the second largest employer in India and a leading cause of accidents, with falls from heights being a major risk. Effective safety management through planning, training, and innovation can help reduce accidents. Key aspects of safety management include training workers, implementing safety programs, using safety equipment, and managing compensation claims. The document provides an overview of common safety hazards and how to mitigate risks through equipment, personal protective gear, and fall protection.
WATER LEAKEGE REMEDIES AND PRECAUTIONS IN RCC STRUCTUREchintandomadiya
The document discusses various types of water leakage issues that can occur in reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and provides remedies and precautions. It covers types of terrace construction like brick bat coba and Indian patent stones that are used. It also discusses how to detect and repair slab leaks, leaks from terraces, roof leaks, and water damage to ceilings. Various supplies and tools needed for repairs are listed. Waterproofing systems using chemicals, coatings, and membranes are introduced. Causes of leakage like defects in construction, maintenance, and design are explained along with preventive measures.
Painttex – Civil Contractor / Applicator established in the year 2000 for Terrace waterproofing, Leakage arrester, Civil repairs replastering, Rehabilitation work, Plumbing, Tiling, beautification, Interior Painting & Exterior Painting, waterproofing – Brickbat, China chips or chemical coatings and Texture paints. Expertise in Epoxy, PU coatings and polishing jobs as well. With more than 700+ projects completed successfully to the satisfaction of clients, Painttex leads the market with its capability to work with various technologies available in the market. Continuous in-house training imparted to the team members, updates and ensures project execution to satisfaction. For more details visit at www.painttex.com.
This document discusses ways individuals can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming through everyday actions and choices. It provides examples of how small changes like replacing incandescent light bulbs with LED bulbs, driving less, recycling more, and using public transportation or walking when possible can collectively make a big difference. Replacing just 5 bulbs per household with LEDs could save as much in energy costs as preventing the emissions of 10 million cars. The document encourages examining daily habits and adopting low-carbon alternatives to help protect the environment.
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm over time. While carbon dioxide is the most abundant greenhouse gas, methane and nitrous oxide are more potent but present in smaller amounts. The effects of global warming are already appearing around the world, such as rising sea levels and shifts in animal habitats. Reducing the use of fossil fuels can help limit further climate change.
Rainwater harvesting is defined as collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops and surfaces through artificial means. It is required due to inadequate surface water, environmental changes, and declining groundwater levels from rapid urbanization. There are two main techniques: rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface runoff harvesting. Rooftop harvesting involves catchment areas, conduits, filters, and storage facilities. Surface runoff harvesting collects water flowing along the ground. Harvested rainwater can be used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and commercial purposes as well as increasing groundwater supplies. While the initial costs may be high, rainwater harvesting provides many benefits such as self-sufficiency, flood control, and water access without energy or time
Cloud computing provides on-demand access to shared computing resources like networks, servers, storage, applications and services over the internet. It has characteristics like massive scale, resilience, virtualization, and low cost software. Common service models include Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine. Cloud computing enables companies to save costs by using infrastructure on demand rather than owning their own data centers and servers. Commercial cloud offerings provide services like storage, computing resources, and platforms.
The document summarizes techniques for waterproofing buildings to prevent dampness. It discusses sources of dampness like rain, ground moisture, and defective construction. Methods are presented for waterproofing basements using impregnation and tanking with asphalt. For terraces, a brick bat coba layer over a sloped mortar base is recommended. Toilets require a sloped mortar base coat and brick bat coba with a water escape pipe. Proper preparation and curing of all techniques is emphasized.
Rainwater harvesting is a method to augment groundwater levels by collecting and storing rainwater. It helps overcome water scarcity issues caused by increasing population, industrialization, and decreasing surface water bodies. There are two main methods - surface runoff harvesting which collects runoff in urban areas, and roof top harvesting which collects rainwater falling on roofs. The basic components of a roof top system are the catchment/roof area, pipes to transport water, a first flush device, and filters to purify the water before it is recharged into the groundwater through methods like borewells. The success of such systems can be measured by increased groundwater levels and decreased salinity, fluoride, nitrate, and contamination in the
Waterproofing Challenges and Suggested Remedial measures for High Rise Buildi...IJSRD
Leakage can occur in both old and new constructions. Mostly it has been witnessed in old constructions. This indeed is a major problem faced by the buildings. As it is affecting both exterior and interior look of buildings and also causing damage to structural members. It also harms paint of the wall. The problem includes survey of not only leakage, but also dampness and seepage in the residential blocks. This study provide a better and more scientifically based understanding of the role of waterproofing materials to assist the prevention of moisture from penetrating sub-grade walls and slabs. The significance of the research topic is to provide a review of the development of waterproofing materials in implementing waterproofing system in building industry with some case study reference in the current market in India.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting, which involves collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops and surfaces where rain falls. It notes that rainwater harvesting is important for replenishing groundwater supplies and addressing water scarcity issues. The document provides details on the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including catchment areas, gutters, filters, and storage tanks. It discusses the benefits of rainwater harvesting and how to estimate the potential water harvest from a given area based on rainfall amounts. Overall, the document promotes rainwater harvesting as a sustainable and cost-effective way to conserve water resources.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mr. Sharma Prabhunath.G to the Department of Civil Engineering at Padmashri Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College of Engineering in Ahmednagar, India, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a third year civil engineering course. The report focuses on construction equipment and is presented over multiple chapters that discuss various types of equipment used for excavation and loading, compaction and grading, drilling and blasting, lifting and erecting, mixing and paving, and other construction tools. The report provides an overview of the key equipment, their functions, and applications in construction projects. It includes acknowledgments, an index, and figures to
This document classifies and describes common types of construction accidents. Construction accidents can be classified by their cause, nature of injuries sustained, and severity. Some common types of accidents described include falls from heights, falling objects, electrocutions, power tool accidents, excessive noise/vibration, scaffolding accidents, stepladder misuse, and construction vehicle accidents. Unsafe working conditions such as lack of fall protections or improper equipment use often contribute to accidents in the construction industry.
This document discusses waterproofing and provides information on Monarch Industrial Products' waterproofing systems. It describes how unprotected concrete structures can suffer water damage over time from moisture ingress. Monarch offers various waterproofing product lines based on acrylic, crystalline, epoxy, polysiloxanes, polyurethane and bitumen to provide permanent protection from water leaks. Their MonoProof systems can waterproof structures from the basement to the roof. Product information and applications are listed. Downloadable resources are provided on their website.
Water leakage causes damage to structures and its contents Reinforcement corrosion , delamination, accelerated aging and increased maintenance costs are all serious concerns
Application design requirement specification for water demand , and water seepage study and investigation to locate the source of the seepage will reduce future damage to the structure and reduce maintenance costs. There are many reasons for water
leakage in buildings, some cases are caused by defective water pipes, sanitary fittings or drainage pipes or rain water leakage from roof and walls . Water leakage may come from dilapidated pipes in adjacent flats or even from inside the same flat. It may also be due to water seeping through common areas, such as the roof or external walls due to poor workmanship or inadequate design.
If water leakage is found in roof or walls or water supply or sewerage pipes and fitting and fixtures a proper investigation of the cause needs to be carried out
Dampness in buildings can cause health issues and damage to the structure. It is caused by factors like rain penetration, soil drainage issues, and defective construction. Remedies include installing damp proofing courses of flexible or rigid materials at locations like foundation level, parapets, and windowsills. Proper ventilation and moisture management can also help reduce excessive moisture in homes.
This seminar presentation discusses rainwater harvesting. It defines rainwater harvesting as collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops and other catchment areas for future use. The document outlines why rainwater harvesting is needed due to issues like inadequate surface water and declining groundwater levels from urbanization. It describes different rainwater harvesting techniques like rooftop and surface runoff collection and discusses the components, uses, advantages and disadvantages of rainwater harvesting. The conclusion emphasizes that rainwater harvesting is one of the best ways to solve water scarcity issues and provides environmental and economic benefits when implemented on a large scale.
"How to avoid rework phenomena in construction projects by maintaining a reliable organizational profile? The application of LEAN-6 SIGMA methodology minimizes time variability in construction phase."
A Review on Causes, Prevention, Repair and Maintenance of Cracks in Building ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the causes, prevention, repair, and maintenance of cracks in buildings. It discusses how cracking is a common problem faced by engineers and outlines various types of cracks, including structural and non-structural. The main causes of cracks are identified as moisture variation, thermal movement, chemical reactions, vegetation, poor repair/maintenance, foundation settlement, faulty design/specification, and reinforcement corrosion. Prevention methods discussed include using admixtures to reduce shrinkage, expansion joints, and minimizing water content in mixes. Repair techniques outlined are stitching, dry packing, epoxy injection, plugging/drilling, sealing, gravity filling, and polymer impregnation. The conclusion states that while cracks cannot be fully prevented,
Designign fully glazed buildings that can be easily cleaned and maintainedReshma Philip
Cleaning glass-facaded buildings in the UAE presents unique challenges due to environmental conditions like dust, sand, and high humidity. Proper design, planning, and maintenance are required to ensure glass can be cleaned safely and effectively. Specialized access equipment and training of personnel are also needed to clean tall and uniquely shaped buildings. New glass coating technologies may help by reducing cleaning needs and protecting glass from degradation.
IRJET - Failure in Commercial Building and Management - Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document discusses failures in commercial buildings and their management through a case study approach. A survey of 74 buildings found that the top three design-related failure causes were weather impacts, impacts from occupants, and loads/moisture from wet areas. Insufficient consideration of these factors in design led to defects. Design strategies like material performance in adverse weather, preventing occupant/load impacts, preventing water leakage, and improved specifications could help prevent defects. The literature review identified common defect causes like civil/architectural design issues, construction drawings/materials, and specifications. The conclusion is that focusing design efforts on preventing a few major defects through standards and feedback can improve building quality over the long term.
VDIS1006 RESTORATION INTERIORS LECTURE 2- OH&S FOR HERITAGE BUILDINGSVirtu Institute
The document discusses workplace health and safety considerations for heritage buildings. It notes that heritage buildings were constructed before modern health and safety standards, so incorporating current legislation can be challenging. All stakeholders have a role in identifying and managing risks throughout the building's lifecycle. Common high risks include electrical wiring, walkways, hazardous materials, fire, and structural failure. The objective is protecting occupants while minimizing impacts on heritage significance. Solutions must consider each building's unique heritage values and context. However, literature on the topic is limited.
International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering (IJCITE) Research Paper
VOLUME -1, ISSUE -1, MARCH- APRIL, 2014
PAPER ID: 2014/M-A/IJCITE/V1-E1-24
Technology And The Construction Industry Essay
Construction Of Construction And Construction
Construction Project Essay
Research Paper On Modern Construction Techniques
Essay On Construction Management
Construction Industry Literature Review
Essay on Construction
Essay On Construction Industry
Building Construction Essay
Construction Essay
Construction Of The Construction Industry Essay
The Complexity in Construction Projects
Essay About Construction
Construction Project : A Complex Process Essay
A Career in the Construction Industry
General Contractor Essay
Construction Economics
Construction Safety Training_Session 01_Overview of the Construction IndustryMuizz Anibire
Construction Safety Training SHORT COURSE
The objective of this course is to develop understanding of the fundamental concepts of construction safety. Students will learn about the common hazards in the construction industry, risk assessment, and control methods.
Session 01_Overview of the Construction Industry
This document provides an overview and methodology for a project to design and analyze a 7-story commercial building in Nepal to make it resilient against earthquakes. It discusses the motivation for building resilient structures, describes the strategic objectives of analyzing structural elements and using software for modeling. The methodology section outlines the process from title selection to final report preparation. The document also provides background on construction practices in Nepal, describes typical building features, and identifies the site location in Gaindakot, Nawalparasi.
EFFICIENT INCORPORATION OF ML IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENTIRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient approach for managing construction waste through machine learning techniques. It involves preprocessing input data on construction materials, clustering the data using Fuzzy C-Means, selecting clusters through linear selection based on user input, evaluating clusters using artificial neural networks to generate probability values, and classifying the output using decision trees to determine waste levels. The approach was implemented in Java and evaluated based on its ability to accurately predict construction waste amounts, as measured by the root mean square error between predicted and actual waste values. The results showed this machine learning based approach can effectively manage and minimize construction waste.
VDIS10011 Restoration Interiors 2 Lecture 2: OH&S for Heritage BuildingsVirtu Institute
This document discusses workplace health and safety considerations for heritage buildings. It notes that heritage buildings were constructed before modern health and safety standards, so incorporating current legislation can be challenging. All stakeholders have a role to play in identifying and managing risks. Common risks include electrical systems, walkways, hazardous materials, fire, and structural failure. The objective is to protect safety while minimizing impacts on heritage significance. Solutions must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
This document contains information for a presentation on project management at Polytechnic UNGKU OMAR. It includes definitions and concepts for turnkey projects, motivating factors in project management, and considerations for choosing construction materials. Specifically, it defines turnkey projects as those constructed to be sold as completed products. It discusses leadership styles that can impact motivation and important motivation techniques like communication, autonomy, feedback, and rewards. Lastly, it lists common construction materials and desirable properties like strength, availability, and durability.
Effects of Construction Materials to Achieve Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper pursues to study the challenges to applied sustainable building resources in building construction and to evaluate the factors influencing the choice of construction materials with respect to the concepts of sustainability. The research purpose was accomplished in two parts; in the first part, a conceptual study to establish the reasons why sustainable building resources are restricted usage in construction, and in the second part a conceptual study on sustainable building resources and their properties.
In order to encourage sustainability in design and construction, several countries have developed an understanding of sustainable development for buildings.
In order to decrease the negative environmental effects of buildings, the construction industry has created sustainable building approaches, where buildings play an important role in greenhouse gases, massive energy, and water use and large land use are important.
Ecological design involves designing houses, offices, or other facilities in a way that decreases the ecological impact, that means sustainable buildings, Where the careful equilibrium among economic, environmental, and social well-being of the currency and communities and therefore of the earth looks to sustainability at current. In order to evaluate the degree of sustainability practices, sustainability evaluation systems were established for effective performance at the top level of qualified systems. In sustainable buildings, accredited standards and checklists will be planned, built, and run.
The slide about sustainable of green building on design efficiency and the effect to human society, world and health. The content also support United Nation sustainable goal and carry unethical problem and suggestion to overcome.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
To develop the infrastructure, Indian government spends huge Crores every year.
Claims are applicable where projects are lacking in design, plans, effective
management, skillful supervision, and close coordination from the client side. Today,
Construction industry has ruled the claims when compared to other industries. Claims
are undesirable to client due to excess of project time and project cost. Claim process
facing more problems in the current situation which creates dispute between
Contractor and Client. This paper discusses about the various potential claim area,
most influenced causes and disputes in construction claims which can be overcome
through the modified methodologies in construction claim management.
Maintenance Model of Hostel Buildings for Effective Performance and AestheticsIJMER
1. The document analyzes defects found in hostel buildings at The Polytechnic, Ibadan in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate and categorize defects.
2. Analysis of the questionnaires found that electrical systems, bathroom fixtures, door locks, and fire safety equipment like extinguishers and detectors were the most urgent defects requiring maintenance.
3. Defects were evaluated based on their mean scores and ranked. The most urgent defects across various areas of the buildings included faulty electrical sockets, damaged bathroom fixtures, and faulty door locks.
4. Attention to aesthetics and maintenance management is important for building management. Resources should be directed to the more urgent defects first while less urgent ones are addressed later.
1. The document analyzes defects found in hostel buildings at The Polytechnic, Ibadan in Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to evaluate and categorize defects.
2. Analysis of the questionnaires found that electrical systems, door locks, fire safety equipment, and smoke detectors were the defects respondents considered most urgently in need of maintenance.
3. Across various areas of the buildings - rooms, kitchens, toilets, bathrooms - faulty doors and locks, damaged fixtures, and faulty electrical systems were commonly identified as the most damaged defects in need of repair.
IRJET- Role of Construction Waste Material Management in Construction Ind...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on the role of construction waste material management in the construction industry. It discusses causes and effects of construction waste, as well as a case study approach. The key points are:
1) Construction waste from building sites can have significant environmental impacts and increase project costs if not properly managed. Materials are often wasted in large quantities.
2) A "4R" technique is proposed to reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse (landfill) construction waste materials to better address the problem.
3) The research objectives are to study waste generation, analyze amounts and impacts on costs, and gauge public views on causes and reduction strategies. Understanding construction waste issues can help reduce costs
The study of claims arising from building collapsesAlexander Decker
The document discusses the causes of building collapses and claims that may arise from building collapses based on case studies from Malaysia, Nigeria, Singapore, and Thailand between 1960-2010. It finds that structural failure, faulty design, and poor workmanship were the primary causes of building collapses. When buildings collapse, owners and third parties can make contractual claims against professionals and contractors if they were at fault. They can also make tortious claims for damages suffered due to losses of life or property regardless of a contractual relationship.
Similar to Factor Affecting Roof Leaking Focusing on Material Used for Concrete and Metal Roofing on Malaysia Heritage Buildings (20)
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
2) It finds that during typical pitch rotation flight, differential pressure concentrates at the tip of the forewings, producing roughly matched reaction forces on the left and right wings.
3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
Stem node of Miniature Rose with axillary bud were used as explants. These explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D. It was found that MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D gave the highest number of green callus. The callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations of NAA and BA to form new shoot and root. From the result, we are able to find the highest number of young shoots that were induced from callus when cultured callus on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA. When subcultured all new shoots with the same size to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA, and 2,4- D for six weeks. The result was significant difference (P≤0.5) when compared the average height of plant and percentage of root formation, but their duration time for flowering were not significant different.
Seismic Capacity Comparisons of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Between Standar...drboon
Earthquakes are cause of serious damage through the building. Therefore, moment resistant frame buildings are widely used as lateral resisting system. Generally three types of moment resisting frames are designed namely Special ductile frames (SDF), Intermediate ductile frames (IDF) and Gravity load designed (GLD) frames, each of which has a certain level of ductility. Comparative studies on the seismic performance of three different ductility of building are performed in this study. The analytical models are considered about failure mode of column (i.e. shear failure, flexural to shear failure and flexural failure); beam-column joint connection, infill wall and flexural foundation. Concepts of incremental dynamic analysis are practiced to assess the required data for performance based evaluations. This study found that the lateral load capacity of GLD, IDF, and SDF building was 19.25, 27.87, and 25.92 %W respectively. The average response spectrum at the collapse state for GLD, IDF, and SDF are 0.75 g, 1.19 g, and 1.33 g, respectively. The results show that SDF is more ductile than IDF and the initial strength of SDF is close to IDF. The results indicate that all of frames are able to resistant a design earthquake.
ITJEMAST5(2): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
An After-Stay Satisfaction Survey of Residents Living in Prefabricated Concrete Structures in Thailand
Hydrothermal Assisted Microwave Pyrolysis of Water Hyacinth for Electrochemical Capacitors Electrodes
Group Technology Paves the Road for Automation
Effect of Laser Priming on accumulation of Free Proline in Spring Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) under Salinity Stress
Livable Public Open Space for Citizen’s Quality of Life in Medan, Indonesia
ITJEMAST5(1): Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engin...drboon
Latest Research from International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ITJEMAST5(1):
Effects of Calcination Treatment of Diatomite on Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Methanol
Effect of Blend Ratio on Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, and Aging Resistance of Silica-filled ENR/SBR Blends
An Efficient Formulation of Off-line Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Using Polyhedral Invariant Sets
Effect of Modeling Parameters on System Hydrodynamics of Air Reactor in Chemical Looping Combustion Using CFD Simulation
Flow Behavior of Geldart A and Geldart C Particles in a Co-current Downflow Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification from Corncob
Synthesis of Alkali Metal/CaO Sorbent for CO2 Capture at Low Temperature
Effect of Exchangeable Cations on Bentonite Swelling Characteristics of Geosy...drboon
1) The study characterized the swelling behavior of bentonite in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
2) The X-ray diffraction results showed that bentonite swelling decreased with increasing valence of exchangeable cations and increasing concentration of permeant solutions. Bentonite swelling was highest with deionized water and lowest with calcium chloride solutions.
3) Scanning electron microscopy images showed that bentonite has a flake-like structure when air-dried but becomes more porous and fluffy after permeation. The porous structure decreased with increasing concentration of calcium chloride solutions.
City Space and Social Values: A Lesson from the Past of Historical City of Tu...drboon
Theory that emerges and tends to impose a new urbanity and liveability is that of Ecopolis of the future - ecologically clean city-which focuses on the concept of sustainable development while giving priority to the relationship between economic, social development and quality of life in the built environment. Traditionally cultural aspect of urbanism contains components with an appropriate sacred cosmic symbolism and an urbanism of social consensus between residents, government and professionals in the creation of the Ecopolis. The empirical focus of this paper is the city within the Islamic cultural tradition. This paper is an attempt to grasp the cultural conception of the Medina of Tunis, Tunisia and the traditional urban regulations by a study of classical religio-architectural treatises of Islam. This article will discuss the approach and the lesson we can learn from the traditional modele in a time of ecological crisis and high urbanization.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
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Factor Affecting Roof Leaking Focusing on Material Used for Concrete and Metal Roofing on Malaysia Heritage Buildings
1. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
Factor Affecting Roof Leaking Focusing on Material
Used for Concrete and Metal Roofing on Malaysia
Heritage Buildings
Roslan Talib a*
, A Ghafar Ahmad a
and Mohd Zailan Sulieman a
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning,Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 04 November
2014
Received in revised form
09 February 2015
Accepted 16 February 2015
Available online
17 February 2015
Keywords:
Leakage;
Building Maintenance;
Defects;
waterproof.
The paper shares the findings on the typical problems facing the
heritage or old buildings in term of the problem pertaining to building
leakage symptom scenario in Malaysia. Initialized from the problem
finding, the paper highlight list of potential solutions best practiced by
the local professional waterproofing implementer. By clearly identifying
the possible factors that cause the leakage, one can take early steps to
prevent the same defects form repeating thus savings can be achieved on
the budget side. From the finding analysis, this paper gives the
formulation ideas that can be used for creating a framework to prevent or
minimize the building leakage syndrome focusing to concrete flat roof
and metal roofing from re-happening.
2015 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.
1. Introduction
According to Kamal and Harun (2002), it is believed that there are more than 37,000 historic
buildings built between 1800 and 1948 throughout Malaysia which are worthy of preservation
and conservation. Marshall et al. (2014) mentioned that proper and timely maintenance will help
to extend the life of the buildings. Notwithstanding the fact that all materials will fail at some
point, and require repair and replacement, early failure may occur for various reasons including
poor maintenance, poor design, poor specification, poor construction, poor maintenance and
inappropriate use. According to Rashid and Ahmad (2008), the conservation of heritage or
historical buildings is a method on preserving structures which are historically and culturally
important to the nation. Conservation involves works undertaken to preserve the condition of the
building to its original state and this also includes the subsequent maintenance works.
2015 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
*Corresponding author (Roslan Talib). Tel: +60-4-653 4525 E-mail address: roslanusm@gmail.com.
2015. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 6 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at
http://TUENGR.COM/V06/061.pdf.
61
2. Maintenance is identified as a means on prolonging the lifespan of the historical structures.
Without proper and systematic maintenance works, without doubt, the historical buildings will
deteriorate and becoming dysfunctional as well as unfit to be used.
Addleson (1992) suggested that when dealing with the rectification works of the heritage
buildings, the architects should understand the discipline that the combined use of the materials,
especially in the recent modern multi-layer construction systems with modern construction
materials and imposes them in design detail solutions or creatively use the discipline as a
motivation in design. Kamal and Harun (2002) indicates that the present Malaysian legislation
on historic buildings is not sufficient and suitable to protect such buildings from being
demolished and destroyed. Under the Antiquities Act 1976, a historic building or monument
aged must be at least 100 years old to be listed or gazette by the Government through the
Museum Department to give protection and encouragement for preservation and conservation.
However many important buildings have not yet reached this age, are not protected, others have
been neglected or destroyed. According to Abdul Rahman et al. (2000), the enforcement of
National Heritage Act 2005 has changed the landscape of national heritage, particularly in the
development of preservation and conservation. Results of these changes have significantly
increasing the demands of maintenance work in order to ensure the survival and functionality of
the buildings.
Talib and Sulieman (2011) state that roof system is very important as it provides shelter for
the interior spaces of the buildings. As part of an external envelope for a building, roof must be
technically good and must perform aesthetically satisfactory. However, flat roof always cause
problem in tropical climate country like Malaysia. Flat roofs should be designed to avoid the
need for maintenance as far as this is possible; but inevitably some items of maintenance will
occur. It is interesting to find out that the flat roof problems are numerous, diverse, complex,
destructive and highly disruptive. The exposure of flat roofs to the extremes of the climate in
tropical regions, give rise to the development of problems. Most of these however are avoidable
by use of more appropriate design techniques, better quality construction workmanship and more
regular inspection and maintenance. The details of the buildings selected for this research can be
traced from http://usm.academia.edu/RoslanTalib.
2. Research Objectives & Methodologies
The objective of this research paper is to identify the typical factors that effects on the
building leakage that happened focusing to the historical or heritage buildings in Malaysia as
well as to the selected ‘old’ regular buildings with potentials. Among the objectives is to identify
the building defects that start-up the water seepage mainly form the rain water or the piping
leakage. The research intention also identify the most occurred leakage, so that the solution
62 Roslan Talib, A Ghafar Ahmad and Mohd Zailan Sulieman
3. method can be recommended to ensure the problem will not be repeated (the latter part will be
presented into the next paper research). At the same time, the objective is intended to identify
typical defects that always cause the water seepage into the interior of the building thus making
problem to the occupier as well as its internal valuables. To improve the data quality, only the
case studies that can contribute to establish the method to prevent roof leaking are being
considered. The identification method to determine the type of leakages and the possible causes
has been carefully categorized in order to improve data findings leading to the best possible
solutions.
2.1 Data Collection Methodologies
All the Malaysian cases data are based on the collection of real rectification works on
selected building leakage projects as well as from author and research assistant personal
observations. The reparative tasks were done by the local waterproofing specialist contractor
implemented mostly at the cities located within the western part of Malaysia’s Malay peninsula;
cities like Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Jasin, City of Melaka, Taiping and Penang. A total of 64
real project case studies as well as from personal observation has been identified and selected,
accumulated since 1994. According to Kamal and Harun (2002), it is believed that there are
more than 37,000 historic buildings built between 1800 and 1948 throughout Malaysia which are
worthy of preservation and conservation. In the process accumulating the data, a series of
interview were made with the building owner, building maintenance representative and of course
the reparative contractor. It is quite interesting to note that all the Malaysian cases are the real
maintenance rectification works and has been given 10 years warranty or even up to 15 years
depending on the type of material used for the said work. Thus the standard of work must be in
performed within the highest quality and using the best product standard for each job. Other than
that, the redo waterproofing work must be done within the budget to make business profit thus
the detail rectification works step must be done at the best as well as within the stipulated time
frame given by the building owner.
2.2 Strategies Grouping Identification
To ease-up reader for reference from the charts, the author had done several grouping
identifications ensuring each factor related to the point discussed. Al the charts are based on the
information found from the collected data. The categories include the type of defects, type of
roofs and types of material used for rectification works. Ratings were given to show the
frequency of activities.
*Corresponding author (Roslan Talib). Tel: +60-4-653 4525 E-mail address: roslanusm@gmail.com.
2015. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 6 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at
http://TUENGR.COM/V06/061.pdf.
63
6. Table 3: Rectifications analysis schedule tabulated for the concrete flat roof identified for this
case studies
CONCRETE
FLAT ROOF Product sample Rectification Rectification
A/C drainage
piping/joint leakage
Bina Plastic/Dunlop
Ecobond solvent based
PVC pipe adhesive glue.
Replace leaking drainage
pipe/joints
A/C regular maintenance
must be done.
Water tank leakage Atlascote petro based
primer. PLC epoxy
coating/ BINA epoxy
coating
Paint anti-rust coating at
rust surfaces.
Paint epoxy coating at
joints
Metal flashing detail
at roof top wall
failed
GE sealant
epoxy/Sealant BOSTIK/
MOHM Chemie sealant
Flashing location must be at
easy accessible area for
maintenance.
Ensure metal flashing
properly glued with epoxy
sealant seal into the wall.
Metal flashing's
sealant failed
GE/MOHM Chemie
epoxy sealant.
Replace expired sealant Ensure metal flashing
overlay in two layers.
Drilled holes to
screw object on top
concrete roof
Fosroq non-shrink
cement.
Seal holes with new sealant.
Render holes with non-
shrink cement.
Or paint epoxy coating
with fibre matte on holes
Expired
waterproofing hard
membrane failed
Atlascote primer.
AXTER torched hard
membrane/ Bitumat
torched hard membrane
Lay coat of petro based
primer before torch
membrane
Membrane lapping must be
in orderly. Have membrane
skirting min. 0.5 metre
height
Roof top epoxy
coating failed
PLC epoxy coating/
Axel Chemie coating/
Bina Integrated epoxy
coating.
Ensure coating been applied
in hot and dry weather with
clean surface.
Ensure liquid membrane
thickness 1.5mm. To lay
coating in intersecting
direction with 3 layers
Roof slab cracked
due to building
movement from
earthquake etc.
GeoProfound
Engineering
Must use micro piling/less
vibrate type of piling for
building next to the site.
Ensure building having
mechanically vibrate proof
design feature. Monitor on
soil movement near site.
Human intervention
on concrete slab
Use Wagner moisture &
damp meter detector or
similar.
Installing new structures on
roof top must be in
waterproof condition.
Regular maintenance
inspection required.
RWDP size not
sufficient
Bina Plastic. To cut concrete making new
bigger hole to fit larger
uPVC RWDP. Suggest use
uPVC type for easy
maintenance.
RWDP and roof joint piece
must be sealed properly to
ensure leak free.
Building expansion
joint expired
SIKA backer rod. Also possible to install new
backer rod at joints.
Replace old joint sealant
with new flexible sealant
epoxy.
Plant root
penetration
Bina Int. (Jiangsu China
made) fibre-matte
Remove vegetation until
root gone. Put fibre-matte at
the spot, then paint epoxy
coating on it.
This may sign of
inefficient run of rainwater.
Rerender of flat top
required.
Dried leaves
accumulate on
outlet/ concrete
gutter
Plant tropical leave less
Christmas or pine tree
type nursery
Install metal netting at
gutter drain outlet.
Long term: distance
planting leafy tree.
Suggest plant evergreen
trees.
Concrete defects
with cracks on top
due to weather
Polycell Tyga epoxy
liquid epoxy grout
chemical.
Short term: Inject pressure
grouting. Long term: top
surfaces treatment required
i.e., install new
waterproofing system
New waterproofing i.e.
liquid membrane coating,
hard torch membrane.
66 Roslan Talib, A Ghafar Ahmad and Mohd Zailan Sulieman
7. projects. Even though the local products have been competing with the imported products, the
quality standards of the products are at par with the European products with having the
Malaysian quality standard monitoring label on them. It is interesting to note that some products
having its parent company outside Malaysia i.e. Singapore and South Korea but having its main
distribution offices in Malaysia to cater the local market. There is no research so far has been
done to prove that the local waterproofing products perform much better compare to the
imported one which may ideally being formulated for the harsh cold climate of the European
continent. It is understandable to feels that the local Malaysian waterproofing product may be
more suitable to be applied for the hot and humid tropical Malaysian weather. For record, all the
above local products has been used for the real rectification works in Kuala Lumpur, Melaka
Ipoh and Pulau Pinang with projects ranging from schools, office buildings, hospitals and
university buildings with minimum 10-15 years warranty being given to the building’s owner.
For the 14 defects given in Table 3, the list indicates the rectification frameworks to
overcome the defects pertaining to the concrete flat roof on the said heritage buildings of the
research paper study. The above table indicating on the best possible rectification works that can
be done for each identified leakage problem pertaining to the concrete flat roof including the best
possible use of the waterproofing products for each case. Each of the 14 defective cases has been
identified with the detail rectification works to overcome the flat concrete slab roof seepage
together with suggested waterproofing material to be used which are derived from the actual
rectification works done. The list above helps the maintenance crew to identify each of the
possible leakage scenario on the heritage buildings and also indicating on the step by step
rectification works and it can become as a guideline framework for the crew. It is the intention of
this paper to list up the possible rectification works to ease-up the maintenance management
team in doing the maintenance works for the heritage building. It can become as an initial
guidelines to be used for the leakage work pertaining to the clay tile roof. It is interesting to note
that the all the rectification steps identified are based on the real experience from the actual task
done by an experience waterproofing implementer. The method of works are to ensure works
done in proper steps and using the right and best waterproofing materials in order to ensure the
tasks not be repeated as the warranty been given for 10 years and any repeated works are not
economical to waterproofing business as well as to the owner.
The schedule in Table 4 indicates 12 rectification actions taken for the 12 identified defects
always happened for the metal corrugated roofing sheet or zinc roofing sheet. For this schedule,
the author has indicated the specific brand of waterproofing materials done for the specific
*Corresponding author (Roslan Talib). Tel: +60-4-653 4525 E-mail address: roslanusm@gmail.com.
2015. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 6 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at
http://TUENGR.COM/V06/061.pdf.
67
8. Table 4: Rectifications analysis schedule tabulated for the metal sheet roof including zinc roof
identified for this case studies
Metal Sheet Roof
Including Zinc Roof Product sample Rectification Rectification
Rusty roof Nippon paint anti-rust. Bina
Integrated epoxy coating.
Paint anti-corrosion epoxy.
Lay fibre-matte on stain
spot.
Paint 3 layers (intersect
pattern) with epoxy
coating
Expired sealant on metal
flashing
Sealant silicone brand
BOSTIK or equivalent.
Ensure to apply new
sealant during hot and dry
weather.
Replace old sealant
with new silicone
sealant.
Metal flashing design
failed
Lysaght metal screws/GE
sealant epoxy.
Ensure metal flashing
overlay in 2 layers. Use of
copper flashing due to its
strength.
Ensure metal flashing
properly glued with
epoxy sealant seal into
the wall.
Screw or metal roof nail
not in place
BOSTIK silicone sealant. Replace missing screw or
nail with new one.
Installation must be in
orderly manner.
Double protection: put
sealant epoxy on top of
screw/nail. Ensure new
nail has anti-corrosion
feature.
Gap between metal sheet
deck
Plant tropical leave less
Christmas or pine tree type
nursery as barrier.
Gap may cause from strong
wind.
Metal sheet to
redo/refit manually
orderly.
Expired metal coating PLC epoxy coating/ Axel
Chemie coating/ Bina
Integrated epoxy coating.
Ensure coating act as
corrosion resistant surface
coating for metal roof.
To scrap off peeled
coating and paint 2
layers new epoxy
coating.
Building movement allow
sheet gap
GeoProfound Engineering
has micro pile services.
Rearrange metal sheet
orderly manually. Ensure
design movement/wind
resistant.
Urge use micro piling
for building next to
existing.
Human intervention on
sheet metal
Use Wagner moisture &
damp meter detector or
similar.
To redo defects done
manually.
Ensure movement
monitored by
management.
Holes drilled on metal
sheet due to other task
Bostik epoxy silicone
sealant.
Avoid installing new
item/gadget right on top
metal roof.
Cover holes with
sealant epoxy.
RWDP size not sufficient Bina Plastic uPVC products
or similar. Ensure with
SIRIM label.
Replace new sufficient size
RWDP with new one.
Prefer to use uPVC type.
RWDP and roof joint
piece must be sealed
properly to ensure leak
free.
Dried leaves accumulate
on outlet/metal gutter
Tropical Christmas or pine
tree type nursery
Install metal netting at
gutter drain outlet.
Long term: distance
planting leafy tree.
Suggest plant
evergreen trees.
Grown unwanted plants
blocked water flow
Bina Int. (Jiangsu China
made) fibre-matte. Bina int.
epoxy coating.
Put fibre-matte at the spot,
then paint epoxy coating
on it.
Remove manually
unwanted plants.
leakage cases. By specifying specific brands, it is hope that the specification writer can be able
to identify the said products and beginning to find similar type of material to be used in order to
ensure the rectification works done in orderly fashion. It is important to note that based on the
writer experience that these are the best waterproofing products has been used on the real project
situation for the real job to ensure the leakage issues totally been solved. However, another
important aspect for the rectification works is that the jobs must be done with the qualified
experience personnel. This is to ensure the works has been done according to the method of
68 Roslan Talib, A Ghafar Ahmad and Mohd Zailan Sulieman
9. works submitted to the client. Most of the cases, improper supervision of the waterproofing
rectification works always leak to the fail aspect of the said work and need to be done repeatedly
for the same type of leakage cases.
4. Conclusion
This subtopic elaborates information pertinent to Table 3 and Table 4. Having an initial
guidelines or initial frameworks dedicated to specific roofing or covering material for the
heritage or old buildings for this case are a good thing to benefit building maintenance team. The
paper focusing on the suggested best possible rectification works including the suggested
products or waterproofing materials to be applied for the concrete flat roof and for the metal or
zinc corrugated roofing. The rectification works must be done in proper steps and to use the
correct method and choosing the right material in order not to repeat the same process hence
become not economical in term of business aspect of the waterproofing company. Normally, the
rectification works come along with at least 10 years warranty period as demanded by the
building owner thus all the step and procedure must be right to avoid repeating reparative works.
It is important to ensure that all the rectification works done maintaining the physical appearance
of the historical building; the look as what it should have been before it was been maintained.
Thus, the choice of the right waterproofing system together with the correct material is very
important and has been considered when the tasks have been undertaken. Stringer (1977)
stressed that there must be a work programme to survey the main structure of the buildings
especially the roofing part during the first year of the post construction stage to ensure the repairs
to the main structure can be planned if required.
While the finding determined that even though asbestos roof surprisingly the most numbers
of the old building undertaken in this research, flat concrete roof as well as the metal roof are the
two types of roof that mostly being as roof covering structure of the analysis. As a conclusion, by
determining and identifying the factors always leading to the concrete flat roof and metal
decking’s water leakage, the predicted defects can be obtained and some money can be saved by
having periodical maintenance check-up. After all, it is the objective of the research at least to
put some savings on the maintenance aspect hence be able the Government to spend more money
on other useful matter.
5. Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (through RUI grant account no:
1001/PPBGN/816247) to enable the research to goes on smoothly.
*Corresponding author (Roslan Talib). Tel: +60-4-653 4525 E-mail address: roslanusm@gmail.com.
2015. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences &
Technologies. Volume 6 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at
http://TUENGR.COM/V06/061.pdf.
69
10. 6. References
Addleson, L. (1992,) Building Failures: A Guide to Diagnosis, Remedy and Prevention,
Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford.
Kamal, S.K. and Harun, S.N. (2002). Building Research Methodology in the Conservation of the
Historic Buildings in Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Building
Research and the Sustainability of the Built Environment in the Tropics, University
Tarumanagara, Jakarta, Indonesia. 14-15 October.
Marshall, D., Worthing, D., Heath, R. and Dann, N. (2014), Understanding Housing Defects,
Routledge, London & New York.
Rahman, A.M.A., Akash, Z.A., Abdullah, M.S., Musa, M.K. (2000), Issues and Problems
Affecting the Implementation and Effectiveness of Heritage Buildings Maintenance.,
available at:
https://www.academia.edu/2854812/Issues_and_problems_affecting_the_implementation
_and_effectiveness_of_heritage_buildings_maintenance (access 23rd July 2014).
Rashid, R, A. and Ahmad, A.G. (2008,) The implementation of maintenance works for historical
buildings – a review on the current scenario. ICBEDC, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Stringer, P.H. (1977), Housing Maintenance Manual; Vol.1 Section 1-5, Structure and Finishes-
Scottish Local Authorities Special Housing Group., The Construction Press, Lancaster.
Talib, R. and Sulieman, M.Z. (2011), Conserving Concrete Dome in the Tropics., BRACE,
USM.
Roslan Talib received his architectural degrees in Wisconsin (UWM-1986) and Ohio (KSU-1988) in the USA. He
has lived and worked in Kuala Lumpur since 1989 before moved to Penang to join USM in 2008. He had various
experience working with the public (JKR) and private sectors (Renong, KLCCB) dealing from architectural design
to project management matters. He is currently teaching interior design at USM and also had taught architecture at
Universiti Malaya. His current research field is on building’s interior leakage syndrome and sustainable interior.
This paper is derived from USM RU grant funding as well as part of the sabbatical research programme enrolled at
Birmingham City University, UK during 2014.
Professor Dr. A Ghafar Ahmad is a Professor at School of Housing, Building & Planning, University Sains
Malaysia. He has a BSc (Architecture) from University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA, Master of Architecture in
Urban Design from the Kent State University, Ohio, USA; and a PhD. in Building Conservation from the University
of Sheffield, United Kingdom. Prof. Dr. A. Ghafar has carried out researches in the fields of building conservation,
urban conservation and heritage tourism. He has also written and edited books on heritage buildings including the
British colonial buildings in Malaysia. He has been a member of two national working committees under the
Ministry of Unity, Culture, Arts and Heritage, Malaysia (2005-2007):- Committee of National Heritage Register
(Architecture); and Coordination Committee of UNESCO's World Heritage List Nomination for George Town-
Melaka.
Dr. Mohd Zailan Sulieman is a senior lecturer at School of Housing, Building & Planning. He is currently a
member of Royal Institute Surveying Malaysia. He has been exclusively working as Technical Manager for HBP
Testing Unit on concrete material and also serves as Technical Accesser for the Malaysian Standard Department
since 2013.
Note: The original of this article was accepted and presented at the 2nd International
Workshop on Livable City 2014 (IWLC2014), a Joint Conference with International
Conference on Engineering, Innovation, and Technology (EIT), held at Tabung Haji Hotel,
Alor Star, Malaysia, during December 9-11, 2014.
70 Roslan Talib, A Ghafar Ahmad and Mohd Zailan Sulieman