Here are the 10 models categorized into Agent, Host, and Environment categories:
Agent Host Environment
Temperance Moral Conditioning
American Disease Social Learning
Educational General Systems
Characterological Sociocultural
Biological
Public Health Model Public Health Model Public Health Model
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction Counselor Certification Training Series. Theories of addiction including moral, medical
This course provides training and CEUs for addicitons counselors and LPCs working in Addictions, Mental Health and Co-Occurring Disorders will help counselors, social workers, marriage and family therapists, alcohol and drug counselors and addictions professionals get continuing education and certification training to aid them in providing services guided by best practices. AllCEUs is approved by the california Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC), NAADAC, the Association for Addictions Professionals, the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling Board of Georgia (ADACB-GA), the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and most states.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Reviews addiction theory, the Jellenik curve, reasons for use and risk and protective factors related to substance abuse. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
The video for this presentation is available on our Youtube channel:
https://youtube.com/allceuseducation A continuing education course for this presentation can be found at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/index?c=
Part of the Addiction Counselor Certification Training Series. Theories of addiction including moral, medical
This course provides training and CEUs for addicitons counselors and LPCs working in Addictions, Mental Health and Co-Occurring Disorders will help counselors, social workers, marriage and family therapists, alcohol and drug counselors and addictions professionals get continuing education and certification training to aid them in providing services guided by best practices. AllCEUs is approved by the california Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC), NAADAC, the Association for Addictions Professionals, the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling Board of Georgia (ADACB-GA), the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and most states.
Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences.
Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease.
Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment.
Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.
Reviews addiction theory, the Jellenik curve, reasons for use and risk and protective factors related to substance abuse. NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, and California Board of Behavioral Sciences approved Mental Health continuing education and addictions counselor training series. Narrated versions and CEUs available at http://www.allceus.com
What is Sexual Addiction? Sex Addiction is a pathological relationship with a mood-altering experience. This presentation will cover the types of sex addiction, the levels and many other aspects.
What is Sexual Addiction? Sex Addiction is a pathological relationship with a mood-altering experience. This presentation will cover the types of sex addiction, the levels and many other aspects.
Etiology of schizophrenia. taniya thomas. msc 1stTaniya Thomas
its is about the various theories explaining the cause(aetiology) of schizophrenia. this includes biological theories, social theories and cognitive theories
Week 4 Drug addiction, dopamine, and liking vs. wantingUbaldo Niña
The content of this presentation was taken from the:
MIT Open Course Ware http://ocw.mit.edu
ES.S10 Drugs and the Brain
This was made on behalf of the final requirements for:
CEIT321 Course in Middle East Technical University
Introduction to the BioPsychoSocial approach to Addictionkavroom
In this 45 minute introductory lecture you will learn about the biopsychosocial approach to addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Have an understanding of the neurological systems that underpin addiction.
Appreciate that the ways addiction is explained has a direct influence upon treatment.
Be aware that there is no unified theory of addition, but that an integrated approach can help explain onset and maintenance of addictive behavior.
Currently, the harmful use of alcohol and drug consumption is one of the biggest public health problems in the world, due to its high social and economic cost; registering in youth.
The concept of alcoholism encompasses both addictive behavior to alcohol, as well as the set of somatic and psychological problems or disorders caused by the use/abuse and dependence on this substance.
It is considered one of the toxins that accompany and sometimes destroy the bio-psycho-social environment of the individual and his own life; alcohol addiction is a major physical health problem
Why do some individuals develop addictive disorders while others don’t? The relationship between trauma and addiction can provide valuable insight. The adverse childhood experiences (ACES) study helped define and shape our understanding of this complex issue and research demonstrates that higher ACE scores are linked with higher rates of future substance use. It is critical that the health care workforce understand the impact of trauma on addiction and how this relationship impacts treatment and recovery. Explore what it means to be trauma-informed and how providers can integrate trauma-informed care into recovery services and other work with individuals who experience addictive disorders.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. As the semester gets underway, we would like to remind you about a resource
available to MCC students with personal counseling needs. Free individual
counseling is available through a partnership with Tarleton State
University. Graduate students who are enrolled in practicum courses in the
counseling psychology program will be available to counsel MCC students under the
supervision of a clinical supervisor.
Counseling will be available for issues such as
anxiety, depression, anger, loneliness, guilt, low self-
esteem, grief, stress, relationship issues, roommate problems, family
crisis, divorce, identity concerns, and academic concerns. Referrals to community
resources will be available for students needing services beyond the above list.
This service will be located in rooms 313 and 314 of the Student Services Center
(SSC) during the first half of this semester; the offices will move to their new location
in Wellness & Fitness once the renovations there are completed. Counseling will be
available from 10am-6pm Monday-Thursday, and from 8am-12pm on Fridays.
If you have a student with personal counseling needs, please have them call
Counseling Services at 299-8210. Students with immediate counseling needs may
also be referred directly to SSC 313/314, although calling for an appointment is
recommended.
1
3. A car accident occurred when the car skidded
off a wet road and smashed into a tree. The
driver was ejected from the vehicle and killed.
What is the perspective of:
Physician?
Highway Safety Expert?
Meteorologist?
Police Officer?
3
4. A. The Physician
pronounced the driver, “Dead from Massive Head Trauma”.
4
5. The Highway Safety Expert
reported that the cause of death was, “Unsafe Road Design
combined with the fact that the tree was allowed to grow in a
dangerous position at the side of the road.”
5
6. The Meteorologist
blamed the death on “weather
conditions at the time of the
crash.”
6
7. The Police Officer
upon seeing empty beer cans in back of
the car, blamed the death on the driver’s
use of alcohol and the driver not wearing
a seatbelt.
7
8. Illustration points out how one event can be
viewed differently by various professionals.
The same holds true for Addictions and
Chemical Dependency!
8
9. Eclectic
To pick and choose individual aspects that
you like rather than accepting the “whole
package”
Addiction
A relationship with a substance or activity,
which replaces Healthy Relationships with
People (develops tolerance & leads to
uncontrollable use)
Tolerance
Need for more & more
to produce the desired
effects
9
10. Neurotransmitter
Chemicals in the brain which are responsible
for processing information
(synapse = opening)
Addictive Logic
The way families/addicts learn to reason (as a
coping mechanism) creating fallacies; also
known as Cognitive Distortions
10
11. Jekyll/Hyde
“normal”/”addict”; addictive personality
Homeostasis
The tendency of a system to be stable and
resist change; examples: human body -
regulation of body temperature, control of blood
glucose levels, the regulation of salt and water
balance; cruise control on a car
11
12. Defense Mechanisms
Protect the EGO from overwhelming
situations
• (Review Freud: 3 parts of personality)
• Examples: Denial, Displacement,
Rationalization, etc.
Endorphins
◦ Naturally occurring chemicals with opiate-like
properties which serve as neurotransmitters
12
13. As the semester gets underway, we would like to remind you about a resource
available to MCC students with personal counseling needs. Free individual
counseling is available through a partnership with Tarleton State
University. Graduate students who are enrolled in practicum courses in the
counseling psychology program will be available to counsel MCC students under the
supervision of a clinical supervisor.
Counseling will be available for issues such as anxiety, depression, anger, loneliness,
guilt, low self-esteem, grief, stress, relationship issues, roommate problems, family
crisis, divorce, identity concerns, and academic concerns. Referrals to community
resources will be available for students needing services beyond the above list.
This service will be located in rooms 313 and 314 of the Student Services Center
(SSC) during the first half of this semester; the offices will move to their new location
in Wellness & Fitness once the renovations there are completed. Counseling will be
available from 10am-6pm Monday-Thursday, and from 8am-12pm on Fridays.
If you have a student with personal counseling needs, please have them call
Counseling Services at 299-8210. Students with immediate counseling needs may
also be referred directly to SSC 313/314, although calling for an appointment is
recommended.
13
14. We will be looking at 11 Models of Addiction
in a general Chronological Order:
Earliest Latest
14
15. My
T eacher
A ssigned
E ach
C hild
C upcakes
B ecause
S he
G ets
S uch
P leasure!
15
16. A. Emphasize personal choice as the cause of
alcohol problems
16
17. B. Drunkeness viewed as sinful; spiritual
deficit
C. Willful violations of societal rules/norms
17
18. 1988 Supreme Court case dealt with issue of
“disease”
◦ Is the behavior beyond person’s control?
◦ Or is it “willful misconduct” for which the person is
accountable
Individuals are seen to be capable of making choices
& decisions and ARE HELD ACCOUNTABLE BY LAW
18
19. US Courts do not excuse behavior because of
“alcoholic” label
19
20. A. Emphasized Moderation or “Temperance”
B. 1919 - 18th Amendment banning the
manufacture, sale, transportation or
importation of alcohol (abstinence)
20
21. C. Use and related problems of alcohol were
the lowest in History, but it was unpopular &
very difficult to enforce
D. 1933 - 21st Amendment repealed
Prohibition (18th Amend.)
21
22. E. Cause of Alcohol problems is the
Alcohol itself (Pharmacologic Properties)
22
23. A. 1935 - Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) came into
being, introducing the “disease concept”
23
24. B. Alcoholics viewed as substantially different
than non-alcoholics - making them incapable
of drinking in moderation
24
25. C. Likened to an “allergy to alcohol” arising
from
◦ Physical,
◦ Psychological &
◦ Spiritual Causes
25
27. E. Disease is seen as irreversible; incapable of
being cured; but possible to be controlled
through abstinence
F. View has limited acceptance outside of US
27
29. 2. Other Drinkers - alcohol doesn’t
affect them, only “alcoholics”
29
30. 3. Medical Community - requires
medical treatment
30
31. 4. Manufacturers of
Alcohol - removes
blame from them and
places it on an
abnormality in certain
individuals. The
implication is that
“Alcoholism is not
caused by alcohol”
(some alcoholics have
never had a drink)
31
32. H. Intervention - the “Quest for the
Test” to determine who is alcoholic
32
33. The assumption is that
alcohol/drug problems
evolve from a knowledge
deficit and lack of
information about use &
abuse. Drug Abuse
Resistance
Education
33
34. A. Emphasize the roots of Alcoholism in
abnormalities of personality
34
35. B. Represents an early fixation of normal
psychological development involving
unresolved conflicts regarding Dependence
(Freud);
arrested at Oral Stage of development, person
is literally “sucking the bottle”
35
36. C. Also may arise from low self-esteem, sex-
role conflicts, drive for power or control by
persons who feel powerless (abusive when
drinking/using)
36
37. D. Assumption is that alcoholics are people
with particular personality types & the
resolution requires a restructuring of the
personality
37
38. E. Assumes that the Alcoholic displays an
unusually high level of defense mechanisms
(such as Denial)
38
39. A. Pavlovian conditioning (Stimulus-Response
Theory) emphasizes role of learning in
shaping drinking behavior & craving for
alcohol
39
40. B. Skinner’s work in Operant Conditioning
indicates that if drinking alcohol leads to
rewarding consequences, it is likely to
continue or increase
40
41. C. Other incentives:
◦ Tension reduction
◦ “Time out” from societal rules
◦ Positive social reinforcement from companions
◦ Enabling behaviors from family
41
42. A. Emerged in 1970’s; Gives emphasis to
Genetic & Physiological processes as the
causes of alcoholism
42
43. B. Predisposition due to things like
Heredity, Abnormal Alcohol
Metabolism, Unique Brain Sensitivity, etc.
43
44. C. Pharmacologic Addiction is represented in
this model
44
45. D. THIQ Theory
THIQs* are a cause of alcoholism. This is an old
theory, which was very attractive in the early
1970s. It suggested that alcoholics, when they
drink, form opiate-like THIQs (abbreviation for
several artificially-formed chemicals) in the
brain, to which they become dependent. Later
research was not able to consistently find THIQs
in the tissues of alcoholics compared to those of
non-alcoholics. Thus, the “THIQ theory” is no
longer popular among most scientists.
*tetrahydroisoquinolines
45
46. A. Focus on Interactions between the individual
and the environment in shaping patterns of
alcohol use
46
47. B. Emphasizes modeling, peer pressure & also
the importance of coping skills.
(Reliance on Drug Use for Coping Purposes =
Psychological Dependence)
47
48. C. Cognitive Processes - Expectations (Beliefs
that Alcohol causes Beneficial & Desirable
Effects)
D. Treatment includes Cognitive
Restructuring
48
49. A. View Individual behavior as an inherent
part of a larger social system (which tends to
maintain an overall status quo, & will resist
change)
49
50. B. Individual’s problem is the malfunctioning
or “dysfunction” of a larger system
50
51. C. Usually the larger system is thought of as
the Family (members take on Roles to play
interactive “games”)
51
52. D. Co-Dependents:
The Dysfunctional Family has an abnormal set
of needs & traits, which make the person
uniquely vulnerable to Addictive Behaviors or
Pathological Relationships
Some say it even passes on to grandchildren
of Alcoholics (making it generational)
52
53. A. Assumption that the Higher the Level per
Capita of Alcohol Consumption, the Higher
the Level of Alcohol Problems that they will
Experience
53
54. B. This is influenced by
◦ Availability of alcohol
◦ Costs
◦ Convenience of access
◦ Legal regulation
54
55. C. Key consideration is Social Control of
Availability
D. Legal Trends:
◦ Increased liability of those serving if harm is
inflicted by the drinker who was served
◦ Acknowledges the responsibility of the larger
environment for the actions of the individual
55
56. F. Cultural Factors:
◦ Level of societal stress or alienation
◦ Encouragement or punishment for drunkenness
◦ Attitudes about alcohol
◦ Symbolic or functional importance of alcohol within
the society
56
57. G. Availability restricted by
◦ Increasing cost (by taxation)
◦ Regulation of the number, location & hours of
places that sell
◦ Prohibition of advertising
57
58. A. No One Model is likely to be adequate in
intervening with & preventing alcohol
problems
B. Proposes an integration of the 3 types of
causal factors:
◦ Agent (alcohol or drug)
◦ Host (user)
◦ Environment (family, society, culture)
58
59. This translates into our “BioPsychoSocial” Theory:
Bio = Physical
Psycho = Psychological
Social = Environment
And Also into the “Agent/Host/Environment” Theory:
Bio = Physical = AGENT (alcohol)
Psycho = Psychological = HOST (user)
Social = Environment = ENVIRONMENT
59
60. 1. Moral 6. Conditioning
Put the 10 Models into the 2. Temperance 7. Biological
Corresponding Category: 3. American Disease 8. Social Learning
4. Educational 9. General Systems
5. Characterological 10. Sociocultural
11. Public Health Model
Agent Host Environment
Temperance Moral Conditioning
American Disease Social Learning
Educational General Systems
Characterological Sociocultural
Biological
Public Health Model Public Health Model Public Health Model
60