International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
Part of the Fluid Mechanics curriculum at Cal Poly Pomona was to analyze the performance of a centrifugal pump and generate a report of the relevant results.
Hydraulic turbines convert the potential energy of water into mechanical work.
Three most popular hydraulic turbines are :
Pelton wheel (Pelton turbine)
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)
Francis turbine
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Part of the Fluid Mechanics curriculum at Cal Poly Pomona was to analyze the performance of a centrifugal pump and generate a report of the relevant results.
Hydraulic turbines convert the potential energy of water into mechanical work.
Three most popular hydraulic turbines are :
Pelton wheel (Pelton turbine)
Kaplan turbine (Propeller turbine)
Francis turbine
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Manipulation of Water Hammer Problem by Modification of NRV ValveIDES Editor
Water hammer in piping systems produces large
dynamic forces which can damage the pipes and supports.
Therefore it is important to minimize the water hammer
effects on the piping system. In this work, a new method for
the reduction of water hammer by active measures is
described- that means the reduction of water hammer by
influencing the fluid dynamic conditions of the system. We
are concerned with the effects of the rapid valve closures in
pipes connected to wave reflection points. The energy is of
two kind’s Kinetic energy and Elastic energy. Both forms are
converted into pressure energy and the rapidity of the
conversion is of the utmost importance in terms of ensuring
damage that may result. Such energy dissipation in a
controlled non damaging way is discussed in this paper. The
latest outcomes of the research in this area are also discussed
with their failures in the implementation of these concepts in
industries, and the feasibility of our new method
Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine...ijtsrd
The water coming out from the nozzle is called as a jet and when the impacted on the different surfaces and the change in momentum can be determined and the experiment is performed with the nozzle, different type of plates such as flat, Circular and semi circular and a spring scale connected to the balanced beam and different weights are used as counter weights, flow meter and pipes. In this paper during the experimentation of determining the coefficient of impact on the vanes plates some of the minor Losses occurred due to the presence of bend in the suction pipe and nozzle pipe line connectivity and the extra fitting such as valve to control the flow on the pipe are present, due to this the flow of water, velocity in the pipe are varied, an attempt is done with this experiment to determine some important minor losses ,major losses are neglected as length of pipe is short. The readings from the experiment on three different plates are conducted and readings are tabulated and compared. J Narendra Kumar | G Narasimhulu "Experimental Investigation on Impact of Jet on Vanes Pipe System to Determine the Minor Losses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33507.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33507/experimental-investigation-on-impact-of-jet-on-vanes-pipe-system-to-determine-the-minor-losses/j-narendra-kumar
Investigation of effect of pump rotational speed on performance and detection...Mustansiriyah University
Cavitation is an essential problem that occurs in any pump. It highly contributes to deteriorating the performance
of the pump. In industrial applications, it is important to detect and decrease the effect of the cavitation in pumps.
In this work, detecting and diagnosing the cavitation phenomenon within centrifugal pumps using vibration
technique was investigated. The results obtained for vibration signal in both time and frequency domains were
analysed in order to gain a better understanding about the detection of cavitation in the pumps in question. The
effect of different operating conditions including various flow rates and pump rotational speeds related to the
cavitation were measured. Different statistical features in time domain analysis (TDA) and also the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) technique for frequency domain analysis (FDA) were applied.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Field Behaviour and Pressure Fluctuations wit...Mustansiriyah University
this present work, CFD numerical method is applied to analyses the flow field in
an axial flow pump qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis for these
parameters comprise static pressure variations, dynamic pressure variations, velocity magnitude,
turbulent kinetic energy, shear stress. Quantitative analysis including the pressure fluctuations in
frequency domain analysis under different operation conditions. Also, sliding mesh method and
turbulence model type k- epsilon are used. Various monitoring points are stalled in order to
analyses pressure fluctuation mechanism in the impeller blade. The numerical results revealed
that the flow field for pressure and velocity are increase start from the suction side of the pump
to discharge side. Also, the results found that the high pressure occurs at the discharge side
along the axial direction of the impeller. The maximum value of pressure fluctuations is
occurred at tip blade region due to high interaction flow at this particular area. Moreover, the
pressure decreases as flow rate in the pump increases. Additionally, the results shown that the
pressure fluctuations have four peaks and four valleys the similar impeller blades number.
Furthermore, there are different positive and negative pressure regions, the negative pressure
area occurs due to lower pressure zone at inlet impeller area and hence which can lead to cause
occurrence of cavitation in this specific area. The current numerical demonstration results can
help the researches for further axial flow pump design.
Covers the following points:-
Classification of pump
Different types of Heades
Working of Centrifugal and gear pump
Components of pump
Cavitation
failure of the pump with remedies
NPSH
Analysis of cross flow induced vibration in an inline and staggered configura...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In many engineering applications like heat exchanger, radiator, evaporator, nuclear power plant and thermal power plant, arrangement of tubes is very crucial. Fluid elastic instability forms the basis for deciding the type of arrangement and tube spacing but the phenomenon of vortex induced vibration is random in nature. Tube spacing also plays a critical role in different types of arrangement. Different type of application requires different tube spacing and the range of tube spacing vary from 1 to 6. Vortex Induced Vibration in cross flow around the inline and staggered arrangement of the tube arrays is experimentally studied for varying P/d (tube spacing) ratio. It is observed that with the increase in the velocity, the amplitude displacement increases. As the amplitude displacement of the tube reduces, the pitch over diameter ratio is increased from 2 to 4. It is also observed that between inline and staggered arrangement, the amplitude displacement of staggered arrangement is more compared to inline arrangement for same tube spacing.
Keywords: Vortex Induced Vibration, Inline Arrangement, Staggered Arrangement, Regression Analysis
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A REVIEW ON IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THROUGH MODIFICATIO...ijiert bestjournal
The paper reviews the literature available on the i mprovement of efficiency of centrifugal pump through modification in suction manifolds. The paper discusses the available material of performance improvement through various paramete rs and mainly focuses on the research related to manifold modifications.
This report gives basic knowledge about overhauling of Turbine, erection, commissioning.
For more information visit@supratheek Turbo Engineering Services
Measurement of Flow Rate and Impact Force on Different Vanes through Impact o...IJMREMJournal
The objectives of the paper are to conduct an investigation into the reaction force generated by the impact of a
jet of water onto various target vanes and to compare between experimental and theoretical forces which are
exerted by the jet. The procedure for this experiment is to bring the weight cup in the initial position by applying
weight when the flow rate is varied. It can be possible to repeat the same experiment by changing different
target vanes. Moreover, the effect of different target vanes can be seen at a constant flow rate by changing the
type of target vanes and applying different amounts of weights to bring the weight cup in the initial position.
The vanes used in this experiment can be categorized into four geometries. Flat, inclined, spherical and conical
vanes are used for this experiment. Experimental and theoretical forces and the percentage of error can be
calculated in this experiment. Here, the theoretical forces are depended upon weights applied on the weight cup
and the experimental forces are depended on flow rate, nozzle exit velocity, impact velocity and shape of the
vanes.
Measurement of Flow Rate and Impact Force on Different Vanes through Impact o...Farzad Hossain
The objectives of the paper are to conduct an investigation into the reaction force generated by the impact of a jet of water onto various target vanes and to compare between experimental and theoretical forces which are exerted by the jet. The procedure for this experiment is to bring the weight cup in the initial position by applying weight when the flow rate is varied. It can be possible to repeat the same experiment by changing different target vanes. Moreover, the effect of different target vanes can be seen at a constant flow rate by changing the type of target vanes and applying different amounts of weights to bring the weight cup in the initial position. The vanes used in this experiment can be categorized into four geometries. Flat, inclined, spherical and conical vanes are used for this experiment. Experimental and theoretical forces and the percentage of error can be calculated in this experiment. Here, the theoretical forces are depended upon weights applied on the weight cup and the experimental forces are depended on flow rate, nozzle exit velocity, impact velocity and shape of the vanes.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Knowledge engineering: from people to machines and back
It3615251530
1. Ivan A. Loukanov et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1525-1530
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Experimental Investigation Of Solar Powered Sonic Pump
Ivan A. Loukanov
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0061, FET, Gaborone, Botswana
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the experimental analysis of a solar powered sonic (resonance) pump for boreholes in
Botswana. A model solar powered sonic pump is tested at average resonance frequency of 5.42 Hz when
furnished with spring-loaded poppet valves, mainly 1.5″, 2.0″ and 3.0″ valves. The flow rate is measured against
the power input and the results indicated that the flow rate correlates to the size of valves and their parameters
such as valve spring constant, valve spring preload and valve stroke. Also it is found that the accuracy of the
experiments can be improved by setting the pump in resonance through measuring the maximum acceleration.
Keywords – solar power, sonic pump, spring-loaded poppet valves, resonance oscillations.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Water is a scars commodity in Botswana and
in many African countries and is as an important
source for life survival on the planet. Although the
sonic pumps were primarily invented and used for
many decades in the oil industry of US [1], UK and
Russia [2] they could be used for pumping ground
water from deep wells. Some researchers achieved 100
m depth of pumping, [2] and employed these pumps
for Agricultural applications, [3]. For many years the
author is investigating the opportunities of employing
sonic pumps for pumping ground water from shallow
to deep boreholes in Botswana. Several models and
prototypes of sonic pumps were developed and studied
to establish the principle of operation [4]. Later the
prototype pumps were tested on shallow to medium
depth boreholes [5] and found them useful for desert
and rural applications since they tolerate up to 40%
sand mixed with water [2], which is the case of
Botswana’s boreholes. Since today electricity is not
available in the desert and most of the rural areas of
Botswana the author decided to explore the available
solar energy in the country. There are many research
and industrial developments using solar energy [7], [8],
[9] for pumping ground water but none of them has
been applied to sonic pumps. Instead these
investigations applied to centrifugal submersible
pumps directly driven by the PV power through a
special control unit. Unfortunately today sonic pumps
are not known by the pump specialist and even not
listed in the specialized literature for pumping systems.
In fact these pumps are very efficient since they
operate in resonance and the deeper they pump from
the more efficient they become [2]. Therefore the
objectives of this study are to redesign the previously
designed and constructed sonic pump to be powered by
a PV solar energy with relevant electronic equipment
through a pack of batteries; conduct experiments and
establish the flow rate of the pump versus input power.
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II.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A modified model sonic pump established in
2006 by [5] powered by a dual shaft mechanical shaker
consisting of two 60-Watt AC motors was used in this
study. Four modifications were done to the design of
the existing pump which include: Increasing the offset
masses of shaker to boost the shaker unbalance to a
value of 0.0408 [kg.m]; designing and manufacturing
new offset masses and installing them symmetrically
with respect to the motor’s plane of rotation; selecting
and installing a new set of springs for the pump
suspension system providing large resonance
amplitudes of the oscillating system; making the total
oscillating mass of the pump for all valve’s
installations similar in order to attain comparable
resonance frequencies. The modifications also covered
the attachments of the three valve sizes mainly 1.5″,
2.0″ and 3.0″ spring-loaded poppet valves being
investigated. These are achieved by adding additional
masses to the oscillating system to obtain almost the
same resonance frequencies. In fact each size of valves
consisted of three individual spring-loaded poppet
valves having to some extent different mechanical
parameters, such as the valve spring stiffness, valve
spring preload and the valve stroke. The mechanical
parameters of the individual valves are established in
the research work [6] and the results are listed in
Table1 in an increasing order of the valve’s strokes.
The reason for this arrangement is that the valve stroke
appears to be one of the most important mechanical
parameters of the spring-loaded poppet valves, since it
affects the valve head losses and therefore influences
directly the valve discharge (the pump flow rate). It
was found in the study [6] that the higher the valve
strokes the lower the valve head losses, due to the
increased interior cross section (the valve stroke
limiting area) allowing the water flow to pass through
with minimum resistance.
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Table 1 Summary of the mechanical parameters of spring-loaded poppet valve, [6].
Bossini valves
1.5″
2.0″
No.1 No.2 No.3 No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
Inlet port diameter,
[mm]
43
43
43
55
55
55
Valve body mass,
[kg]
0.58
0.59
0.59
1.41
1.12
1.11
Valve mass,
[gram]
20
20
20
30
31
30
Valve stroke,
[mm]
6.6
7.2
7.7
13
13.7
14.4
Valve spring constant, [N/m]
128
123
123
164.3 146.3 134.6
Valve spring preload, [N]
1.45
1.57
1.34
1.29
1.39
1.48
Figure 1 shows the front view of the model
sonic pump employed in this study along with the
solar power supply unit.
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No. 1
80
2.01
113
17.8
383.6
4.17
3.0″
No. 2
80
2.01
113
18.2
328.5
3.56
No. 3
80
2.01
114
19.2
401.9
4.20
1
2
1
3
4
2
5
3
4
5
Fig. 1 Shows the experimental setup of the Sonic
Pump as front viewed, where: 1 is the shaker with the
spring suspension system, 2 motor speed controller, 3
the well, 4 water meter, 5 solar power supply unit.
The most important part of the pump is the
mechanical shaker along with the spring suspension
system to which the pipe-valve system is attached. A
close view of the shaker, the spring suspension system
and the oscillating system of the sonic pump are
shown in Fig. 2. The shaker with the offset masses
and the additional mass attached to the oscillating
plate are designated for easy understanding of the
design. The shaker consists of two 60-Watt AC
motors having rotating stators to which unbalanced
offset masses are symmetrically attached on each side
of the motors. The motors have non-rotating rotors
fixed to the supporting base of the shaker to which the
power supply cables, reversing switches and
capacitors are attached.
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Fig.2. Sonic pump assembly: 1-offset unbalanced
masses of the shaker attached to the AC motors, 2spring suspension system, 3-oscillating pipes with the
additional mass connected to the oscillating plate 4, 5support stand of the pump fixed to a solid foundation.
The stators rotate in opposite directions
thanks to the inverted synchronous belts used as spur
gears. The unbalanced offset masses are attached in
such a way so as the shaker is fully balanced in the
horizontal direction, but generates unidirectional
inertial forces acting in the direction of the pipe-valve
oscillating system. The total oscillating mass of the
pump consists of the masses of shaker, oscillating
plate, the pipes and valves attached to the pipe
system. In this design only one valve is used since the
depth of pumping is small. When the oscillating
system is set in resonance then the total oscillating
mass attains maximum displacements, velocities and
accelerations. According to [4] pumping is achieved
whenever the oscillating system is subjected to
acceleration greater than the gravitational one (g=9.81
m/s2). The larger the maximum acceleration the
greater the flow rate and the pressure developed by
the pump. But extremely high accelerations can be
destructive to the pipe system since the inertial forces
acting at the point of attachment to the oscillating
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1525-1530
plate become enormous. This requires stronger pipe
material and the use of flanged connections in the
pipe system, which makes the design expensive. The
recommended submersion depth of the foot valves
under the water level in the well is about 3-4 m [2].
For depth of pumping up to 30 m one foot valve is
required. To maximize the flow rate when pumping
from deep wells and at high operating frequencies
(20-50 Hz) the number of valves is increased in order
to reduce the load on individual valves [2], [4]. The
shaker of the model pump tested in this study
generates maximum acceleration of amax ≈ 3×g m/s2,
where g=9.81 m/s2 is the gravitational acceleration.
2
3
1
4
Fig. 3 Side view of the solar powered sonic pump
where: 1- solar panel 230W-80V, 2 – shaker and the
spring system, 3- the well, 4 – the water meter type CPHB 3122 of 2.5 m3/h metering capacity.
The
maximum
acceleration
affects
significantly the pressure developed and the flow rate
of the pump and if measured or calculated it may be
used to predict the flow rate and the pressure of the
pump [4]. Fig. 3 show the side view of the model
pump along with the solar panel arrangement. As seen
from the figure the water from the well is elevated to
a height of 1.75 m and then passing through the water
meter is returning back to the well. This allows
reusing the same water and avoiding the unnecessary
spillage around the pump during experiments.
The valves used in this study are shown in Fig.
4; where two out of three 1.5″ valves are shown since
the third one is already installed in the pump. The rest
of the two groups of 2.0″ and 3.0″ spring-loaded
poppet valves are shown in increased order.
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To eliminate the effect of resonance
frequency of the oscillating system upon the valve
performance, additional masses are added to the
oscillating pipe-valve assemblies. The masses for the
three groups of valves and the corresponding
resonance frequencies are listed in the table 2 below.
Table 2 Summary of masses added to the oscillating
system to achieve comparable resonance frequencies.
Valve Valve Mass
Total
Total
Resosize
mass added
mass
Oscill- nance
with
to
of valve
ating Frequpipes pipes assembly mass
ency
[inch] [kg]
[kg]
[kg]
[kg]
[Hz]
1.5″
3.219 3.455
6.674
25.214
5.42
2.0″
4.295 2.428
6.723
25.263
5.41
3.0″
5.916 0.691
6.607
25.147
5.43
As shown in Fig. 2 a special spring assembly
is designed to achieve large amplitudes for the same
resonance frequency regardless of the masses of the
valve and pipe arrangements. The total stiffness of the
spring suspension system is set to be K=29227 N/m to
obtain an average shaker speed of n≈325 rev/min
corresponding to a resonance frequency f=5.42 Hz,
assumed to be the same for all valves. The
photovoltaic power supply unit consisted of a
polycrystalline solar panel, 230W 80V 8.3A; charge
controller, DC-AC inverter and a Power and Energy
Monitor 2000 MU of 3750VA and 15A AC power
and current capacity respectively. The above
equipment is mounted on the support frame of the
solar panel for mobility and easy tracking the sun
during experiments. In addition to this equipment two
silver-calcium batteries connected in parallel are
employed to maintain a stable power supply.
5
1
2
3
4
Fig. 5 Solar power supply equipment: 1 - charge
controller PR3030; 2 - DC-AC inverter 12V-240V,
300W, 50Hz; 3 - power & energy monitor, 4 - battery
pack 2×12V, 185Ah each, 5- is the back side of solar
panel as installed on a support frame & caster wheels.
1.5″
2.0″
3.0″
Fig. 4 shows the spring-loaded poppet valves and the
corresponding extension pipes used to set the same
depth of pumping of 1.75m by all the valves.
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Fig. 5 shows a close view of the power
supply equipment viewed from the back side of the
solar panel mounted on caster wheels and the battery
pack consisting of two batteries connected in parallel.
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4. Ivan A. Loukanov et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1525-1530
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The first set of three graphs refers to the 1.5″
valves. These are shown in Fig. 7, from where the
flow rate of valve No.1 is found to vary from 6l/min
to 8.73l/min, the flow rate of valve No.2 varied from
6.5l/min to 7.45l/min and for valve No.3 the variation
is from 4.02l/min to 9.38l/min with the power input
varied from 22W to 38W. It should be noted that all
the valves are arranged by an increasing stroke as
shown in Table 1. Apparently valve No.3 has the
highest increase in the average water discharge being
134% when power varied from 22W to 38W.
1.5″
2.0″
3.0″
Valve No.
Valve size
Fig. 6 Power and energy monitor 2000MU of 3.75kW
AC power and 15A electric current capacity.
Fig. 6 shows a close view of the power & energy
monitor used in the experiments. It measures voltage,
amps, watts, volt-amps, hertz and the power factor in
the AC grid. In our study we measure predominantly
the power consumption of the pump at different
power settings when assessing the flow rate of the
pump. In addition to that we also measure the voltage
and the frequency of the AC power supply to be sure
that they comply with the parameters of the motors
when operated from the industrial grid. These assure
that motors operate under a correct voltage and
frequency (50Hz).
I.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
There are 216 runs carried out during
experiments at six levels of power setups for nine
valves repeated four times per valve before the
average flow rate of a particular size of valve is
identified. The flow rate of each run was measured for
5min and after that average flow rate is calculated per
minute. The trials and average results for the 38W
power setup of the three sizes of valves are shown in
Table 3. It should be mention that the results listed in
this table stand for one point only of each size of
valve graphs. After that graphs are plotted for the flow
rates of each valve from a particular size versus the
input power varying from 22W to 38W.
Table 3 Valve’s discharge at power input of 38W.
Run Run Run Run Avg. Avg.
1
2
3
4
runs runs
l/5
l/5
l/
min
min
min
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
43.7
37.7
47.6
45.4
52.6
54.3
47.7
47.0
56.3
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43.4
38.3
47.0
46.0
53.0
54.4
47.7
47.1
56.4
43.7
37.2
46.8
46.9
52.2
53.7
50.1
47.4
56.
43.8
35.8
46.1
46.9
52.3
53.9
50.0
47.3
55.8
43.7
37.3
46.9
46.3
52.3
54.1
49.4
47.2
56.1
8.73
7.45
9.38
9.26
10.5
10.82
9.88
9.44
11.23
Fig. 7 Average discharge of 1.5″ valves vs. input
power
In fact valve No. 3 attained the largest flow
rate among the three valves. The reasons being are the
influence of the individual valve strokes, valve spring
constants and valve spring preloads (Table 1). In this
case the valve stroke of 7.7 mm of valve No.3
contributed mostly for the discharge of 9.38l/min
together with the suitable combination of the valve
parameters. The percentage increase of the average
discharge of valve No.1 is 45.5% which is noticeably
below that of valve No.3 and that of valve No.2 is
only 14.6%. The latter result indicates that the
parameters of this valve are inappropriately combined
to provide a discharge almost unresponsive to the
power input. Obviously valves with a combination of
their parameters close to these of valve No. 2 should
be avoided in practice as being improper for the above
range of the power input and maximum acceleration.
Possibly at higher accelerations the mass of the valve
itself will provide greater inertial force which
eventually would play additional roll in the valve
performance. This phenomenon needs to be further
investigated by varying the maximum acceleration
and setting the resonance precisely by measuring the
resonance acceleration.
Table 4 Comparison of the 1.5″- valves parameters
with the corresponding flow rates.
Valve numbers
No.1
No.2
No.3
Valve stroke, mm
6.6
7.2
7.7
Spring constants, N/m
128
123
123
Spring preloads, N
1.45
1.57
1.34
Max. discharge, l/min
8.73
7.45
9.38
In Fig. 7 the trend of water discharge for
valves No.2 and No.3 shows that if power is further
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5. Ivan A. Loukanov et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1525-1530
increased eventually they could perform better. It
should be mentioned that this case is the most
complicated since there are three points of
interception among the flow rates graphs. These
points are at 23W regarding the graphs of valves No.1
and No.2, at 27W concerning valve No. 2 and No.3
and at 34W with regard to valve No.1 and No.3
respectively. For a higher power range different valve
parameters will be predominant than at the present
power range due to the increased influence of the
inertial forces acting on the valve. These are very
complicated and unpredictable interactions among the
valve parameters and are difficult to predict unless
experimentally investigated. In this case the most
important parameter appears to be the valve stroke
which generally helps obtaining the largest flow rate.
The average test results for the 2″ valves are
plotted in Fig. 8 where maximum water discharge is
attained at 38W input power. Among the three valves
valve No.3 with 14.4 mm stroke delivers 10.82 l/min,
followed by valve No. 2 having 13.7 mm stroke of
10.51 l/min discharge and that of valve No.1 with 13
mm stroke and 9.26 l/min water discharge.
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In addition to that considering the data for the valve
spring preload it is realized that the latter increases as
valve numbers increases. The smalest spring preload
affect adversly the valve capacity to close quickly at
the end of the sucktion stroke [4] as for valve No.1.
This allows some backflow of water to the well, hence
reducing the valve discharge and therefore dropping
the pump flow rate. These are the reasons why valve
No. 3 has the largest discharge as compared to the rest
two as seen in Fig. 8 and Table 5.
The average test results for the 3″ valves are
shown in Fig. 9 where maximum valve discharge is
attained again at 38W power input. Once again valve
No. 3 having the largest stroke of 19.2 mm achieves
the largest discharge of 11.23 l/min followed by valve
No.1 of 9.88 l/min of stroke of 17.8 mm and the valve
No. 2 delivers the least flow rate of 9.44 l/min having
18.2 mm stroke. In this graphs the effect of valve
stroke is not consistent since the effects of other two
parameters influenced the flow rate inversely as in the
case of 1.5″ valves shown in Fig. 7 and Table 4.
Fig. 9 Average discharge for 3″ valve vs. input power
Fig. 8 Average discharge for 2″ valve vs. input power
The effect of the valve stroke on the flow rate
appears to be again the most influential parameter but
this time it is strognly supported by the proper
combination of the valve spring constant and valve
spring preload. The combination of these parameters
affect the flow rate in a such a way that they help
increase the water discharge progressively.
From Table 5 it is observed that the valve
spring constant decreases from valve No.1 towards
No.3 and therefore reduces the spring force acting on
the valve for the same valve displacement. This
allows valve No.3 of smallest spring constant to open
more than the rest, hence reducing the interior head
losses and increasing the flow through the valve body,
and the final effect is increased valve discharge.
Table 5 Comparison of the 2″- valves parameters with
the corresponding flow rates.
Valve number
No.1
No.2
No.3
Valve stroke, mm
13
13.7
14.4
Spring constants, N/m
164.3 146.3 134.6
Spring preloads, N
1.29
1.39
1.48
Max. discharge, l/min
9.26
10.51 10.82
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The effects of the valve spring constant and
valve spring preload can be explained analyzing the
data in Table 6 for the 3″ valves.
Table 6 Comparison of the 3″- valves parameters with
their flow rates.
Valve number
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
Valve Stroke, mm
Spring constant N/m
Spring preload, N
Max. discharge, l/min
17.8
383.6
4.17
9.88
18.2
328.5
3.56
9.44
19.2
401.9
4.20
11.23
The relations among the valve parameters and
the flow rate for these valves appear to be also
complex since there is one point of interception of the
graphs of valve No.1 and No.2 at 34W power input. It
is evident that the discharge of valve No.2 is larger for
than that of valve No.1 for the power range from 22W
to 34W, because the spring constant and spring
preload are smaller than these of valve No.1. These
combination facilitate the valve to opens easily at low
power input and hence helps achieving larger
discharge. Contrary to this situation when power is
larger than 34W then the inertial forces acting on
valve No.1 are higher than before and the larger
1529 | P a g e
6. Ivan A. Loukanov et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1525-1530
spring constant and preload act efectively towards
increasing the discharge, while the softer spring and
smaller spring preload of valve No.2 allow some
water backflow to the well, hence reducing the valve
discharge and therefore the pump flow rate.
II. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents the experimental analysis
carried out on a solar powered sonic pump in terms of
flow rate versus the input power and the foot valve
parameters. A model sonic pump usually powered
from the AC grid was set to operate under solar power
and the flow rate was measured against the power
input. Three sizes of spring-loaded poppet valves are
tested mainly 1.5″, 2.0″ and 3.0″ each size of them
consisted of three valves. The input power is varied
from 22W to 38W at six levels and the pump is
operated at resonance frequency of 5.42, 5.41 and
5.43Hz respectively, corresponding to the sizes of
valves and the total mass of the oscillating system
(Table 2). The resonance frequency is maintained
approximately the same for all the valves by adding
additional masses to the oscillating system in order to
eliminate the effect of the resonance frequency upon
the flow rate. Large amount of experiments were
carried out and outstanding results are recorded. It
was found that the maximum flow rate of the sonic
pump varied from 9.38 l/min to 11.23 l/min
depending upon the size of the valve and the
corresponding valve parameters that is the valve
stroke, valve spring constant and the valve spring
preload. Among the nine valves being tested, three
from each size, the valves of the largest stroke
generally discharged the highest flow rate. The
percentage increase in the flow rate of 1.5″ valves
versus power input varies from 46.1% for valve No.1,
15.5% for valve No. 2 to 134% for valve No. 3.
The percentage increase of the flow rate for 2.0″
valves varies from 35.8 % for valve No.1, 57.6% for
valve No.2 to 62.2% for valve No.3 suggesting the
important contribution of the largest valve stroke to
the flow rate.
The percentage increase of the flow rate for
the 3.0″ valves varies from 106.7% for valve No. 1,
72.3% for valve No.2 and 73.3% for valve No. 3. For
this size of valves the increased stroke did not
contributed proportionally to the flow rate. The reason
is that the other two valve parameters such as the
valve spring constant and the spring preload
influenced the flow rate adversely. In addition to these
considerations one very important fact is not taken
into account, this is setting the pump in exact
resonance. Practically for every experiment this is
done by increasing the resonance amplitude visually
until it looks maximal. Strictly speaking the best way
to set the system in exact resonance is to measure the
maximum acceleration attained in resonance.
Unfortunately at the time of the experiments there was
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no relevant equipment to measure the resonance
acceleration. So for more precise and reliable results
in the future it is recommended that the pump to be
set in operation by measuring the resonance
acceleration. This will guarantee that the results
obtained will be comparable and the effect of valve
parameters could be studied accurately and reliably. It
is also suggested that the depth of pumping be
increased to the depth of a real borehole of at least 30
m. These conditions would require employing more
powerful shaker and changing the parameters of the
oscillating system so that to keep the operating
conditions close to the present resonance frequency,
amplitudes and accelerations.
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work became possible thanks
to the financial support of the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) at the University of Botswana
and the Innovation Hub of Botswana (IHB) at
Botswana Institution of Engineers (BIE).
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[1]
Bodine A. G., Deep Well Pump. (US Patent
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[2]
Usakovskii, V.M., Inertial Pumps (Machine
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[3]
Usakovskii, V.M., Water Supply and Water
Transportation in Agriculture. (Kolos
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[4]
Loukanov, I.A., Investigating the pumping
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Agricultural Engineering, 53 (4), 2007, 172181.
[5]
Loukanov I.A., Uziak J. Theoretical
Investigation and Experimental Analysis of
Inertial Water Pump for Boreholes in the
Desert and Rural Areas of Botswana,
Unpublished Research Report R569, pp.57,
2006, University of Botswana, Gaborone,
Botswana.
[6]
Loukanov I.A., (2010). Measuring the
parameters of foot valves for sonic pumps.
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