1. Turbomachines such as centrifugal pumps transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on the extent and type of fluid flow, and whether they absorb or produce energy.
2. Centrifugal pumps use a rotating impeller to impart velocity to the fluid and increase its pressure. They are commonly used to transport liquids through conversion of rotational kinetic energy.
3. Positive displacement pumps move fluid by trapping a fixed volume and forcing that volume into the discharge pipe. They are classified based on construction and include gear pumps, vane pumps, piston pumps, and more. Flow is constant with changing pressure in positive displacement pumps.
The pdf contains explanation about the centrifugal pumps. It is usually studied by Mechanical or Civil engineering students. This pdf file will help for the students from these fields.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
The pdf contains explanation about the centrifugal pumps. It is usually studied by Mechanical or Civil engineering students. This pdf file will help for the students from these fields.
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps.”
“If the mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy or kinetic energy by means of centrifugal force
acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called Centrifugal pump.”
Hello everyone this is N Murali Mohan, working as a assistant professor in JNTUA college of engineering pulivendula, in this chapter covers the all topics, if any topics missing please inform I will correct and then upload.. thank you all
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump.SHASHI BHUSHAN
Basics Fundamentals and working Principle of Centrifugal Pump. Centrifugal pumps are the rotodynamic machines that convert mechanical energy of shaft into kinetic and pressure energy of Fluid which may be used to raise the level of fluid. A centrifugal pump is named so, because the energy added by the impeller to the fluid is largely due to centrifugal effects.
Pumps are used to add energy to fluids (gases, liquids, or slurries) in order to produce flow or increase pressure. They can perform many different functions, including moving a fluid from one location to another, recirculating a fluid in a closed system, such as in a heating or cooling system, and providing pressure, such as in hydraulic systems. These functions are performed primarily by two different types of pumps: centrifugal and positive displacement.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...
Torbomachinery zbj
1. COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology
Defence road, off Raiwind Road, Lahore
Department of Chemical Engineering
Title
“ASSIGNMENT NO 4”
TURBOMACHINERY,CENTIFUGAL PUMP,PD PUMP
Course code: CHE230
Course Instructor: Engr. HAMOOD UR REHMAN
Student Name: ZUHAIR-BIN-JAWAID
Registration No: DDP-SP14-BEC-094
2. TURBOMACHINERY
Turbomachines are machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid, including both
turbines and compressors. While a turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor
transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid. The two types of machines are governed by the same
basic relationships including Newton's second Law of Motion and Euler's energy equation for
compressible fluids. Centrifugal pumps are also turbomachines that transfer energy from a rotor
to a fluid, usually a liquid, while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas.
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATIONACCORDING TOEXTENT OFFLUID
In general,the twokindsof turbomachinesencounteredinpractice are openandclosedturbomachines.
Openmachinessuchas propellers,windmills,andunshrouded fansacton an infiniteextentof fluid,
whereas,closedmachinesoperate onafinite quantityof fluidasitpassesthrougha housingorcasing.
CLASSIFICATIONACCORDING TOTYPE OFFLOW
Turbomachinesare alsocategorizedaccordingtothe type of flow.Whenthe flow isparallel tothe axis
of rotation,theyare calledaxial flowmachines,andwhenflow isperpendiculartothe axisof rotation,
theyare referredtoasradial (or centrifugal) flow machines.There isalsoathirdcategory,calledmixed
flowmachines,wherebothradial andaxial flow velocitycomponentsare present.
CLASSIFICATIONACCORDING TOENERGY
Turbomachinesmaybe furtherclassifiedintotwoadditional categories:those thatabsorbenergyto
increase the fluidpressure,i.e. pumps,fans,andcompressors,andthose thatproduce energysuchas
turbines byexpandingflowtolowerpressures.Of particularinterestare applicationswhichcontain
pumps,fans,compressorsandturbines.These componentsare essential inalmostall mechanical
equipmentsystems,suchaspowerand refrigerationcycles.
3. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Centrifugal pumps are usedtotransportfluidsbythe conversionof rotational kineticenergytothe
hydrodynamicenergyof the fluidflow.The rotationalenergytypicallycomesfromanengine orelectric
motor.
Centrifugal pumps are asub-classof dynamicaxisymmetricwork-absorbingturbomachinery.
Figure 1: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Characteristics ofCentrifugal pumps
Head—Resistance to Flow
In Newtonian (true) fluids (non-viscous liquids, such as water or gasoline), the term head is the
measurement of the kinetic energy that a pump creates. Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water
straight into the air. The height that the water reaches is the head. Head measures the height of a
liquid column, which the pump could create resulting from the kinetic energy the pump gives to
the liquid. The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump’s
energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid
changes, but the head will not change. End users can always describe a pump’s performance on
any Newtonian fluid, whether it is heavy (sulfuric acid) or light (gasoline), by using head. Head
is related to the velocity that the liquid gains when going through the pump.
4. Friction Head (hf)
Friction head is the head required to overcome the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It
depends on the size, condition and type of pipe; the number and type of pipe fittings; flow rate;
and nature of the liquid.
Velocity Head (hv)
Velocity head is the energy of a liquid as a result of its motion at some velocity (V). It is the
equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same velocity
or, in other words, the head necessary to accelerate the water.
Pressure Head
Pressure head must be considered when a pumping system either begins from or empties into a
tank that is under some pressure other than atmospheric. The pressure in such a tank must first be
converted to feet of liquid. A vacuum in the suction tank or a positive pressure in the discharge
tank must be added to the system head, whereas a positive pressure in the suction tank or vacuum
in the discharge tank would be subtracted. The following is a formula for converting inches of
mercury vacuum into feet of liquid.
Pumps in series
Centrifugal pumps are connected in series if the discharge of one pump is connected to the
suction side of a second pump. Two similar pumps, in series, operate in the same manner as a
two-stage centrifugal pump.
Each of the pumps is putting energy into the pumping fluid, so the resultant head is the sum of
the individual heads.
Some things to consider when you connect pumps in series:
Both pumps must have the same width impeller or the difference in capacities (GPM or
Cubic meters/hour.) could cause a cavitation problem if the first pump cannot supply
enough liquid to the second pump.
Both pumps must run at the same speed (same reason).
Be sure the casing of the second pump is strong enough to resist the higher pressure.
Higher strength material, ribbing, or extra bolting may be required.
The stuffing box of the second pump will see the discharge pressure of the first pump.
You may need a high-pressure mechanical seal.
Be sure both pumps are filled with liquid during start-up and operation.
5. Start the second pump after the first pump is running.
Pumps in parallel
Pumps are operated in parallel when two or more pumps are connected to a common discharge
line, and share the same suction conditions.
Some things to consider when pumps are operated in parallel:
Both pumps must produce the same head this usually means they must be running at the
same speed, with the same diameter impeller.
API 610, states that when pumps are run in parallel, "the head shall rise at least 10% of
the head at rated capacity."(this is called a "stable curve because there is a continious rise
to shutoff.)
Two pumps in parallel will deliver less than twice the flow rate of a single pump in the
system because of the increased friction in the piping.
The shape of the system curve determines the actual increase in capacity. If there is
additional friction in the system from throttling (see dotted line in the following diagram),
two pumps in parallel may deliver only slightly more than a single pump operating by its
self.
If you run a single pump only, it will operate at a higher flow rate (A) than if it were
working in parallel with another pump (B) because it will be operating further out on the
curve requiring increased power. The rule is that if a pump is selected to run in parallel,
be sure it has a driver rated for single operation.
6. Positive displacement pumps
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing
(displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side
expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant
through each cycle of operation.
CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
Basedon the construction,Hydrostaticpumpsare classified
1. Gear Pumps( fixeddisplacement pumps)
(a) External gearpump
(b) Internal gearpump
a. Lobe pump
b. Gerotorpump
(c) Screw pump
2. Vane Pumps( fixedorvariable displacementpumps)
(a) BalancedVane pump
(b) UnbalancedVane pump