International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDOS) ATTACKS DETECTION MECHANISM ijcseit
Pushback is a mechanism for defending against Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS
attacks are treated as a congestion-control problem, but because most such congestion is caused by
malicious hosts not obeying traditional end-to-end congestion control, the problem must be handled by the
routers. Functionality is added to each router to detect and preferentially drop packets that probably
belong to an attack. Upstream routers are also notified to drop such packets in order that the router’s
resources be used to route legitimate traffic hence term pushback. Client puzzles have been advocated as a
promising countermeasure to DoS attacks in the recent years. In order to identify the attackers, the victim
server issues a puzzle to the client that sent the traffic. When the client is able to solve the puzzle, it is
assumed to be authentic and the traffic from it is allowed into the server. If the victim suspects that the
puzzles are solved by most of the clients, it increases the complexity of the puzzles. This puzzle solving
technique allows the traversal of the attack traffic throughout the intermediate routers before reaching the
destination. In order to attain the advantages of both pushback and puzzle solving techniques, a hybrid
scheme called Router based Pushback technique, which involves both the techniques to solve the problem
of DDoS attacks is proposed. In this proposal, the puzzle solving mechanism is pushed back to the core
routers rather than having at the victim. The router based client puzzle mechanism checks the host system
whether it is legitimate or not by providing a puzzle to be solved by the suspected host.
A survey of trends in massive ddos attacks and cloud based mitigationsIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed
IRJET- A Survey on DDOS Attack in ManetIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by introducing MANETs and some of the key security issues they face, including DDoS attacks. It then discusses different types of DDoS attacks like flooding and amplification/reflection attacks. The document proposes a new defense scheme against amplification attacks, which exploit protocols like DNS and NTP to amplify traffic. It describes using the Network Security Simulator to model and simulate DDoS attacks with master, zombie, and server entities to evaluate defense techniques and compare the impact of protocols like DNS and NTP.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposed and evaluated methods for mitigating denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on virtual machines. The paper implemented iptables connection limits on the host machine to prevent excessive connections from attacking IPs. It also tuned network performance by adjusting the receiving window size to maximize bandwidth utilization. The experimental results showed that the iptables security measures protected against DoS/DDoS attacks while window scaling optimization improved network performance during attacks.
A ROBUST MECHANISM FOR DEFENDING DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS ON WEB...IJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a popular means of causing mass targeted service disruptions, often for extended periods of time. The relative ease and low costs of launching such attacks, supplemented by the current inadequate sate of any viable defense mechanism, have made them one of the top threats to the Internet community today. Since the increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet, it is imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the resources of the network and denying services to legitimate users. This paper first presents a brief discussion on some of the important types of DDoS attacks that currently exist and some existing mechanisms to combat these attacks. It then points out the major drawbacks of the currently existing defense mechanisms and proposes a new mechanism for protecting a web-server against a DDoS attack. In the proposed mechanism, incoming traffic to the server is continuously monitored and any abnormal rise in the inbound traffic is immediately detected. The detection algorithm is based on a statistical analysis of the inbound traffic on the server and a robust hypothesis testing framework. While the detection process is on, the sessions from the legitimate sources are not disrupted and the load on the server is restored to the normal level by blocking the traffic from the attacking sources. To cater to different scenarios, the detection algorithm has various modules with varying level of computational and memory overheads for
their execution. While the approximate modules are fast in detection and involve less overhead, they provide lower level of detection accuracy. The accurate modules employ complex detection logic and hence involve more overhead for their execution. However, they have very high detection accuracy. Simulations carried out on the proposed mechanism have produced results that demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed defense mechanism against DDoS attacks.
IRJET- DDOS Detection System using C4.5 Decision Tree AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document proposes a machine learning model using the C4.5 decision tree algorithm to detect DDOS attacks. It trains the model on DDOS attack samples from the CICIDS2017 dataset, dividing the samples into training and test data. The Weka data mining tool is used to build the model with attribute filtering and 10-fold cross-validation. The trained model is then validated on the test data to accurately differentiate between benign and DDOS flooding traffic. This combined signature-based and anomaly-based detection approach can effectively detect complex DDOS attacks.
Study of flooding based d do s attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review of Detection DDOS Attack Detection Using Naive Bayes Classifier for Ne...journalBEEI
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a type of attack using the volume, intensity, and more costs mitigation to increase in this era. Attackers used many zombie computers to exhaust the resources available to a network, application or service so that authorize users cannot gain access or the network service is down, and it is a great loss for Internet users in computer networks affected by DDoS attacks. In the Network Forensic, a crime that occurs in the system network services can be sued in the court and the attackers will be punished in accordance with law. This research has the goal to develop a new approach to detect DDoS attacks based on network traffic activity were statistically analyzed using Naive Bayes method. Data were taken from the training and testing of network traffic in a core router in Master of Information Technology Research Laboratory University of Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta. The new approach in detecting DDoS attacks is expected to be a relation with Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to predict the existence of DDoS attacks.
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDOS) ATTACKS DETECTION MECHANISM ijcseit
Pushback is a mechanism for defending against Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS
attacks are treated as a congestion-control problem, but because most such congestion is caused by
malicious hosts not obeying traditional end-to-end congestion control, the problem must be handled by the
routers. Functionality is added to each router to detect and preferentially drop packets that probably
belong to an attack. Upstream routers are also notified to drop such packets in order that the router’s
resources be used to route legitimate traffic hence term pushback. Client puzzles have been advocated as a
promising countermeasure to DoS attacks in the recent years. In order to identify the attackers, the victim
server issues a puzzle to the client that sent the traffic. When the client is able to solve the puzzle, it is
assumed to be authentic and the traffic from it is allowed into the server. If the victim suspects that the
puzzles are solved by most of the clients, it increases the complexity of the puzzles. This puzzle solving
technique allows the traversal of the attack traffic throughout the intermediate routers before reaching the
destination. In order to attain the advantages of both pushback and puzzle solving techniques, a hybrid
scheme called Router based Pushback technique, which involves both the techniques to solve the problem
of DDoS attacks is proposed. In this proposal, the puzzle solving mechanism is pushed back to the core
routers rather than having at the victim. The router based client puzzle mechanism checks the host system
whether it is legitimate or not by providing a puzzle to be solved by the suspected host.
A survey of trends in massive ddos attacks and cloud based mitigationsIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed
IRJET- A Survey on DDOS Attack in ManetIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by introducing MANETs and some of the key security issues they face, including DDoS attacks. It then discusses different types of DDoS attacks like flooding and amplification/reflection attacks. The document proposes a new defense scheme against amplification attacks, which exploit protocols like DNS and NTP to amplify traffic. It describes using the Network Security Simulator to model and simulate DDoS attacks with master, zombie, and server entities to evaluate defense techniques and compare the impact of protocols like DNS and NTP.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposed and evaluated methods for mitigating denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on virtual machines. The paper implemented iptables connection limits on the host machine to prevent excessive connections from attacking IPs. It also tuned network performance by adjusting the receiving window size to maximize bandwidth utilization. The experimental results showed that the iptables security measures protected against DoS/DDoS attacks while window scaling optimization improved network performance during attacks.
A ROBUST MECHANISM FOR DEFENDING DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS ON WEB...IJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a popular means of causing mass targeted service disruptions, often for extended periods of time. The relative ease and low costs of launching such attacks, supplemented by the current inadequate sate of any viable defense mechanism, have made them one of the top threats to the Internet community today. Since the increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet, it is imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the resources of the network and denying services to legitimate users. This paper first presents a brief discussion on some of the important types of DDoS attacks that currently exist and some existing mechanisms to combat these attacks. It then points out the major drawbacks of the currently existing defense mechanisms and proposes a new mechanism for protecting a web-server against a DDoS attack. In the proposed mechanism, incoming traffic to the server is continuously monitored and any abnormal rise in the inbound traffic is immediately detected. The detection algorithm is based on a statistical analysis of the inbound traffic on the server and a robust hypothesis testing framework. While the detection process is on, the sessions from the legitimate sources are not disrupted and the load on the server is restored to the normal level by blocking the traffic from the attacking sources. To cater to different scenarios, the detection algorithm has various modules with varying level of computational and memory overheads for
their execution. While the approximate modules are fast in detection and involve less overhead, they provide lower level of detection accuracy. The accurate modules employ complex detection logic and hence involve more overhead for their execution. However, they have very high detection accuracy. Simulations carried out on the proposed mechanism have produced results that demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed defense mechanism against DDoS attacks.
IRJET- DDOS Detection System using C4.5 Decision Tree AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document proposes a machine learning model using the C4.5 decision tree algorithm to detect DDOS attacks. It trains the model on DDOS attack samples from the CICIDS2017 dataset, dividing the samples into training and test data. The Weka data mining tool is used to build the model with attribute filtering and 10-fold cross-validation. The trained model is then validated on the test data to accurately differentiate between benign and DDOS flooding traffic. This combined signature-based and anomaly-based detection approach can effectively detect complex DDOS attacks.
Study of flooding based d do s attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review of Detection DDOS Attack Detection Using Naive Bayes Classifier for Ne...journalBEEI
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is a type of attack using the volume, intensity, and more costs mitigation to increase in this era. Attackers used many zombie computers to exhaust the resources available to a network, application or service so that authorize users cannot gain access or the network service is down, and it is a great loss for Internet users in computer networks affected by DDoS attacks. In the Network Forensic, a crime that occurs in the system network services can be sued in the court and the attackers will be punished in accordance with law. This research has the goal to develop a new approach to detect DDoS attacks based on network traffic activity were statistically analyzed using Naive Bayes method. Data were taken from the training and testing of network traffic in a core router in Master of Information Technology Research Laboratory University of Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta. The new approach in detecting DDoS attacks is expected to be a relation with Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to predict the existence of DDoS attacks.
A SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE PREVENTION SYSTEMcscpconf
DDoS attack is a distributed source but coordinated Internet security threat that attackers either degrade or disrupt a shared service to legitimate users. It uses various methods to inflict damages on limited resources. It can be broadly classified as: flood and semantic (logic) attacks. DDoS attacking mechanisms vary from time to time and simple but powerful attacking tools are freely available on the Internet. There have been many trials on defending victims from DDoS attacks. However, many of the previous attack prevention systems lack effective handling of various attacking mechanisms and protecting legitimate users from collateral damages during detection and protection. In this paper, we proposed a distributed but synchronized DDoS defense architecture by using multiple agents, which are autonomous systems that perform their assigned mission in other networks on behalf of the victim. The major assignments of defense agents are IP spoofing verification, high traffic rate limitation, anomaly packet detection, and attack source detection.These tasks are distributed through four agents that are deployed on different domain networks. The proposed solution was tested through simulation with sample attack scenarios on the model Internet topology. The experiments showed encouraging results. A more comprehensive attack protection and legitimate users prevention from collateral damages makes this system more effective than other previous works.
Preventing Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Cloud Environments IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of
nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for
that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and
distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major
intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends
services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two
different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are
developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document summarizes distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and defenses against them. It provides an overview of DDoS attacks, describes several common DDoS tools (Trinoo, TFN, TFN2K, Stacheldraht), and discusses challenges in defending against them. It also presents a case study of a DDoS attack against the website GRC.com and the difficulties they faced in getting help stopping the attacks. The document advocates for coordinated technical solutions and consistent incentive structures to defend against DDoS attacks.
This document discusses a statistical approach for classifying and identifying different types of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks using the UCLA dataset. It first introduces DDoS attacks and their increasing prevalence. It then discusses related work on DDoS attack detection. The document outlines the architecture of DDoS attacks and describes some common types like SYN flooding and ACK flooding attacks. The proposed system is described which involves collecting packets, extracting features, using a packet classification algorithm to initially classify attacks, then using a K-Nearest Neighbors classifier for more accurate results. Finally, the system aims to classify and identify specific types of DDoS attacks from the network traffic analysis.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLYGENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAIN USING FREQUENCY ANALYSISijcsit
Malicious use and exploitation of Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) capabilities poses a serious threat to the information security of organisations and businesses. In recent times, many malware writers have relied on DDNS to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation
Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most elusive and difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmically-generated domain names. When a weighted
score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
Efficient ddos attacks security scheme using asvseSAT Journals
Abstract A distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack enables higher threats to the internet. There are so many scheme designed to identify the node which is to be attacker node. The real process is such as we want to trace the source of the attacker and enable security to our network. The protocol introduced here, called Adaptive Selective Verification with Stub (ASVS) is shown to use bandwidth efficiently and uses stub creation. The Stub procedure to reduce the server load at the time of emergency and congestion. Using this stub idea we can store the ASVS protocol procedure in the server and we can have the stub in the every client so that we can detect the hacker system by the client itself. We use omniscient protocol which enables to send information about the attacker to all the clients. Keywordss: Adaptive Selective Verification With Stub (ASVS), Distributive Denial Of Service Attacks (DDoS) Flooding, Performance Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Colt IP Guardian is a service that protects customers from DDoS attacks by continuously monitoring customer traffic within Colt's network. When an attack is detected, traffic is automatically diverted to Colt's threat management system (TMS) which mitigates the attack before traffic reaches the customer. Only cleaned traffic flows to the customer. The service offers various options like continuous monitoring, on-demand control by the customer, and emergency implementation. It provides benefits like protection from attacks before they impact the customer, anomaly monitoring for rapid detection, and flexibility.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ameya Vashishth in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks and mitigation techniques. The dissertation provides an overview of DoS attacks, describes different types of attacks like Smurf, ping flood, TCP SYN flood and UDP flood. It also discusses distributed DoS attacks and recommended tools to perform DDoS attacks. The document concludes with discussing various countermeasures that can be used to mitigate DoS and DDoS attacks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
A Survey: DDOS Attack on Internet of ThingsIJERD Editor
Internet of Things refer as interconnection of smart object, included from small coffee machine to
big car, communicate with each other without human interactions also called as Device to Device
communications. In current emerging world, all of the devices become smarter and can communicate with other
devices as well. With this rapid development of Internet of Things in different area like smart home, smart
hospital etc. it also have to face some difficulty to securing overall privacy due to heterogeneity nature. There
are so many types of vulnerability but here in this paper we put concentration on Distributed Denial of Service
attack (DDoS). DoS is attack which can block the usage for authentic user and make network resource
unavailable, consume bandwidth; if similar attack is penetrated from different sources its call DDoS. To prevent
from such attack it need mechanism that can detect and prevent it from attack, but due to small devices it has
limited power capacity. So that mechanism must be implemented at network entrance. In this paper we discuss
different DDoS attack and its effect on IoT.
IRJET- EEDE- Extenuating EDOS for DDOS and Eluding HTTP Web based Attacks in ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect HTTP GET flooding DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments using MapReduce processing. It involves integrating abnormal HTTP request detection rules analyzed through statistical analysis and thresholds into MapReduce. Suspected IP addresses are sent challenge values, and IP addresses that provide normal responses are initially allowed while abnormal responses are filtered for a period of time. MapReduce is used to analyze packet data and detect abnormal GET requests based on factors like the IP, port, and URI to identify malicious traffic patterns characteristic of DDoS attacks. The goal is to ensure availability of target systems and reliable detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks in cloud services.
Augmented split –protocol; an ultimate d do s defenderijcsa
Distributed Denials of Service (DDoS) attacks have become the daunting problem for businesses, state
administrator and computer system users. Prevention and detection of a DDoS attack is a major research
topic for researchers throughout the world. As new remedies are developed to prevent or mitigate DDoS
attacks, invaders are continually evolving new methods to circumvent these new procedures. In this paper,
we describe various DDoS attack mechanisms, categories, scope of DDoS attacks and their existing
countermeasures. In response, we propose to introduce DDoS resistant Augmented Split-protocol (ASp).
The migratory nature and role changeover ability of servers in Split-protocol architecture will avoid
bottleneck at the server side. It also offers the unique ability to avoid server saturation and compromise
from DDoS attacks. The goal of this paper is to present the concept and performance of (ASp) as a
defensive tool against DDoS attacks.
The document discusses defending against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and proposes solutions. It describes types of DDoS attacks like SYN flooding and reflector attacks. It then analyzes solutions like route-based packet filtering and a distributed attack detection system using detection systems to identify attacks and install filters. The document concludes current defenses are inadequate and more effective detection-and-filtering approaches need to be developed.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
A SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE PREVENTION SYSTEMcscpconf
DDoS attack is a distributed source but coordinated Internet security threat that attackers either degrade or disrupt a shared service to legitimate users. It uses various methods to inflict damages on limited resources. It can be broadly classified as: flood and semantic (logic) attacks. DDoS attacking mechanisms vary from time to time and simple but powerful attacking tools are freely available on the Internet. There have been many trials on defending victims from DDoS attacks. However, many of the previous attack prevention systems lack effective handling of various attacking mechanisms and protecting legitimate users from collateral damages during detection and protection. In this paper, we proposed a distributed but synchronized DDoS defense architecture by using multiple agents, which are autonomous systems that perform their assigned mission in other networks on behalf of the victim. The major assignments of defense agents are IP spoofing verification, high traffic rate limitation, anomaly packet detection, and attack source detection.These tasks are distributed through four agents that are deployed on different domain networks. The proposed solution was tested through simulation with sample attack scenarios on the model Internet topology. The experiments showed encouraging results. A more comprehensive attack protection and legitimate users prevention from collateral damages makes this system more effective than other previous works.
Preventing Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Cloud Environments IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of
nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for
that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and
distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major
intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends
services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two
different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are
developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document summarizes distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and defenses against them. It provides an overview of DDoS attacks, describes several common DDoS tools (Trinoo, TFN, TFN2K, Stacheldraht), and discusses challenges in defending against them. It also presents a case study of a DDoS attack against the website GRC.com and the difficulties they faced in getting help stopping the attacks. The document advocates for coordinated technical solutions and consistent incentive structures to defend against DDoS attacks.
This document discusses a statistical approach for classifying and identifying different types of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks using the UCLA dataset. It first introduces DDoS attacks and their increasing prevalence. It then discusses related work on DDoS attack detection. The document outlines the architecture of DDoS attacks and describes some common types like SYN flooding and ACK flooding attacks. The proposed system is described which involves collecting packets, extracting features, using a packet classification algorithm to initially classify attacks, then using a K-Nearest Neighbors classifier for more accurate results. Finally, the system aims to classify and identify specific types of DDoS attacks from the network traffic analysis.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLYGENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAIN USING FREQUENCY ANALYSISijcsit
Malicious use and exploitation of Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) capabilities poses a serious threat to the information security of organisations and businesses. In recent times, many malware writers have relied on DDNS to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation
Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most elusive and difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmically-generated domain names. When a weighted
score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
Efficient ddos attacks security scheme using asvseSAT Journals
Abstract A distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack enables higher threats to the internet. There are so many scheme designed to identify the node which is to be attacker node. The real process is such as we want to trace the source of the attacker and enable security to our network. The protocol introduced here, called Adaptive Selective Verification with Stub (ASVS) is shown to use bandwidth efficiently and uses stub creation. The Stub procedure to reduce the server load at the time of emergency and congestion. Using this stub idea we can store the ASVS protocol procedure in the server and we can have the stub in the every client so that we can detect the hacker system by the client itself. We use omniscient protocol which enables to send information about the attacker to all the clients. Keywordss: Adaptive Selective Verification With Stub (ASVS), Distributive Denial Of Service Attacks (DDoS) Flooding, Performance Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Colt IP Guardian is a service that protects customers from DDoS attacks by continuously monitoring customer traffic within Colt's network. When an attack is detected, traffic is automatically diverted to Colt's threat management system (TMS) which mitigates the attack before traffic reaches the customer. Only cleaned traffic flows to the customer. The service offers various options like continuous monitoring, on-demand control by the customer, and emergency implementation. It provides benefits like protection from attacks before they impact the customer, anomaly monitoring for rapid detection, and flexibility.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ameya Vashishth in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks and mitigation techniques. The dissertation provides an overview of DoS attacks, describes different types of attacks like Smurf, ping flood, TCP SYN flood and UDP flood. It also discusses distributed DoS attacks and recommended tools to perform DDoS attacks. The document concludes with discussing various countermeasures that can be used to mitigate DoS and DDoS attacks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
A Survey: DDOS Attack on Internet of ThingsIJERD Editor
Internet of Things refer as interconnection of smart object, included from small coffee machine to
big car, communicate with each other without human interactions also called as Device to Device
communications. In current emerging world, all of the devices become smarter and can communicate with other
devices as well. With this rapid development of Internet of Things in different area like smart home, smart
hospital etc. it also have to face some difficulty to securing overall privacy due to heterogeneity nature. There
are so many types of vulnerability but here in this paper we put concentration on Distributed Denial of Service
attack (DDoS). DoS is attack which can block the usage for authentic user and make network resource
unavailable, consume bandwidth; if similar attack is penetrated from different sources its call DDoS. To prevent
from such attack it need mechanism that can detect and prevent it from attack, but due to small devices it has
limited power capacity. So that mechanism must be implemented at network entrance. In this paper we discuss
different DDoS attack and its effect on IoT.
IRJET- EEDE- Extenuating EDOS for DDOS and Eluding HTTP Web based Attacks in ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect HTTP GET flooding DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments using MapReduce processing. It involves integrating abnormal HTTP request detection rules analyzed through statistical analysis and thresholds into MapReduce. Suspected IP addresses are sent challenge values, and IP addresses that provide normal responses are initially allowed while abnormal responses are filtered for a period of time. MapReduce is used to analyze packet data and detect abnormal GET requests based on factors like the IP, port, and URI to identify malicious traffic patterns characteristic of DDoS attacks. The goal is to ensure availability of target systems and reliable detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks in cloud services.
Augmented split –protocol; an ultimate d do s defenderijcsa
Distributed Denials of Service (DDoS) attacks have become the daunting problem for businesses, state
administrator and computer system users. Prevention and detection of a DDoS attack is a major research
topic for researchers throughout the world. As new remedies are developed to prevent or mitigate DDoS
attacks, invaders are continually evolving new methods to circumvent these new procedures. In this paper,
we describe various DDoS attack mechanisms, categories, scope of DDoS attacks and their existing
countermeasures. In response, we propose to introduce DDoS resistant Augmented Split-protocol (ASp).
The migratory nature and role changeover ability of servers in Split-protocol architecture will avoid
bottleneck at the server side. It also offers the unique ability to avoid server saturation and compromise
from DDoS attacks. The goal of this paper is to present the concept and performance of (ASp) as a
defensive tool against DDoS attacks.
The document discusses defending against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and proposes solutions. It describes types of DDoS attacks like SYN flooding and reflector attacks. It then analyzes solutions like route-based packet filtering and a distributed attack detection system using detection systems to identify attacks and install filters. The document concludes current defenses are inadequate and more effective detection-and-filtering approaches need to be developed.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
The document provides an overview of common DDoS attack types including SYN floods, UDP floods, ICMP floods, and HTTP floods. It describes how these attacks work to overwhelm servers and networks with traffic to cause denial of service. The document also covers reflection DDoS attacks using protocols like DNS, NTP, and Memcached to amplify the traffic and discusses recommendations for mitigating these attacks.
This is a presentation i made about Denial of Service or a Distributed Denial of Service (DoS / DDoS) and the latest methods used to crash anything online and the future of such attacks which can disrupt the whole internet . Such attacks which are in TB's and can be launched from just single computer. And, there is not much that can be done to prevent them.
Study of flooding based ddos attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Journals
Abstract Today, Internet is the primary medium for communication which is used by number of users across the Network. At the same time, its commercial nature is causing increase vulnerability to enhance cyber crimes and there has been an enormous increase in the number of DDOS (distributed denial of service attack) attacks on the internet over the past decade. Whose impact can be proportionally severe. With little or no advance warning, a DDoS attack can easily exhaust the computing and communication resources of its victim within a short period of time. Network resources such as network bandwidth, web servers and network switches are mostly the victims of DDoS attacks. In this paper different types of DDoS attacks has been studied, a dumb-bell topology have been created and effect of UDP flooding attacks has been analyzed on web service by using attack tools available in DETER testbed. Throughput of web server is analyzed with and without DDoS attacks.
Using the Web or another research tool, search for alternative means.pdffms12345
Using namespace std;
The expansion of a steel bridge as it heated to a final Celsius temperature, Tf, from an initial
temperature T0 , can be approximated using the following formula:
Increase in length= a* L*(Tf-T0). Where a is the coefficient of expansion that is for steel is
11.7e-6, L is the length of bridge at temperature T0.
Using this formula, write a C++ program that displays a table of expansion length for a steel
bridge that’s 7365 meters long at 0 degrees Celsius, as the temperature increases to 40 degrees in
5 degree increments.
Solution
#include
using namespace std;
float Length(int Tf)
{
const float a = 11.7E-6;
const float L = 7365;
const float To=0;
return a*L*(Tf-To);
}
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
cout<<\"Intitial Temperature\\tFinal Temperature\\tIncreased Length\ \";
for (int i=1;i<=8;i++)
cout<<0<<\" degrees\\t\\t\"<.
This document discusses distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It begins by defining DDoS attacks as using numerous compromised systems, or "zombie machines", to launch a coordinated attack against a target system to overwhelm its bandwidth and resources. The document then discusses how early DDoS attacks worked and how routers have evolved defenses. It describes how modern DDoS attacks are more sophisticated, using botnets of infected systems controlled remotely by attackers to amplify the scale and impact of the attacks.
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDOS) ATTACKS DETECTION MECHANISMijcseit
Pushback is a mechanism for defending against Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS attacks are treated as a congestion-control problem, but because most such congestion is caused by malicious hosts not obeying traditional end-to-end congestion control, the problem must be handled by the routers. Functionality is added to each router to detect and preferentially drop packets that probably belong to an attack. Upstream routers are also notified to drop such packets in order that the router’s resources be used to route legitimate traffic hence term pushback. Client puzzles have been advocated as a
promising countermeasure to DoS attacks in the recent years. In order to identify the attackers, the victim server issues a puzzle to the client that sent the traffic. When the client is able to solve the puzzle, it is assumed to be authentic and the traffic from it is allowed into the server. If the victim suspects that the
puzzles are solved by most of the clients, it increases the complexity of the puzzles. This puzzle solving technique allows the traversal of the attack traffic throughout the intermediate routers before reaching the destination. In order to attain the advantages of both pushback and puzzle solving techniques, a hybrid scheme called Router based Pushback technique, which involves both the techniques to solve the problem of DDoS attacks is proposed. In this proposal, the puzzle solving mechanism is pushed back to the core routers rather than having at the victim. The router based client puzzle mechanism checks the host system whether it is legitimate or not by providing a puzzle to be solved by the suspected host.
A survey of trends in massive ddos attacks and cloud based mitigationsIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed
A SURVEY OF TRENDS IN MASSIVE DDOS ATTACKS AND CLOUD-BASED MITIGATIONSIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today have been amplified into gigabits volume with broadband Internet access; at the same time, the use of more powerful botnets and common DDoS mitigation and protection solutions implemented in small and large organizations’ networks and servers are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-depth study on the current largest DNS reflection attack with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have reviewed and analysed the current most popular DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivists. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation and protection techniques proposed by both academic researchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS service providers are discussed.
DDoS attacks work by using botnets to overwhelm a target site with large amounts of traffic, making it unavailable to legitimate users. They can have major business impacts by disrupting systems, damaging resources, and costing companies millions per day of downtime. While prevention is challenging due to distributed nature of attacks and internet, companies can mitigate risks by having adequate bandwidth, deploying DDoS defense systems, monitoring traffic, and creating incident response plans.
PREVENTING DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTS IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
The document discusses distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, including how they work, common tools and methods used, and examples of recent large-scale DDoS attacks. It provides details on how botnets are used to overwhelm websites and infrastructure with malicious traffic. Specific DDoS attack types like UDP floods, SYN floods, and reflection attacks are outlined. Recent large attacks are described, such as those targeting bitcoin exchanges, social trading platforms, and Hong Kong voting sites ahead of a civil referendum.
PASSWORD BASED SCHEME AND GROUP TESTING FOR DEFENDING DDOS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
DOS ATTACKS ARE ONE OF THE TOP SECURITY PROBLEMS AFFECTING NETWORKS AND DISRUPTING SERVICES TO
LEGITIMATE USERS. THE VITAL STEP IN DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM IS THE NETWORK'S ABILITY TO DETECT SUCH
ATTACKS. APPLICATION DDOS ATTACK, WHICH AIMS AT DISRUPTING APPLICATION SERVICE RATHER THAN
DEPLETING THE NETWORK RESOURCE. UP TO NOW ALL THE RESEARCHES MADE ON THIS DDOS ATTACKS ONLY
CONCENTRATES EITHER ON NETWORK RESOURCES OR ON APPLICATION SERVERS BUT NOT ON BOTH. IN THIS PAPER
WE PROPOSED A SOLUTION FOR BOTH THESE PROBLEMS BY AUTHENTICATION METHODS AND GROUP TESTING.
PASSWORD BASED SCHEME AND GROUP TESTING FOR DEFENDING DDOS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
DOS ATTACKS ARE ONE OF THE TOP SECURITY PROBLEMS AFFECTING NETWORKS AND DISRUPTING SERVICES TO LEGITIMATE USERS. THE VITAL STEP IN DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM IS THE NETWORK'S ABILITY TO DETECT SUCH ATTACKS. APPLICATION DDOS ATTACK, WHICH AIMS AT DISRUPTING APPLICATION SERVICE RATHER THAN DEPLETING THE NETWORK RESOURCE. UP TO NOW ALL THE RESEARCHES MADE ON THIS DDOS ATTACKS ONLY CONCENTRATES EITHER ON NETWORK RESOURCES OR ON APPLICATION SERVERS BUT NOT ON BOTH. IN THIS PAPER WE PROPOSED A SOLUTION FOR BOTH THESE PROBLEMS BY AUTHENTICATION METHODS AND GROUP TESTING.
Unlimited Attempts AllowedDetailsVirtual Labs Perpetrators of D.docxjolleybendicty
Unlimited Attempts AllowedDetails
Virtual Labs: Perpetrators of DoS
Consider what you have learned so far about Denial of Service as you review the objectives and scenario below. Complete the lab that follows on EC-Council's website using the link below.
Objective
Denial of Service (DoS) is an attack on a computer or network that prevents legitimate use of its resources. In a DoS attack, attackers flood a victim’s system with illegitimate service requests or traffic to overload its resources and prevent it from performing intended tasks.
The objective of this lab is to help students learn to perform Denial of Service attacks and test a network for DoS flaws. In this lab, you will:
Perform a DoS attack by sending a large number of SYN packets continuously
Perform an HTTP flooding attack
Perform a DDoS attack
Detect and analyze DoS attack traffic
Scenario
In computing, a denial-of-service (DoS) attack is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means, motives, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the efforts of one or more people to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or suspend services of a host connected to the Internet.
Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root nameservers.
One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests so that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or it responds so slowly as to be rendered essentially unavailable. Such attacks usually lead to a server overload. DoS attacks can essentially disable your computer or your network. DoS attacks can be lucrative for criminals; recent attacks have shown that DoS attacks are a way for cybercriminals to profit.
As an expert Ethical Hacker or Pen Tester, you should have sound knowledge of Denial of Service and Distributed Denial of Service attacks in order to detect and neutralize attack handlers and mitigate such attacks. The labs in this module will give you a hands-on experience in auditing a network against DoD and DDoS attacks.
Week 8 Lab Assignment 1: Auditing a Network against DoD and DDoS attacks.
Lab Task:
The objective of this lab is to help students learn how to perform a DDoS attack—in this case, HTTP Flooding.
Lab Description:
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a more sophisticated form of DoS attack in which, in some cases, it is difficult to trace the attackers. A DDoS attack is a large-scale, coordinated attack on the availability of services on a victim’s system or network, launched indirectly through many compromised computers on the Internet.
A DDoS attack uses many computers to launch a coordinated DoS attack against one or more targets. Using client/server technology, the perpetrator is able to multiply the effectiveness of the DoS significantly by harnessing the resour.
This document summarizes a survey of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks based on vulnerabilities in the TCP/IP protocol stack. It begins by introducing DDoS attacks and their architecture, then classifies DDoS attacks according to the TCP/IP layer they target - application layer, transport layer, or internet layer. Specific attack types are described for each layer, including HTTP flooding, SYN flooding, Smurf attacks, and more. The document aims to provide understanding of existing DDoS attack tools, methods, and defense mechanisms.
A REVIEW ON DDOS PREVENTION AND DETECTION METHODOLOGYijasa
Denial of Service (DoS) or Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is major threat to network security.
Network is collection of nodes that interconnect with each other for exchange the Information. This
information is required for that node is kept confidentially. Attacker in network computer captures this
information that is confidential and misuse the network. Hence security is one of the major issues. There
are one or many attacks in network. One of the major threats to internet service is DDoS (Distributed
denial of services) attack. DDoS attack is a malicious attempt to suspending or interrupting services to
target node. DDoS or DoS is an attempt to make network resource or the machine is unavailable to its
intended user. Many ideas are developed for avoiding the DDoS or DoS. DDoS happen in two ways
naturally or it may due to some botnets .Various schemes are developed defense against to this attack.
Main idea of this paper is present basis of DDoS attack. DDoS attack types, DDoS attack components,
survey on different mechanism to prevent DDoS
This document discusses a statistical approach for classifying and identifying DDoS attacks using the UCLA dataset. It proposes extracting features from network traffic such as packet count, average packet size, time interval variance, and packet size variance. A packet classification algorithm first classifies packets as normal or attacks. For uncertain cases, a K-NN classifier is used. Then the types of DDoS attacks, including flooding and scanning attacks, are identified based on the feature values. The proposed approach is evaluated using the UCLA dataset and shows mathematical calculations for feature extraction. In conclusion, the statistical approach and packet classification algorithm are effective for classifying common DDoS flooding and scanning attacks.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS as an attack that renders a system unable to provide normal services by flooding it with traffic. DDoS uses multiple compromised systems to launch a coordinated DoS attack against one or more targets, multiplying the attack effectiveness. Attacks are classified by the system targeted (clients, routers, firewalls, servers), part of the system (hardware, OS, TCP/IP stack), and whether they exploit bugs or just overload resources. Common DDoS tools like Trinoo and TFN are mentioned. Protection from these large-scale attacks remains a challenge.
This document examines a proposed alternative solution to mitigate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks using crowd-sourced bandwidth. It discusses how DDoS attacks work and their impacts on organizations. The proposal aimed to leverage unused bandwidth from multiple clients to filter out malicious traffic and redirect valid traffic. However, the document concludes the concept is not currently feasible due to security, performance, and reliability issues from placing too much trust in clients and relying on slow public DNS propagation. Existing centralized DDoS mitigation solutions from companies are still recommended.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
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3. Practical demonstrations
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• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1
Ix3615551559
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
A Survey on Solutions to Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
Badrinath K *, Mahesh Raj Urs **, Anand Tilagul ***
*
(Dept of Information Science, SJCIT Chickballapur-562101)
(Dept of Information Science, SJCIT Chickballapur-562101)
***
(Dept of Information Science, SJCIT Chickballapur-562101)
**
Abstract
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a large-scale, coordinated attack on the availability of services of
a victim system or network resource, launched indirectly through many compromised computers on the Internet.
Researchers have come up with more and more specific solutions to the DDoS problem. However, existing
DDoS attack tools keep being improved and new attack techniques are developed. It is desirable to construct
comprehensive DDoS solutions to current and future DDoS attack variants rather than to react with specific
countermeasures. In order to assist in this, we conduct a thorough survey on the problem of DDoS. We propose
taxonomies of the known and potential DDoS attack techniques and tools. Along with this, we discuss the issues
and defend challenges in fighting with these attacks. Based on the new understanding of the problem, we
propose classes of solutions to detect, survive and react to the DDoS attacks
I.
Introduction
A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is an
attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to
its intended users. Typically the targets are highprofile web servers, the attack aiming to cause the
hosted web pages to be unavailable on the Internet.
Denial of service attack programs, root kits, and
network sniffers have been around for a very long
time. Yet this point-to-point denial of service attacks
can be countered by improved tracking capabilities to
shut down the source of the problem. However, with
the growth of the Internet, the increasingly large
number of vulnerable systems are available to the
attackers. Rather than relying on a single server,
attackers could now take advantage of some hundred,
thousand, even tens of thousands or more victim
machines to launch the distributed version of the DoS
attack. A distributed denial of service attack (DDoS
attack) is a large-scale, coordinated attack on the
availability of services of a victim system or network
resource, launched indirectly through many
compromised computers on the Internet [1].
There have been a number of proposals and
solutions to the DDoS attacks. However there is still
no comprehensive solution which can protect against
all known forms of DDoS attacks. This paper tries to
analyze and classify the current solutions to the DDoS
attack. By examining the pros and cons of each
solution, we can know about the effectiveness of the
solutions.
In Section 2, we describe the steps it takes to
launch the DDoS attack and examine the attack
strategies. In Section we also discuss the current trend
in DDoS attack. In Section 4, we propose classes of
DDoS countermeasures and analyze the desirability
of those solution. Finally, We conclude the paper in
Section 5.
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II.
Overview of DDoS Attacks
2.1 Attack Strategies
DDoS attacks can be divided into two
categories: bandwidth Attack and resource attack. A
bandwidth attack simply try to generatepackets to
flood the victim’s network so that the legitimate
requests cannot go to the victim machine. A resource
attack aims to send packets that misuse network
protocol or malformed packets to tie up network
resources so that resources are not available to the
legitimate users any more.
2.1.1 Bandwidth Attacks
2.1.1.1 Flood Attack
In a direct attack, zombies flood the victim
system directly with IP traffic. The large amount of
traffic saturates the victim’s network bandwidth so
that other legitimate users are not able to access the
service or experience severe slow down. Normally in
those attacks, the following packets are used.
TCP floods A stream of TCP packets with
various flags set are sent to the victim IP address.
The SYN, ACK, and RST flags are commonly
used.
ICMP echo request/reply (e.g., ping floods) A
stream of ICMP packets are sent to a victim IP
address.
UDP floods A stream of UDP packets are sent to
the victim IP address.
2.1.1.2 Reflected Attack
A reflected denial of service attack involves
sending forged requests of some type to a very large
number of computers that will reply to the requests.
Using Internet protocol spoofing, the source address
is set to that of the targeted victim, which means all
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the replies will go to (and flood) the target. ICMP
Echo Request attacks can be considered one form of
reflected attack, as the flooding host(s) send Echo
Requests to the broadcast addresses of mis-configured
networks, thereby enticing a large number of hosts to
send Echo Reply packets to the victim. Some early
DDoS programs implemented a distributed form of
this attack. Nowadays, DNS attacks using recursive
name servers can create an amplification effect
similar to the now-aged Smurf attack [2].
2.1.2 Resource Attacks
2.1.2.1 TCP SYN Attack
The TCP SYN attack exploits the three-way
handshake between the sender and receiver by
sending large amount of TCP SYN requests with
spoofed source address. If those half-open connection
binds resources on the server or the server software is
licensed per-connection, all these resources might be
taken up.
2.1.2.2 Malformed Packet Attack
A ping of death (abbreviated “POD”) is a
type of attack on a computer that involves sending a
malformed or otherwise malicious ping to a
computer. A ping is normally 64 bytes in size; many
computer systems cannot handle a ping larger than
the maximum IP packet size which is 65,535 bytes.
Sending a ping of this size often crashes the target
computer
.
III.
DDoS Attack Trends
There is little change in the nature of the
targets of DoS attacks. The Internet community,
ranging from individual end-users to the largest
organizations, continues to experience DoS attacks.
Following are the technology trend of current DDoS
attacks:
Larger botnet size There is a steady increase in
the ability for intruders to easily deploy large
DDoS attack networks. In the race of available
consumable resources versus the ability to
consume those resources, todays DDoS networks
continue to outpace available bandwidth in most
cases.
Advances in master-zombie communications
Recently, there is an increase in intruder use of
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocols and
networks as the communications backbone for
DDoS networks. The use of IRC essentially
replaces the function of a handler in older DDoS
network models. IRC-based DDoS networks are
sometimes referred to as botnets, referring to the
concept of bots on IRC networks being
softwaredriven participants rather than human
participants. The use of IRC networks and
protocols makes it more difficult to identify
DDoS networks.
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Base on legitimate traffic Where packet filtering
or rate limiting can be effective to control the
impact of some types of DoS attacks, intruders
are beginning to more often use legitimate, or
expected, protocols and services as the vehicle
for packet streams. Doing so makes filtering or
rate limiting based on anomalous packets more
difficult. In fact, filtering or rate limiting an
attack that is using a legitimate and expected type
of traffic may in fact complete the intruders task
by causing legitimate services to be denied.
Less reliance on source address spoofing
Although it is still used, less emphasis is put on
source IP address spoofing in DoS attacks. With
highly distributed attack sources, that many times
cross several autonomous system (AS)
boundaries, the number of hosts involved as
sources of an attack can be simply overwhelming
and very difficult to address in response. Source
IP address spoofing simply is not a requirement
to obfuscate large numbers of attack sources and
enable the attacking party to avoid accountability
for the attack.
IV.
Taxonomies of DDoS Defense
Mechanisms
The DDoS defense mechanisms can be
roughly divided into two categories: Survival
Mechanisms and Reactive Mechanisms.
4.1 Survival Mechanisms
Survival mechanisms involves increasing the
effective resources to such a degree that DDoS effects
are limited. This kind of enlargement can be achieved
statically by purchase more hardware and use load
balance techniques to increase the system capacity, or
dynamically by acquiring resources at the time of
DDoS attack and replicate the service.
However, the arm race with DDoS attackers
still seems to be hard for the victims, as it is easier for
attackers to acquire additional thousands of zombies
to win the race. Thus this kind of approach cannot
give a complete solution to DDoS.
4.2 Reactive Mechanisms
Reactive mechanisms try to detect the
occurrence of the attack and react to that either by
controlling attack streams, or by attempting to locate
agent machines and invoking human action. There
has been numerous proposals and partial solutions
available today for react to the DDoS attack. Those
reactive mechanisms can be further divided into
several classes:
4.2.1 Spoofing-based
For spoofing-based attacks, we need to
identify the sources of attack traffic. This kind of
approaches [4] [5] [6] try to figure out which
machines attacks come from. Then appropriate
measurement will be take on those machines (or near
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them) and eliminate the attacks. In the case where
attacker has a vast supply of machines, the trace
approaches become not too helpful. A good example
of the trace back technique is Traceback:
Traceback [4] is a technique for locating the agent
machines making the DDoS attacks. It helps a victim
to identify the network paths traversed by attack
traffic without requiring interactive operational
support from internet Service Providers. This
approach is demonstrated in Figure 1. Each packet
header may carry a mark, containing the EdgeID,
represented by the IP address of the two routers
forming an edge. This is used to specify an edge it has
traversed. In addition, another field in the header is
reserved to specify the distance from the edge
to the victim.
Marking procedure at router R:
for each packet w
let x be a random number from [0..1)
if x < p then
write R into w.start and 0 into w.distance
else
if w.distance = 0 then
write R into w.end
increment w.distance
Path reconstruction procedure at victim v:
let G be a tree with root v
let edges in G be tuples (start,end,distance)
for each packet w from attacker
if w.distance = 0 then
insert edge (w.start,v,0) into G
else
insert edge (w.start,w.end,w.distance) into G
remove any edge (x,y,d) with d 6= distance from x to
v in G
extract path (Ri..Rj ) by enumerating acyclic paths in
G
Figure 1: Traceback edge sampling algorithm
Routers mark the packets with some
probability. And when a router decides to mark a
packet, it writes its own address into the start field of
the EdgeID and mark the distance field to zero.
Otherwise, if the distance field is already zero this
indicates that the packet was marked by the previous
router. In this case, the router writes its own address
into the end field of the EdgeID. Thus this represents
the edge between itself and the previous router. In
addition, if the router doesn’t mark the packet then it
always increments the distance field. This is
important for assist in figure out the attacker spoofing
those fields. The victim under attack reconstructs the
path from the marked packets using the algorithm
described in Figrue 1.
Strictly speaking, traceback does nothing to
stop the DDoS attacks. Actually it only identifies
attackers’ true IP addresses within a subnet. If the IP
spoofing are prohibited in the Internet, traceback
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would be of no use. The pro side of traceback is that it
can be incrementally deployable, because edges are
constructed only between participating routers. It is
effective for non-distributed attacks and those highly
overlapping attack paths. The information about the
attack paths can help locating routers close to the
source. Yet the con side of this approach is that
packet marking incurs overhead at routers and
reassembling the widely distributed attack paths is
computational expensive. Furthermore, the path
reassembly is quite complex and it is hard to make
sure of its complete correctness. In addition, because
the routers only mark the packet probabilistically,
chances are that some of the packets are not marked
at all. If those happen to be the spoofed packet from
the attacker, they can produce false outcome.
4.2.2 Non-spoofing-based Filtering Based on Traffic
Anomaly
Filtering and rate-limiting are the basis for
most defensive approaches. This defense category
addresses the core of the problem by limiting the
amount of traffic presented to target. Filtering drops
packets with particular characteristics. As long as the
characteristics of the traffic are correctly identified,
collateral damage can be low, but there is no
guarantee that enough packets have been dropped. On
the other hand, rate-limiting drops packets on basis of
the amount of traffic. This technique does assure that
target is not overwhelmed, but part of the legitimate
traffic might also be dropped. Those filtering are done
in the IP-layer.
4.2.2.1 Core-based Filtering
Pushback [7] [8] is a mechanism to preferentially
drop attack traffic to relieve the congestion.
Aggregate-based congestion control (ACC) that
operates at the granularity of aggregates was
proposed. An aggregate is a collection of packets
from one or more flows that have some property in
common. An example of aggregates are TCP SYN
packets and ICMP ECHO packets. To reduce the
impact of congestion caused by such aggregates, two
related ACC mechanisms are used. The local
aggregate-based congestion control (Local ACC),
consists of an identification algorithm used to identify
the aggregate(s) causing the congestion, and a control
algorithm that reduces the throughput of this
aggregate to a reasonable level. The second ACC
mechanism, pushback, allows a router to request
adjacent upstream routers to rate-limit the specified
aggregates. Pushback prevents upstream bandwidth
from being wasted on packets that are only going to
be dropped downstream. In addition, for a DoS attack,
if the attack traffic is concentrated at a few upstream
links, pushback protects other traffic within the
aggregate from the attack traffic. Yet on the other
hand, Pushback only works in contiguous deployment
and deployment requires modification of existing core
routers and might need to purchase new hardware.
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4.2.2.2 Edge-based Filtering
Egress filtering monitors and filters the packets that
leave internal network to external network. Certain
rules can be set up in the router to determine whether
a packet should be filtered or not. If the packet pass
all the rules, they are routed the sub-network. In
DDoS attacks, the IP address of a packet are often be
spoofed, thus there is a good probability that the
spoofed source address of this packet is not a valid
source address of that sub-network. When the firewall
rule explicitly filters out all the traffic without an IP
address originating from this subnet, those DDoS
packets with spoofed IP source addresses will be
discard.
In ingress filtering, packets coming into the
network are filtered if the network sending it should
not send packets from IP address of the originating
computer. In order to do ingress filtering, the network
needs to know which IP addresses each of the
networks it is connected to may send. This is not
always possible. For instance, a network that has a
single connection to the Internet has no way to know
if a packet coming from that connection is spoofed or
not. Thus this requires that the ingress filtering
deployed at the border of Internet Service Providers
where address ownership is relatively unambiguous
and traffic load is low. However, the success of
ingress filtering requires widespread deployment. Yet
up until now, the majority of ISPs are reluctant to
implement this service because of the administrative
complexity and potential overhead. In addition, even
ingress and egress filtering are universally deployed,
attackers can still forge addresses from the hundreds
or thousands of hosts within a valid customer network
[9].
4.3 DDoS Attack Solution Considerations
An ideal DDoS defense solution should have
the following characteristics: effective, transparent to
existing Internet infrastructure, low performance
overhead, invulnerable to attacks aim at defense
system, incremental deployable and no impact on the
legitimate traffic. We will further discuss the
solutions to DDoS attack based on those
considerations.
4.3.1 Effectiveness
In the approaches for identify the source of
attack traffic, Traceback facilitates locating routers
close to the attack sources. Yet it does not work well
for highly distributed attacks and its result is not
100% accuate. It is more effective for non-distributed
attacks and for highly overlapping attack paths.
Packet marks used in Traceback can be forged by the
attackers. PICA, on the other hand, records paths of
packet streams in path messages (sent as an ICMP
message), thus eliminating the need of path
reconstruction at the receiver end. This approach is
more efficient in constructing the attacker map in
DDoS.
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4.3.2.Transparency to existing Internet infrastructure
Most of the approaches requires the changing of the
Internet infrastructure, thus make the solution not so
applicable. For example, the deployment of pushback
requires modification of existing core routers and
likely purchase of new hardware.
The use of overlay network provide an
alternative approach. These approaches don’t require
to change the network protocol or routers. Such
system uses Internet-wide network of nodes to act as
a distributed firewall, and carry out authentication for
the clients. The protected servers hide behind the
overlay network, only authorized clients can access
protected servers through the overlay network.
Overlay network is nothing but a nontransparent way
of packet interception. Once all incoming packets into
a protected server can be intercepted, whether the
server’s identity is secret or not is immaterial.
4.3.3 Extent of modification to client-side software
Most of the solutions don’t require the
modification to client-side software, like Egress
Filtering, Ingress Filtering NetBouncer etc. Yet the
following solutions require the client-side change: In
SOS, clients must be aware of overlay and use it to
access the victim. When Client Puzzles are used,
client modification is required to support receiving
and solving the puzzles.
4.3.4 Performance overhead
Some of the approaches have little overhead,
for example, in Pushback, the operation is simple and
nearly no overhead for routers. In traceback, Packet
marking incurs moderate overhead at routers. Yet
Reassembly of distributed attack paths is
prohibitively expensive, but this can be countered by
doing the computation offline. When using the Client
Puzzles, the puzzle verification consumes quite some
of server resources.
4.3.5 Whether the defense systems themselves are
vulnerable to attacks
Most of the approaches use the stateless way
of operation. Thus attackers cannot launch stateconsumption attack on these defense systems.
V.
Conclusion
DDoS attacks are quite advanced and
powerful methods to attack a network system to make
it either unusable to the legitimate users or downgrade
its performance. They are increasingly mounted by
professional hacks in exchange for money and
benefits. Botnets containing thousands of nodes
impose a severe hazard to the Internet online
business. Yet there seems to be no “silver bullet” to
the problem. This survey examines the possible
solutions to this problem, provides a taxonomies to
classify those solutions and analyzes the feasibility of
those approaches. Based on the analysis of existing
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solutions, we proposed desirable solution to defend
DDoS.
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