The document outlines methods for presenting data, including textual, tabular, and graphical forms. It emphasizes the importance of organized data representation through frequency distribution tables, different types of graphs, and key components of statistical tables. It also details how to effectively use graphical methods to illustrate data relationships and comparisons.

1. Module 2: Presentation of Data

2. Objectives
 At the end of this module, you should be able to:
 Familiarize with the different methods of data presentation
 Organize data by constructing a frequency distribution table
 Draw the appropriate graph for a given set of data

3. Methods of Presenting Data
 Textual Form
where the data are presented in paragraph form or in
sentence form
 Tabular Form
where the data are presented in row and columns
 Graphical Form
where the data are presented in pictorial of visual form

4. Textual Method
 In this method of data presentation, the researcher uses the
sentences to convey the information contained in the data,
emphasis are only on important figures of the relevance of
the other figures.

5. Tabular Method
 This method of data presentation makes use of the table
where data are arranged systematically into rows and
columns. This systematic arrangement of data is called
statistical table. Through this process data can be readily
understood and comparisons are more easily be made.

6. A good statistical table has four
essential parts:
1. Table heading
includes the table number and table title. The title should briefly explain
the contents of the table
2. Stub
items or classification written on the first column and identifies what
are written on the rows
3. Caption or box head
includes the items or classifications written on the first row and
identifies what are contained in the columns.
4. Body
the main part of the table and its contains the substance of the figures
of one’s data

7. In the construction of a table, the following
guidelines should prove helpful.
 Every table must be self-explanatory
 The title should be clear and descriptive
 The title gives information about what, where, how and
when the data were taken.

8. Table 1.
Distribution of Population according to year and average
annual rate of increase (%)
Year Population Average Annual Rate of Increase (%)
1877 5567685 2.41
1887 5984727 0.72
1896 6261339 0.5
1903 7635462 2.87
1913 10314310 1.89
1939 16000303 2.22
1948 19234182 1.91
1960 27087685 3.06
1970 36684486 3.01
1975 41831045 2.66
1980 48098000 2.40
Source of Data: National Statistics Office

9. Frequency Distribution
 A frequency distribution is an arrangement of data that shows
the frequency of occurrence of the different values of the
variables.
 In constructing a qualitative frequency distribution, the
following steps are considered:
a. Enumerate the categories or classifications and define
these as your classes.
b. Count the number of observations falling under each
category. These are the frequencies of the different classes.

10. Example of a qualitative frequency (according to
particular category)
Year level Number of student
FirstYear 694
SecondYear 339
ThirdYear 214
FourthYear 111

11. Graphical Method
 This method of data presentation makes use of graphs or
charts. A graph is a pictorial representation of a set of data
showing relationships. Some of the most common type of
graphs are the bar graph, line graph, pie graph and
pictograph.

12. Types of Graph
 Line graph
The line graph shows the relationship between to or more
sets of quantities. This type of graph is appropriate for a
variable that varies with time.
Population (in millions)
(Sub)continent 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
Africa 228 254 285 322 366 417 479
The Americas 331 370 416 464 511 561 613
Europe 543 574 605 634 657 677 694

14.  Line Graph
Name of
Newspaper
Friday Saturday Sunday
Los Angeles
Times
55 58 60
NewYork
Times
62 63 67
Chicago Sun 47 49 49
Orange
County
Register
39 41 42
San Francisco
Chronicle
51 53 55

15.  Bar graph
The bar graph consists of vertical or horizontal bars of
equal widths. The length of the bars represent the magnitudes of
the quantities being compared. This type of graph is most
appropriate for comparing data at a particular time.

16. Example
 Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which
kind of movie they liked best:
Table: Favorite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4

18. Pie chart or pie graph
 The pie chart or pie graph is appropriate in comparing the
parts with the whole

19. Pictograph
 Another way of representing numerical values is though the
use of pictographs or picture graphs. In this type of chart,
actual pictures of facsimiles of the objects under study are
used the represent values. Each figure is considered a unit
representing a definite number.

20.  Information about 300 children of a school
who come to school by different modes of
transportation. 10 per children

21. Graphical Representation of a
Frequency
 There are two graphical methods in the presentation of
frequency distribution
 Histogram Versus Frequency
Polygon
 Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the
data (highs, lows, points of concentration, etc.)
 The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a
rectangle, with the height of the rectangular bar representing the
number in each class.
 The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It
allows us to compare directly two or more frequency
distributions.

27. Class
Interval
F Class
Boundaries
Class
Mark
rf% <CF >CF
27 - 38 1 26.5 – 38.5 32.5 2.27% 1 44
39 - 50 6 38.5 – 50.5 44.5 13.64% 7 43
51 - 62 11 50.5 – 62.5 56.5 25% 18 37
63 - 74 17 62.5 – 74.5 68.5 38.64% 35 26
75 - 86 7 74.5 – 86.5 80.5 15.91% 42 9
87 - 98 2 86.5 – 98.5 92.5 4.54% 44 2
Total…. 44 100%

28. 49 38 11 37 50 38 27 31 26 40 26 37
21 36 30 36 17 40 25 20 45 46 50 14
19 24 35 30 24 18 13 35 49 23 17 23
44 29 33 26 31 33 38 22 35 41 23 27
11 45 29 32 17 21 14 39 31 37 20 21