The Information Search Process (ISP) is a six stage model developed by Carol Kuhlthau based on two decades of empirical research. The six stages are initiation, selection, exploration, formulation, collection, and presentation. Each stage involves specific feelings, thoughts, and actions from the user's perspective as they move through an information seeking task. The model provides a useful framework for understanding users' experiences, designing information services, and teaching students how to effectively conduct research.

2. SUBMITTED TO:
SIR ASIF NAVEED
Submitted By:
• Noman Ahmad 29A
• Department of Information
Management Punjab University
Lahore
Sardarnoma@gmail.com

3. HISTORY
• Carol collier Kuhlthau was the sole
developer and researcher of the
information search process (ISP).
• This model was developed from the
rindings of rive studies and was intended to
serve as a guide for designing instructional
programs.

4. INFORMATION SEARCH PROCESS
• The model of the Information Search Process (ISP) is one of the most highly cited works
in Library and Information Science.
• The Information Search Process (ISP) is a six stage model of the users’ holistic
experience in the process of information seeking.
• The ISP model, based on two decades of empirical research, identifies three realms of
experience:
• The affective (feelings)
• The cognitive (thoughts)
• The physical (actions) common to each stage.

5. SIX STAGES OF INFORMATION SEARCH
PROCESS(ISP)
• The Information Search Process (ISP) presents a holistic view
of information seeking from the user’s perspective in six stages:
• Initiation
• Selection
• Exploration
• Focus formulation
• Collection
• Presentation

6. MODEL OF INFORMATION SEARCH PROCESS

7. INITIATION
• , initiation, a person becomes aware of a gap in
knowledge or a lack of understanding, where
feelings of uncertainty and apprehension are
common.
• The beginning of the process when feelings of
confusion, uncertainty and apprehension are
common. When students have been given an
assignment this is when task initiation starts

8. SELECTION
• A general area or topic is
identified and initial uncertainty
turns to a brief sense of
optimism and readiness to
accomplish the task

9. EXPLORATION
• A difficult phase when students
have selected the topic but then
begin to doubt themselves, the
adequacy of the information they
found and their own abilities.

10. The most important
conceptual phase in the ISP
when a perspective is formed
and confidence is
regaind.Student begin to
think,reflect,interpret,connect
and extend.
FORMULATION

11. COLLECTION
• Gathering information to support
the focus identified in the
formulation stage to further
connenct with and shape the
information obtained

12. PRESENTATION
•The Ability to explain the
focused perspective of the
topic to others in a
meaningful way

13. IMPLICATIONS
• The information search process model describes feelings, thoughts and
actions in an information seeking task with a discreet beginning and end,
where considerable construction of knowledge takes place.
• The description of the stages of affective, cognitive and physical experience
of users continued to be found in this study. This indicates that the model
continues to be a useful theoretical and explanatory framework for user
studies in librarianship and information science.
• In addition, the model continues to be instructive when designing user
centred information services and systems. Its consecutive stages can form
the basis for timed interventions in order to support users throughout the
progress of a project. This research indicates that a crucial stage for
interventions is the exploratory middle part where the formulation of focus is
developed.

14. APPLICATION
• The model is a useful framework for teaching students
information seeking.
• In recent years, the Centre for International Scholarship in
School Libraries has used it as the conceptual framework for
developing a programme of inquiry-based learning.
• It has employed the model as a mechanism for teachers and
school librarians to recognize critical moments when
instructional interventions are essential in students' information-
to-knowledge experiences.

15. THANK YOU
•Any Question
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