The document discusses the Digital Trust Framework (DTF) and related standards. The DTF will use the TMForum's Open Digital Architecture (ODA) as a foundation and will integrate ODA with other standards like COBIT 2019, ITIL 4, and ISO 27005 to provide an overall approach to digital trust. The DTF will serve as a blueprint for modular, cloud-based, open digital platforms that can be orchestrated using AI. ISO 27005 provides guidelines for conducting information security risk assessments according to ISO 27001, including defining the risk management context, risk assessment process, risk treatment, acceptance, communication, and monitoring. FAIR is a risk analysis methodology that can be used within the ISO 27005
, hosted by Alan Calder CEO and founder of Vigilant Software and acknowledged information security risk assessment and management thought leader, explains and discusses what is information security? What is an information security management system (ISMS)? What is ISO 27001? Why should I and my organisation care about ISO 27001?
The security of information systems and business-critical information needs constant managing to ensure your operational continuity and data protection. ISO 27001 Information Security Management Systems certification allows you to stand out from the competition through strong information security measurement.
Just created a slideshare presentation giving a basic introduction to ISO27001 and its Scope, Implementation & Application. You can see more slideshows on http://www.slideshare.net/ImranahmedIT or visit my website: http://imran-ahmed.co.uk
What is ISO 27005? How is an ISO 27005 Risk Assessment done effectively? Find out in this presentation delivered at the ISACA Bangalore Chapter Office by Dharshan Shanthamurthy.
Introduction to Risk Management via the NIST Cyber Security FrameworkPECB
The cyber security profession has successfully established explicit guidance for practitioners to implement effective cyber security programs via the NIST Cyber Security Framework (CSF). The CSF provides both a roadmap and a measuring stick for effective cyber security. Application of the CSF within cyber is nothing new, but the resurgence of Enterprise Security Risk Management and Security Convergence highlight opportunities for expanded application for cyber, physical, and personnel security risks. This NIST CSF can help practitioners build a cross-pollenated understanding of holistic risk.
Main points covered:
• Understand the purpose, value, and application of the NIST CSF in familiar non-technical terms.
• Understand how the Functions and Categories of the NIST CSF (the CSF “Core”) and an organization's “current” and “target” profiles are relevant and valuable in a variety of sectors and environments.
• Understand how an organization’s physical and cyber security resources and stakeholders can align with the NIST CSF as a tool to achieve holistic security risk management.
Presenters:
David Feeney, CPP, PMP has 17 years of security industry experience assisting organizations with risk management matters specific to physical, personnel, and cyber security. He has 9 years of experience with service providers and 8 years of experience within enterprise security organizations. David has worked with industry leaders in the energy, technology, healthcare, and real estate sectors. Areas of specialization include Security Operations Center design and management, Security Systems design and implementation, and Enterprise Risk Management. David holds leadership positions in ASIS International and is also a member of the InfraGard FBI program. David holds Certification Protection Professional (CPP) and Project Management Professional (PMP) certifications.
Andrea LeStarge, MS has over ten years of experience in program management, risk analysis and curriculum development. Being specialized in Homeland Security, Andrea leverages her experience in formerly managing projects to support various Federal Government entities in identifying, detecting and responding to man-made, natural and cyber incidents. She has an established track record in recognizing security gaps and corrective risk mitigation options, while effectively communicating findings to stakeholders, private sector owners and operators, and first-responder personnel within tactical, operational and strategic levels. Overall, Andrea encompasses analytical tradecraft and demonstrates consistent, repeatable and defensible methodologies pertaining to risk and the elements of threat, vulnerability and consequence.
Recorded webinar: https://youtu.be/hxpuYtMQgf0
, hosted by Alan Calder CEO and founder of Vigilant Software and acknowledged information security risk assessment and management thought leader, explains and discusses what is information security? What is an information security management system (ISMS)? What is ISO 27001? Why should I and my organisation care about ISO 27001?
The security of information systems and business-critical information needs constant managing to ensure your operational continuity and data protection. ISO 27001 Information Security Management Systems certification allows you to stand out from the competition through strong information security measurement.
Just created a slideshare presentation giving a basic introduction to ISO27001 and its Scope, Implementation & Application. You can see more slideshows on http://www.slideshare.net/ImranahmedIT or visit my website: http://imran-ahmed.co.uk
What is ISO 27005? How is an ISO 27005 Risk Assessment done effectively? Find out in this presentation delivered at the ISACA Bangalore Chapter Office by Dharshan Shanthamurthy.
Introduction to Risk Management via the NIST Cyber Security FrameworkPECB
The cyber security profession has successfully established explicit guidance for practitioners to implement effective cyber security programs via the NIST Cyber Security Framework (CSF). The CSF provides both a roadmap and a measuring stick for effective cyber security. Application of the CSF within cyber is nothing new, but the resurgence of Enterprise Security Risk Management and Security Convergence highlight opportunities for expanded application for cyber, physical, and personnel security risks. This NIST CSF can help practitioners build a cross-pollenated understanding of holistic risk.
Main points covered:
• Understand the purpose, value, and application of the NIST CSF in familiar non-technical terms.
• Understand how the Functions and Categories of the NIST CSF (the CSF “Core”) and an organization's “current” and “target” profiles are relevant and valuable in a variety of sectors and environments.
• Understand how an organization’s physical and cyber security resources and stakeholders can align with the NIST CSF as a tool to achieve holistic security risk management.
Presenters:
David Feeney, CPP, PMP has 17 years of security industry experience assisting organizations with risk management matters specific to physical, personnel, and cyber security. He has 9 years of experience with service providers and 8 years of experience within enterprise security organizations. David has worked with industry leaders in the energy, technology, healthcare, and real estate sectors. Areas of specialization include Security Operations Center design and management, Security Systems design and implementation, and Enterprise Risk Management. David holds leadership positions in ASIS International and is also a member of the InfraGard FBI program. David holds Certification Protection Professional (CPP) and Project Management Professional (PMP) certifications.
Andrea LeStarge, MS has over ten years of experience in program management, risk analysis and curriculum development. Being specialized in Homeland Security, Andrea leverages her experience in formerly managing projects to support various Federal Government entities in identifying, detecting and responding to man-made, natural and cyber incidents. She has an established track record in recognizing security gaps and corrective risk mitigation options, while effectively communicating findings to stakeholders, private sector owners and operators, and first-responder personnel within tactical, operational and strategic levels. Overall, Andrea encompasses analytical tradecraft and demonstrates consistent, repeatable and defensible methodologies pertaining to risk and the elements of threat, vulnerability and consequence.
Recorded webinar: https://youtu.be/hxpuYtMQgf0
Build an Information Security StrategyAndrew Byers
Organizations are struggling to keep up with today’s evolving threat landscape.
From technology sophistication and business adoption to the proliferation of hacking techniques and the expansion of hacking motivations, organizations are facing major security risks.
Every organization needs some kind of information security program to protect their systems and assets.
Organizations today face pressure from regulatory or legal obligations, customer requirement, and now, senior management expectations.
Information Security vs. Data Governance vs. Data Protection: What Is the Rea...PECB
This webinar will provide more information on the importance of information security and how you can take security well beyond compliance, an approach on building strong information security, privacy and data governance programs, and the importance of strong data governance in relation to privacy and information security requirements.
The webinar covers
• Information Security
• Importance Of Information Security Today
• Taking Information Security Beyond A Compliance First
• Importance Of Data Governance In Information Security
• Privacy
• Changing And Evolving Privacy Requirements
• Importance Of Data Governance In Privacy
• Data Governance And Data Privacy
• Data Privacy - Data Processing Principles
Presenters:
Moji is a Senior Business Process Analyst working with GemaltoThales, a leading firm in the IT industry. Moji has over fifteen years of experience in leading projects to improve processes, create and implement processes leading to increased revenue generation and eliminate redundancies.
She has a zeal for adding value and increasing revenue for organizations. Moji is very passionate about Data Privacy and its application in business and consumer rights.
Hardeep Mehrotara has 20+ years of senior leadership experience in Information Technology and Cyber Security working for public and private organizations building security programs from the ground up. He has been featured on Canadian television as a cyber expert and provided advice to various communities on implementing cybersecurity strategy, best practices and controls. He has been a co-author on numerous leading industry security control frameworks, technical benchmarks and industry best practice standards.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: https://pecb.com/whitepaper/iso-27001-information-technology--security-techniques-information-security--management-systems---requirements
https://pecb.com/en/education-and-certification-for-individuals/iso-iec-27701
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Articles: https://pecb.com/article
Whitepapers: https://pecb.com/whitepaper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/aQcS5-RFIEY
Website link: https://pecb.com/
ISO/IEC 27001 is the main standard that aims to enhance an organization’s information security.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 27001 & ISO/IEC 27002, catching up with history
• Quick recap on the ISO/IEC 27002:2022
• From ISO/IEC 27002 to the ISO/IEC 27001 updates
• Some considerations & consequences of the update
• What's up next with ISO/IEC 27001, in practice?
Presenters:
Peter Geelen
Peter Geelen is the director and managing consultant at CyberMinute and Owner of Quest for Security, Belgium. Over more than 20 years, Peter has built strong experience in enterprise security & architecture, Identity & Access management, but also privacy, information & data protection, cyber- and cloud security. Last few years, the focus is on ISO/IEC 27001 and other ISO certification mechanisms. Peter is accredited Lead Auditor for ISO/IEC 27001, ISO 9001, PECB Trainer and Fellow in Privacy. Committed to continuous learning, Peter holds renowned security certificates as certified ISO/IEC 27701 lead implementer and lead auditor, ISO/IEC 27001 Master, Sr. Lead Cybersecurity Manager, ISO/IEC 27002 lead manager, ISO/IEC 27701 Lead Implementer, cDPO, Risk management, Lead Incident Mgr., Disaster Recovery, and many more.
Stefan Mathuvis
Stefan Mathuvis, is owner & senior consultant at Quality Management & Auditing BV, Zonhoven, Belgium. With over 20 years of experience, Stefan built strong experience in quality management systems, Information Security management systems, GDPR, data privacy & data protection. Stefan is accredited ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor and operates as a third party auditor for DQS Belgium. Dividing his time between consultancy, training & third party auditing on an international scale, Stefan remains in touch with the issues of today allowing him to assist clients in their needs for Information Security and Data Privacy.
Date: November 9, 2022
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: https://pecb.com/whitepaper/isoiec-270022022--information-security-cybersecurity-and-privacy-protection
https://pecb.com/article/isoiec-27001---what-are-the-main-changes-in-2022
https://pecb.com/article/investing-in-information-security-awareness
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
Whitepaper: https://pecb.com/whitepaper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
ISO 27001:2013 is the international standard that provides a framework for Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) to provide continued confidentiality, integrity and availability of information as well as legal compliance.
ISO 27001 certification is essential for protecting your most vital assets like employee and client information, brand image and other private information. The ISO standard includes a process-based approach to initiating, implementing, operating and maintaining your ISMS.
This implementation guide will help you run through the benefits, PDCA Cycle and Annex SL structure in detail for implementing ISO 27001.
Find out more or get a quote for certification here – https://www.nqa.com/en-gb/certification/standards/iso-27001
Here are some small steps to achieve ISO 27001 implementation.
I believe ISO 27001/2 is a key to establish security in the organizations and help the companies to keep the whole ISMS program running aligned with continues improvement.
As ISO 27001 has been identified by ICO and recognized by GCHQ/NCSC in the past as the key standard to support GDPR.
[To download this complete presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
ISO/IEC 27001:2022 is the latest internationally-recognised standard for Information Security Management Systems (ISMS). An ISMS is a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure. It provides a robust framework to protect information that can be adapted to all types and sizes of organization. Organizations that have significant exposure to information-security related risks are increasingly choosing to implement an ISMS that complies with ISO/IEC 27001.
This ISMS awareness PPT presentation material is designed for organizations who are embarking on ISO/IEC 27001:2022 implementation and need to create awareness of information security among its employees.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of information security
2. Describe the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 structure
3. Understand the ISO/ IEC 27001:2022 implementation and certification process
4. Gather useful tips on handling an audit session
Soc 2 vs iso 27001 certification withh links converted-convertedVISTA InfoSec
When it comes to Information Security, companies struggle with the decision between selecting the SOC 2 attestation or ISO 27001 Certification, both the audits provide a competitive advantage in today’s Information security landscape.
Improve Cybersecurity posture by using ISO/IEC 27032PECB
Cybersecurity is a universal concern across today’s enterprise and the need for strategic approach is required for appropriate mitigation.
Adopting ISO 27032 will help to:
• Understanding the nature of Cyberspace and Cybersecurity
• Explore Cybersecurity Ecosystem – Roles & Responsibilities
• Achieve Cyber Resilience through implementing defensive and detective cybersecurity controls
Presenter:
Obadare Peter Adewale is a first generation and visionary cyberpreneur. He is a PECB certified Trainer, Fellow Chartered Information Technology Professional, the First Licensed Penetration Tester in Nigeria, second COBIT 5 Assessor in Africa and PCI DSS QSA. He is also an alumnus of Harvard Business School and MIT Sloan School of Management Executive Education.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/NX5RMGOcyBM
20220911-ISO27000-SecurityStandards.pptxSuman Garai
This PowerPoint presentation is a comprehensive guide to understanding the ISO 27001:2022 standard for information security management. The presentation explores the history and background of the standard, the hardware requirements for implementing it, and the features and functionalities available in ISO 27001:2022.
The presentation covers topics such as the functionalities ISO 27001:2022 provides, best practices for implementing the standard, and the advantages it provides for organizations that use it.
This presentation is intended for individuals and organizations seeking to enhance their knowledge and understanding of information security management. By the end of the presentation, the audience will have gained a thorough understanding of the ISO 27001:2022 standard and how to effectively implement it in their organizations to safeguard their valuable information assets.
Build an Information Security StrategyAndrew Byers
Organizations are struggling to keep up with today’s evolving threat landscape.
From technology sophistication and business adoption to the proliferation of hacking techniques and the expansion of hacking motivations, organizations are facing major security risks.
Every organization needs some kind of information security program to protect their systems and assets.
Organizations today face pressure from regulatory or legal obligations, customer requirement, and now, senior management expectations.
Information Security vs. Data Governance vs. Data Protection: What Is the Rea...PECB
This webinar will provide more information on the importance of information security and how you can take security well beyond compliance, an approach on building strong information security, privacy and data governance programs, and the importance of strong data governance in relation to privacy and information security requirements.
The webinar covers
• Information Security
• Importance Of Information Security Today
• Taking Information Security Beyond A Compliance First
• Importance Of Data Governance In Information Security
• Privacy
• Changing And Evolving Privacy Requirements
• Importance Of Data Governance In Privacy
• Data Governance And Data Privacy
• Data Privacy - Data Processing Principles
Presenters:
Moji is a Senior Business Process Analyst working with GemaltoThales, a leading firm in the IT industry. Moji has over fifteen years of experience in leading projects to improve processes, create and implement processes leading to increased revenue generation and eliminate redundancies.
She has a zeal for adding value and increasing revenue for organizations. Moji is very passionate about Data Privacy and its application in business and consumer rights.
Hardeep Mehrotara has 20+ years of senior leadership experience in Information Technology and Cyber Security working for public and private organizations building security programs from the ground up. He has been featured on Canadian television as a cyber expert and provided advice to various communities on implementing cybersecurity strategy, best practices and controls. He has been a co-author on numerous leading industry security control frameworks, technical benchmarks and industry best practice standards.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: https://pecb.com/whitepaper/iso-27001-information-technology--security-techniques-information-security--management-systems---requirements
https://pecb.com/en/education-and-certification-for-individuals/iso-iec-27701
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Articles: https://pecb.com/article
Whitepapers: https://pecb.com/whitepaper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
YouTube video: https://youtu.be/aQcS5-RFIEY
Website link: https://pecb.com/
ISO/IEC 27001 is the main standard that aims to enhance an organization’s information security.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 27001 & ISO/IEC 27002, catching up with history
• Quick recap on the ISO/IEC 27002:2022
• From ISO/IEC 27002 to the ISO/IEC 27001 updates
• Some considerations & consequences of the update
• What's up next with ISO/IEC 27001, in practice?
Presenters:
Peter Geelen
Peter Geelen is the director and managing consultant at CyberMinute and Owner of Quest for Security, Belgium. Over more than 20 years, Peter has built strong experience in enterprise security & architecture, Identity & Access management, but also privacy, information & data protection, cyber- and cloud security. Last few years, the focus is on ISO/IEC 27001 and other ISO certification mechanisms. Peter is accredited Lead Auditor for ISO/IEC 27001, ISO 9001, PECB Trainer and Fellow in Privacy. Committed to continuous learning, Peter holds renowned security certificates as certified ISO/IEC 27701 lead implementer and lead auditor, ISO/IEC 27001 Master, Sr. Lead Cybersecurity Manager, ISO/IEC 27002 lead manager, ISO/IEC 27701 Lead Implementer, cDPO, Risk management, Lead Incident Mgr., Disaster Recovery, and many more.
Stefan Mathuvis
Stefan Mathuvis, is owner & senior consultant at Quality Management & Auditing BV, Zonhoven, Belgium. With over 20 years of experience, Stefan built strong experience in quality management systems, Information Security management systems, GDPR, data privacy & data protection. Stefan is accredited ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor and operates as a third party auditor for DQS Belgium. Dividing his time between consultancy, training & third party auditing on an international scale, Stefan remains in touch with the issues of today allowing him to assist clients in their needs for Information Security and Data Privacy.
Date: November 9, 2022
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: https://pecb.com/whitepaper/isoiec-270022022--information-security-cybersecurity-and-privacy-protection
https://pecb.com/article/isoiec-27001---what-are-the-main-changes-in-2022
https://pecb.com/article/investing-in-information-security-awareness
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
Whitepaper: https://pecb.com/whitepaper
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
ISO 27001:2013 is the international standard that provides a framework for Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) to provide continued confidentiality, integrity and availability of information as well as legal compliance.
ISO 27001 certification is essential for protecting your most vital assets like employee and client information, brand image and other private information. The ISO standard includes a process-based approach to initiating, implementing, operating and maintaining your ISMS.
This implementation guide will help you run through the benefits, PDCA Cycle and Annex SL structure in detail for implementing ISO 27001.
Find out more or get a quote for certification here – https://www.nqa.com/en-gb/certification/standards/iso-27001
Here are some small steps to achieve ISO 27001 implementation.
I believe ISO 27001/2 is a key to establish security in the organizations and help the companies to keep the whole ISMS program running aligned with continues improvement.
As ISO 27001 has been identified by ICO and recognized by GCHQ/NCSC in the past as the key standard to support GDPR.
[To download this complete presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
ISO/IEC 27001:2022 is the latest internationally-recognised standard for Information Security Management Systems (ISMS). An ISMS is a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure. It provides a robust framework to protect information that can be adapted to all types and sizes of organization. Organizations that have significant exposure to information-security related risks are increasingly choosing to implement an ISMS that complies with ISO/IEC 27001.
This ISMS awareness PPT presentation material is designed for organizations who are embarking on ISO/IEC 27001:2022 implementation and need to create awareness of information security among its employees.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of information security
2. Describe the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 structure
3. Understand the ISO/ IEC 27001:2022 implementation and certification process
4. Gather useful tips on handling an audit session
Soc 2 vs iso 27001 certification withh links converted-convertedVISTA InfoSec
When it comes to Information Security, companies struggle with the decision between selecting the SOC 2 attestation or ISO 27001 Certification, both the audits provide a competitive advantage in today’s Information security landscape.
Improve Cybersecurity posture by using ISO/IEC 27032PECB
Cybersecurity is a universal concern across today’s enterprise and the need for strategic approach is required for appropriate mitigation.
Adopting ISO 27032 will help to:
• Understanding the nature of Cyberspace and Cybersecurity
• Explore Cybersecurity Ecosystem – Roles & Responsibilities
• Achieve Cyber Resilience through implementing defensive and detective cybersecurity controls
Presenter:
Obadare Peter Adewale is a first generation and visionary cyberpreneur. He is a PECB certified Trainer, Fellow Chartered Information Technology Professional, the First Licensed Penetration Tester in Nigeria, second COBIT 5 Assessor in Africa and PCI DSS QSA. He is also an alumnus of Harvard Business School and MIT Sloan School of Management Executive Education.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/NX5RMGOcyBM
20220911-ISO27000-SecurityStandards.pptxSuman Garai
This PowerPoint presentation is a comprehensive guide to understanding the ISO 27001:2022 standard for information security management. The presentation explores the history and background of the standard, the hardware requirements for implementing it, and the features and functionalities available in ISO 27001:2022.
The presentation covers topics such as the functionalities ISO 27001:2022 provides, best practices for implementing the standard, and the advantages it provides for organizations that use it.
This presentation is intended for individuals and organizations seeking to enhance their knowledge and understanding of information security management. By the end of the presentation, the audience will have gained a thorough understanding of the ISO 27001:2022 standard and how to effectively implement it in their organizations to safeguard their valuable information assets.
In this article I will provide an Overview of A new Information Security Management System
Standard ISO/IEC 27001:2013 , The new standard just Published from a few Days Earlier .
ISO/IEC 27001:2013 Provides requirements for Establishing, Implementing, Maintaining
and Continually Improving an Information Security Management System.
ISO/IEC 27001:2013 gives Organization a Perfect Information Security management framework for implementing
and maintaining security.
In this Article, I tried to shed some light on new standard and its Mandatory Requirements, Optional Requirements ,
Structure , Benefits , Certification Process and Estimated time for Implementation and Certification.
ISO 27001 is an international standard that collects requirements for the creation and development of an information security management system.
By and large, it is a collection of "best practices" that allows you to select security controls in such a way as to ensure the protection of information and provide customers with appropriate guarantees.
Learn more about the importance of ISO 27001 and its role on GRC, what the advantages of starting with ISO 27001 are and the importance of its structure.
Main points covered:
• Definition and goals of GRC (Governance, Risk and Compliance)
• How the structure of ISO/IEC 27001 implements GRC
• Advantages of starting with ISO/IEC 27001
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Jorge Lozano. He is a senior manager at the Cybersecurity & Privacy practice of PwC Mexico. He has over 17 years of experience in information security and holds the CISSP, CISM, CEH, and ISO27001LI certifications. He is an instructor of PECB for the ISO27001 Introduction, Foundation and Lead Implementer courses.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/sLfAarQ8cf0
Implementing of a Cyber Security Program Framework from ISO 27032 to ISO 55001PECB
This webinar gives an idea of what is the relation of ISO 27032 with ISO 55001, and how these two standards cover one another. Get more information on Cybersecurity as the importance is given more to the security industry nowadays.
Main points covered:
• Protection assets in Cyberspace
• Covering ISO 27032 in ISO 55001 and ISO 55001 in ISO 27032
• Sample of Cybersecurity Risks in Assets
• Highlights of the Implementation of the Cyber Security program Framework
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by PECB Partner and Trainer Mr. Claude Essomba, who is a Managing Director at GETSEC SARL, and has more than 9 years of experience in IT and Information Security.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/_280jG77iKY
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxMargenePurnell14
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE
Walid Al-Ahmad, Bassil Mohammed, Vol. 2, No. 2
28
Addressing Information Security Risks by Adopting
Standards
Walid Al-Ahmad*‡, Bassil Mohammad**
*Computer Science Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gulf University for Science & Technology, Kuwait
**Ernst & Young, Amman, Jordan
‡
P.O.Box 7207 Hawally, 32093 Kuwait, Tel: +96525307321, Fax: +965 25307030, e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract- Modern society depends on information technology in nearly every facet of human activity including, finance,
transportation, education, government, and defense. Organizations are exposed to various and increasing kinds of risks,
including information technology risks. Several standards, best practices, and frameworks have been created to help
organizations manage these risks. The purpose of this research work is to highlight the challenges facing enterprises in their
efforts to properly manage information security risks when adopting international standards and frameworks. To assist in
selecting the best framework to use in risk management, the article presents an overview of the most popular and widely used
standards and identifies selection criteria. It suggests an approach to proper implementation as well. A set of recommendations
is put forward with further research opportunities on the subject.
Keywords- Information security; risk management; security frameworks; security standards; security management.
1. Introduction
The use of technology is increasingly covering
most aspects of our daily life. Businesses which
are heavily dependent on this technology use
information systems which were designed and
implemented with concentration on functionality,
costs reduction and ease of use. Information
security was not incorporated early enough into
systems and only recently has it started to get the
warranted attention. Accordingly, there is a need to
identify and manage these hidden weaknesses,
referred to as systems vulnerabilities, and to limit
their damaging impact on the information systems
integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Vulnerabilities are exploited by attacks which are
becoming more targeted and sophisticated.
Attacking techniques and methods are virtually
countless and are evolving tremendously [1, 2].
In any enterprise, information security risks
must be identified, evaluated, analyzed, treated and
properly reported. Businesses that fail in
identifying the risks associated with the
technology they use, the people they employ, or
the environment where they operate usually
subject their business to unforeseen consequences
that might result in severe damage to the business
[3]. Therefore, it is critical to establish reliable
information security risk assessment and treatment
frameworks to guide organizations during the risk
management process.
Because risks cannot be complete.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE Walid.docxbagotjesusa
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY SCIENCE
Walid Al-Ahmad, Bassil Mohammed, Vol. 2, No. 2
28
Addressing Information Security Risks by Adopting
Standards
Walid Al-Ahmad*‡, Bassil Mohammad**
*Computer Science Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Gulf University for Science & Technology, Kuwait
**Ernst & Young, Amman, Jordan
‡
P.O.Box 7207 Hawally, 32093 Kuwait, Tel: +96525307321, Fax: +965 25307030, e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract- Modern society depends on information technology in nearly every facet of human activity including, finance,
transportation, education, government, and defense. Organizations are exposed to various and increasing kinds of risks,
including information technology risks. Several standards, best practices, and frameworks have been created to help
organizations manage these risks. The purpose of this research work is to highlight the challenges facing enterprises in their
efforts to properly manage information security risks when adopting international standards and frameworks. To assist in
selecting the best framework to use in risk management, the article presents an overview of the most popular and widely used
standards and identifies selection criteria. It suggests an approach to proper implementation as well. A set of recommendations
is put forward with further research opportunities on the subject.
Keywords- Information security; risk management; security frameworks; security standards; security management.
1. Introduction
The use of technology is increasingly covering
most aspects of our daily life. Businesses which
are heavily dependent on this technology use
information systems which were designed and
implemented with concentration on functionality,
costs reduction and ease of use. Information
security was not incorporated early enough into
systems and only recently has it started to get the
warranted attention. Accordingly, there is a need to
identify and manage these hidden weaknesses,
referred to as systems vulnerabilities, and to limit
their damaging impact on the information systems
integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Vulnerabilities are exploited by attacks which are
becoming more targeted and sophisticated.
Attacking techniques and methods are virtually
countless and are evolving tremendously [1, 2].
In any enterprise, information security risks
must be identified, evaluated, analyzed, treated and
properly reported. Businesses that fail in
identifying the risks associated with the
technology they use, the people they employ, or
the environment where they operate usually
subject their business to unforeseen consequences
that might result in severe damage to the business
[3]. Therefore, it is critical to establish reliable
information security risk assessment and treatment
frameworks to guide organizations during the risk
management process.
Because risks cannot be complete.
Unlock the Key Features of ISO 27001 to bolster your organization's information security. Explore the essential Key Features of ISO 27001 through specialized training programs, enhancing your team's capabilities. Equip your workforce with in-depth knowledge of the Key Features of ISO 27001 to implement robust security measures. By focusing on the Key Features of ISO 27001, you ensure a proactive approach to safeguarding sensitive information in today's dynamic business landscape.
Information Security between Best Practices and ISO StandardsPECB
Main points covered:
• Information Security best practices (ESA, COBIT, ITIL, Resilia)
• NIST security publications (NIST 800-53)
• ISO standards for information security (ISO 20000 and ISO 27000 series)
- Information Security Management in ISO 20000
- ISO 27001, ISO 27002 and ISO 27005
• What is best for me: Information Security Best Practices or ISO standards?
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Mohamed Gohar. Mr.Gohar has more than 10 years of experience in ISM/ITSM Training and Consultation. He is one of the expert reviewers of CISA RM 26th edition (2016), ISM Senior Trainer/Consultant at EGYBYTE.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/eKYR2BG_MYU
Improving Cyber Readiness with the NIST Cybersecurity FrameworkWilliam McBorrough
Still need a prime on the CSF? Check out my article for the Access Business Team January 2017 Newsletter on how business can improve their cyber readiness with the NIST Cybersecurity Framework.
Open Digital Architecture (ODA) is a blueprint for modular, cloud-based, open digital platforms that can be orchestrated using AI.
Designed to support our industry into the cloud native era, ODA sets the framework required
for CSPs to invest in IT, transforming business agility and operations by creating simpler IT and network solutions that are easier and cheaper to deploy, integrate and upgrade. Enabling growth, profitability and a cutting-edge customer experience.
A simple Small to Medium Enterprise Cybersecurity approach with minimal cost for Enterprise `security Architecture implementation with technologies proposed
Control physical and logical access to assets, Manage identification and authentication of people and devices, Integrate identity as a service (e.g., cloud identity),
Integrate third-party identity services (e.g., on-premise), Implement and manage authorization mechanisms, Prevent or mitigate access control attacks, Manage the identity and access provisioning life cycle (e.g., provisioning, review)
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
2. The TMForum's Open Digital Architecture (ODA)will be used as
the cornerstone for this Framework
https://www.tmforum.org/oda/
ODA was initially designed for the Telecommunications Industry
inclusive of 5G Services.
The Digital Trust Framework is developed for the 4IR Environment
The Digital Trust Framework (DTF) will be a blueprint for modular,
cloud-based, open digital platforms that can be orchestrated using AI
ODA will be integrated with COBIT 2019, ITIL 4 and ISO 27005 RISK
MANAGER – this is to ensure an overall Digital Trust approach for a
continuous evolving SYSTEMS Environment
3. Transformation Tools
As-Is
Applications
Transformation
Toolkits
Maturity Tools
Metrics
Maturity
Models
Data
Benchmark
Data
AI Training
Data
DIGITAL TRUST
FRAMEWORK
DIGITAL
TRUST
ARCHITECTURE
Governance
Concepts & Principles
Design Guides
Microservices
Architecture
Governance
AI Governance
Data Governance
Security Governance
Agile
Lifecycle
Management
Business
Deployment & Run
Information Systems
Implementation
Business Capability
Repository
Process Framework
Information
Framework
Integration
Framework
Functional
Framework &
Architecture
Canvas
Operation
Frameworks
Reference
Implementation
Technical
Architecture
Components
Open API’s
Data Model
8. The first of these is ISO 31000.
Because of its general context, it provides overall guidelines to any area
of risk management (i.e., finance, engineering, security, among others).
Although most organizations already have a defined methodology in place
to manage risks, this new standard defines a set of principles that must
be followed in order to ensure the effectiveness of risk management.
It suggests that companies should continually develop, implement, and
improve a framework whose goal is to integrate the process for managing
risks associated with governance, strategy, and planning, as well as
management, the reporting of data and results, policies, values and
culture throughout the entire organization.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
9. Risk Management Best Practices for ISO 31000
Although ISO 31000 depicts the management process more
thoroughly, and has differing terms and expressions, both
standards address the risk management process in a similar
fashion.
According to ISO 31000, organizations typically determine the
context and manage risk by identifying it, analysing it, and
subsequently assessing whether the risk should be modified by
a strategic approach so as to comply with its risk criteria.
Throughout this entire process, these organizations must
communicate and consult with stakeholders, while critically
monitoring and analysing the risk and controls that modify it,
so as to ensure that no additional risk management approach
will be required.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
10. The other is ISO 27005.
Part of the ISO 27000 since 2008, this standard establishes risk
management best practices specifically geared towards risk
management for information security, particularly with regards to
complying with the requirements of an Information Security
Management System (ISMS), as mandated by ISO/IEC 27001.
It establishes that risk management best practices should be defined
in accordance with the characteristics of the organization, taking into
account the scope of its ISMS, the risk management context, as well
as its industry.
According to the framework described in this standard for
implementing the requirements of ISMS, several different
methodologies may be used and different approaches to risk
management as it relates to information security may are introduced
in the appendix of the document.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
11. Risk Management Best Practices for ISO 27005
As for ISO 27005, risk management as it relates to information
security should define the context, evaluate the risks, and
address them through a plan, in order to implement the
recommendations and decisions.
Risk management analyses the potential events and its
consequences prior to deciding what to do and when to do it, so
as to reduce risks to an acceptable level.
Additionally, the standard includes decisions on the analysis
and treatment of risks, since risk acceptance activities will
ensure that residual risks be explicitly accepted by company
management. This is particularly important in situations where
control implementation is either omitted or postponed, for
example, because of cost.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
12. SO 27005 is the international standard that describes how to
conduct an information security risk assessment in accordance
with the requirements of ISO 27001.
Risk assessments are one of the most important parts of an
organisation’s ISO 27001 compliance project. ISO 27001 requires
you to demonstrate evidence of information security risk
management, risk actions taken and how relevant controls from
Annex A have been applied.
ISO 27005 is applicable to all organisations, regardless of size or
sector. It supports the general concepts specified in ISO 27001,
and is designed to assist the satisfactory implementation of
information security based on a risk management approach.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
13. Information security risk management is integral to information
security management. It defines the process of analysing what could
happen and what the consequences might be, and helps
organisations determine what should be done and when to reduce
risk to an acceptable level. Information security risk management
should be a continual process that contributes to:
Identifying and assessing risk;
Understanding risk likelihood and the consequences for the business;
Establishing a priority order for risk treatment;
Stakeholder involvement in risk management decisions;
The effectiveness of risk treatment monitoring; and
Staff awareness of risks and the actions being taken to mitigate them.
Organisations should adopt a systematic approach to information security risk
to accurately determine their information security needs.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
14. Although ISO 27005 does not specify
any specific risk management
methodology, it does imply a
continual information risk
management process based on six
key components:
1. Context establishment
2. Risk assessment
3. Risk treatment
4. Risk acceptance
5. Risk acceptance
6. Risk monitoring and review
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
15. 1. Context Establishment:
The risk management context sets the criteria for how risks are identified,
who is responsible for risk ownership, how risks impact the confidentiality,
integrity and availability of the information, and how risk impact and
likelihood are calculated.
2. Risk Assessment:
Many organisations choose to follow an asset-based risk assessment process
comprising five key stages:
i. Compiling information assets.
ii. Identifying the threats and vulnerabilities applicable to each asset.
iii. Assigning impact and likelihood values based on risk criteria.
iv. Evaluating each risk against predetermined levels of acceptability.
v. Prioritising which risks need to be addressed, and in which order.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
16. 3. Risk Treatment:
There are four ways to treat a risk:
i. Avoid’ the risk by eliminating it entirely.
ii. ‘Modify’ the risk by applying security controls.
iii. ‘Share’ the risk with a third party (through insurance or outsourcing).
iv. ‘Retain’ the risk (if the risk falls within established risk acceptance
criteria).
4. Risk Acceptance:
Organisations should determine their own criteria for risk acceptance that
consider existing policies, goals, objectives and shareholder interests.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
17. 5. Risk Communication and Consultation:
Effective communication is pivotal to the information security risk management process. It
ensures that those responsible for implementing risk management understand the basis on
which decisions are made, and why certain actions are required. Sharing and exchanging
information about risk also facilitates agreement between decision makers and other
stakeholders on how to manage risk.
Risk communication activity should be performed continually, and organisations should develop
risk communication plans for normal operations as well as emergency situations.
6. Risk Monitoring and Review:
Risks are not static and can change abruptly. Therefore, they should be continually monitored in
order to quickly identify changes and maintain a complete overview of the risk picture.
Organisations should also keep a close eye on:
Any new assets included within the risk management scope;
Asset values that require modification in response to changing business requirements;
New threats, whether external or internal, that have yet to be assessed; and
Information security incidents.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
18. Unlike other popular risk management standards that adopt a one-size-fits-all approach,
ISO 27005 is flexible in nature and allows organisations to select their own approach to risk
assessment based on their specific business objectives.
ISO 27005 follows a simple, repeatable structure with each of the main clauses organised
into the following four sections:
Input: the information necessary to perform an action.
Action: the activity itself.
Implementation guidance: any additional detail.
Output: the information that should have been generated by the activity.
This consistent approach helps to ensure that organisations have all the information
required before beginning any risk management activity.
ISO 27005 also supports ISO 27001 compliance, as the latter standard specifies that any
controls implemented within the context of an ISMS (information security management
system) should be risk based. Implementing an ISO 27005-compliant information security
risk management process can satisfy this requirement.
https://theriskacademy.org/is0-31000-iso-27005/
20. ISO/IEC 27001 describes a general process for the ISMS, and in that context ISO/IEC
27005 defines the approach to managing risk.
FAIR provides a methodology for analysing risk.
This section describes how the FAIR methodology can be used to analyse risk in the
context of ISO/IEC 27005 and the ISMS.
ISO/IEC 27005 and ISO/IEC 27001 provides the foundation for the risk management
portion of the ISMS:
Define the risk assessment approach of the organization
Identify the risks
Analyse and evaluate the risks
Identify and evaluate options for the treatment of risks
Select control objectives and controls for the treatment of risks
Obtain management approval of the proposed residual risks This generally outlines
the process for managing risk at a very high level.
ISO/IEC 27005 specifies in more detail the management of risk without providing
specifics or identifying a methodology for determining risk level.
FAIR provides a methodology to achieve the steps shown above, specifically ―identify
the risks‖ and ―analyse and evaluate the risks.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
24. 7.0 Context Establishment
7.1 General Considerations
7.2 Basic Criteria
7.3 Scope and Boundaries
7.4 Organization of Information Security Risk Management
8.0 Information Security Risk Assessment
8.1 General Description of Information Security Risk Assessment
8.2 Risk Analysis
8.2.1 Risk Identification
8.2.1.1 Introduction to risk identification
8.2.1.2 Identification of assets
8.2.1.3 Identification of threats
8.2.1.4 Identification of existing controls
8.2.1.5 Identification of vulnerabilities
8.2.1.6 Identification of consequences
8.2.2 Risk estimation
8.2.2.1 Risk estimation methodologies
8.2.2.2 Assessment of consequences
8.2.2.3 Assessment of incident likelihood
8.2.2.4 Level of risk estimation
8.3 Risk Evaluation
9.0 Information Security Risk Treatment
9.1 General Description of Risk Treatment
9.2 Risk Reduction
9.3 Risk Retention
9.4 Risk Avoidance
9.5 Risk Transfer
10.0 Information Security Risk Acceptance
11.0 Information Security Risk Communication
12.0 Information Security Risk Monitoring and Review
12.1 Monitoring and Review of Risk Factors
12.2 Risk Management Monitoring, Reviewing, and Improving
Risk Analysis using FAIR
Stage 1:
Identify scenario components Identify the asset at risk Identify the
threat community
Stage 2:
Evaluate Loss Event Frequency (LEF) Estimate probable Threat Event
Frequency (TEF) Estimate Threat Capability (TCap) Estimate Control
Strength (CS) Derive Vulnerability (Vuln) Derive Loss Event Frequency
(LEF)
Stage 3:
Evaluate Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM) Estimate worst-case loss
Estimate Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM)
Stage 4:
Derive and articulate risk
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
25. While ISO/IEC 27001 outlines the process for managing risk at a very
high level, by defining the ISMS, ISO/IEC 27005 specifies in more detail
the management of risk, although without providing specifics or
identifying a methodology for determining risk level. You can see how
FAIR fills the gap in ISO/IEC 27005 by providing the detailed
methodology for risk assessment and risk evaluation, and is a strong
compliment to the ISO/IEC 27005 process in support of the ISMS.
ISO/IEC 27005 does provide guidelines for development of risk
assessment context, risk communication, and treatment, but it does not
provide a methodology for determining the nature and impact of the
actual risk (risk assessment methodology).
FAIR does provide such a methodology for determining the nature and
impact of the actual risk. The combination of ISO/IEC 27005 and FAIR
can therefore serve as the framework and methodology for the risk
evaluation and analysis processes domain.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
26. ISO/IEC 27005 –
FAIR Integration
Model
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
27. Term FAIR Definition ISO Definition Specific ISO
Reference
Differences
Asset Any data, device, or other component of the
environment that supports information related
activities, which can be illicitly accessed, used,
disclosed, altered, destroyed, and/or stolen,
resulting in loss.
Anything that has
value to the
organization.
ISO/IEC
27001
ISO/IEC
27002
ISO provides a simpler, but somewhat vague
definition of asset. The FAIR definition looks
at assets from the perspective of information
security and the principles of confidentiality,
integrity, and availability.
Risk The probable frequency and probable
magnitude of future loss.
Combination of the
probability of an
event and its
consequence.
ISO/IEC
27002
These two definitions are nearly identical. The
concepts of magnitude and consequence are
synonymous. The ISO use of probability can
be interpreted as likelihood, while FAIR
deliberately uses frequency.
Threat Anything that is capable of acting in a manner
resulting in harm to an asset and/or
organization; for example, acts of God
(weather, geological events, etc.), malicious
actors, errors, failures.
A potential cause of
an unwanted
incident, which may
result in harm to a
system or
organization.
ISO/IEC
27002
These two definitions are nearly identical.
Vulner
ability
The probability that an asset will be unable to
resist actions of a threat agent.
A weakness of an
asset or group of
assets that can be
exploited by one or
ISO/IEC
27002
ISO focuses on the existence of a weakness
whereas FAIR focuses on the asset's ability to
resist the actions of a threat agent.
28. Introduction to the Landscape of Risk
In general, any risk management/analysis/estimation exercise is an attempt to
reconcile the relationships between four dependent sources of information – threat,
loss (impact), controls, and assets – into a descriptive point of reference called ―risk‖.
Each risk management standard or methodology treats these information
―landscapes‖ in a somewhat subtly different manner from others.
For the purposes of helping analysts augment ISO/IEC 27005 processes with a FAIR
based risk estimation, we will begin by comparing the approaches of each standard for
each landscape, and discussing in general terms what sort of prior information may
contribute to providing context for the factors needed in a FAIR estimation.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
30. Asset Landscape
The asset landscape represents information concerning that which is to be protected.
To perform a FAIR analysis, the analyst needs to understand the nature of the asset
in question and how it relates to each of the other landscapes.
As the asset intersects with the loss or impact landscape, the analyst should
understand information including:
the business process(es) the asset contributes to,
the cost to replace the asset,
the architecture of the asset (hardware, software, nature of services accessible, etc.), and
the resources necessary to respond to an incident (geographic location in relation to the
Incident Response Team, for example).
In considering the threat landscape, the analyst may find it useful to pre-suppose the
applicable threat community. In doing so, information about the asset’s value to the
threat can be considered, as well as the relative frequency and nature of threat
contact with the asset in question.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
31. Asset Landscape
Finally, the analyst should seek to understand aspects of the asset that will contribute to
the ability to resist the actions of a threat agent (for example, the architecture of some
assets may be more or less prone to vulnerability than others). It may seem to be a
semantic distinction, but information regarding the nature of the asset and the
organization’s ability to manage and maintain the asset contribute to our understanding of
the controls landscape.
Other information is useful in generating a generalized ―context as per ISO/IEC 27005:
The organization's strategic business objectives, strategies, and policies
Business processes
The organization’s functions and structure
Legal, regulatory, and contractual requirements applicable to the organization
The organization's information security policy
The organization’s overall approach to risk management
Information assets
Locations of the organization and their geographical characteristics
Constraints affecting the organization
Expectation of stakeholders Socio-cultural environment
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
32.
33. The Information Security Management System
(ISMS) is fundamentally a process, composed of tasks
that transform input information into desired outputs.
Thus, a task cannot be performed before all of its
required inputs are available.
FAIR decomposes the calculation of risk into its
components, which constrains the precedence for task
sequence.
A third influence on task sequence is the series of one-
to-many relationships among the data elements found
in FAIR.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
34. ISMS Component Relationships
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
ASSET
IMPACT
CONTROL
VULNERABILIT
Y
THREAT
AGENT
THREAT
If exploited, may cause 1 or more
May result in
May deliver upon
Must have 1 and only 1
May exploit 1 or more
May be reduced by 1 or more
If implemented may reduce
May be associated with zero or more
Has adverse
effect upon
1 and only 1 May be
affected by
zero or more
May be
realised
through 1 or
more
35. This section presents the process for risk management,
focusing on the inputs, actions, and outputs.
The sequence of steps.
Key input data (identified with underscores).
This section provides the detailed explanation for the
actions.
Most text is drawn from ISO, with FAIR concepts
presented in italics.
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
36. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
SOURCE: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9698999699/toc.pdf
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
1. Context Establishment
i. General Considerations
All information about the
organization relevant to
establish the information
security risk management
context.
Establish the context for
information security risk
management:
Setting the basic criteria
necessary for information
security risk management
Defining the scope and
boundaries
Establishing an appropriate
organization operating the
information security risk
management
A. Specification of basic risk
evaluation criteria
B. Scope and boundaries for
risk analysis
37. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
STAGE 1: Identify Scenario Components
Identify the asset at risk:
I. Scope and boundaries for risk analysis
i. List of constituents with owners,
location, function, etc.
1. List of assets to be risk managed A. List of assets to be risk
managed
Identify the threat community:
ii. Information on threats, from
reviewing incidents, asset owners,
users, external threat catalogues,
other sources
2. For each asset, identify the
threat agent (e.g., insiders such
as employees, contract workers;
outsiders such as spies, thieves,
competitors)
3. For each threat agent, define
the action and identify the
contact
4. Record the title and description
of the threat
B. List of threats, with
identification of threat type
and threat source
C. Threat title and description
38. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
STAGE 2: Estimate Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
Estimate probable Threat Event Frequency (TEF):
I. List of assets to be risk managed
II. List of threats, with identification of
evidences of frequency
5. Estimate the Threat Event
Frequency (TEF)
6. For each threat, identify
vulnerabilities that could be
exploited by the threat agent
A. Threat Event Frequency (TEF)
B. List of vulnerabilities in relation to
assets, threats, and controls
Estimate Threat Capability (TCap):
III. List of vulnerabilities in relation to
assets, threats, and controls
7. Estimate the threat's capabilities
relative to each vulnerability
C. Threat capability
Estimate Control Strength (CS):
i. Documentation of controls
ii. Documentation risk treatment
implementation plans.
IV. Threat capability
8. For each vulnerability, identify
existing controls that reduce the
vulnerability
9. Evaluate the control strength for
each control
D. Control Strength (CS) – List of all
existing and planned controls, their
effectiveness, implementation, and
usage status
39. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
STAGE 2: Estimate Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
Derive Vulnerability (Vuln):
VII. Control Strength (CS) – List of all
existing and planned controls, their
effectiveness, implementation, and
usage status
11 Calculate Vulnerability (Vuln) A. D2 Vulnerability (Vuln)
Derive Loss Event Frequency (LEF):
VIII. Threat Event Frequency (TEF)
IX. List of all existing and planned
controls, their effectiveness,
implementation, and usage status
X. Vulnerability (Vuln)
12 Calculate Loss Event Frequency
(LEF)
A. H2 Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
40. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
STAGE 3: Evaluate Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM)
Estimate worst-case loss:
Estimate Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM) for each threat
XI. Threat title and description 13. Estimate potential impacts for
each threat
A. Probable Loss Magnitude
(PLM) for each threat
STAGE 4: Derive and Articulate Risk
XII. Specification of basic risk
evaluation criteria
XIII.Vulnerability (Vuln)
XIV.Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
XV. Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM)
14. Calculate risk
15. Produce risk reports
A. I1 Risk
B. List of risks prioritized according to
risk evaluation criteria in relation
to the incident scenarios that lead
to those risks
C. Prioritized control improvements
41. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
I. Information security risk treatment
II. General description of risk
treatment
i. List of risks prioritized
according to risk evaluation
criteria in relation to the
incident scenarios that lead to
those risks
Select controls to reduce, retain, avoid,
or transfer the risks
Prepare a risk treatment plan
A. Risk treatment plan
B. Residual risks subject to the
acceptance decision of the
organization’s managers
III. Risk Reduction Reduce risk by selecting controls so
that the residual risk can be
reassessed as being acceptable
IV. Risk Retention Decide to retain the risk without
further action, based on risk
evaluation
V. Risk Avoidance Avoid the activity or condition that
gives rise to the particular risk
VI. Risk Transfer Transfer the risk to another party that
can most effectively manage the
particular risk, based on risk
evaluation
42. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
VII. Information Security Risk
Acceptance
i. Risk treatment plan
ii. Residual risk assessment
subject to the acceptance
decision of the organization’s
managers
The decision to accept the risks
and responsibilities for the
decision should be made and
formally recorded.
List of accepted risks with
justification for those that do not
meet the organization’s normal risk
acceptance criteria
IX. Information Security Risk
Communication
i. All risk information obtained
from the risk management
activities
Information about risk should be
exchanged and/or shared
between the decision-maker and
other stakeholders.
Continual understanding of the
organization’s information security
risk management process and
results
43. ISO Inputs, Required Actions, and Outputs and how they can be used in FAIR
INPUTS ACTIONS - ISO OUTPUTS
X. Information Security Risk
Monitoring and Review
i. Monitoring and Review of Risk
Factors
All risk information obtained from the
risk management activities
Monitor and review risks and their
factors (i.e., value of assets, impacts,
threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood of
occurrence) to identify any changes in
the context of the organization at an
early stage, and to maintain an
overview of the complete risk picture
Continual alignment of the
management of risks with the
organization’s business objectives,
and with risk acceptance criteria
XI. Risk Management Monitoring,
Reviewing, and Improving
All risk information obtained from the
risk management activities
Continual relevance of the
information security risk
management process to the
organization’s business objectives or
updating the process
44. 1. General Considerations
a) Establish the context for information security risk management:
i. Setting the basic criteria necessary for information security risk management
(ISO/IEC 27005 §7.2)
ii. Defining the scope and boundaries (ISO/IEC 27005 §7.3)
iii. Establishing an appropriate organization operating the information security
risk management (ISO/IEC 27005 §7.4)
b) The organization must have the resources to appropriately engage in a risk
management process. These resources must include the following:
i. Perform risk assessments
ii. Develop risk treatment plans
iii. Define and implement policies and procedures to implement selected controls
iv. Monitor implemented controls
v. Monitor the overall risk management process
Without such resources, establishing a risk management process will set
expectations of the organization that cannot be met. This task should be
performed from an organizational perspective for the overall development of
the ISMS, but also considered for each risk assessment to ensure success of
the risk assessment results.
45. 2. Risk Acceptance Criteria
Developing a set of risk acceptance criteria based on the goals and
objectives of the organization is important to have as an integral part
of the ISMS. This assists in the development of risk treatment plans.
Developing a list of risk acceptance criteria sets the groundwork for
determining what risks the organization is capable of accepting, in
general terms. This is probably done once when developing the ISMS,
but may need to be adjusted for each risk assessment performed at
the time of risk treatment plan development.
Risk acceptance criteria should be developed and specified. Risk
acceptance criteria often depend on the organization's policies, goals,
objectives, and the interests of stakeholders.
46. 2. Risk Acceptance Criteria
An organization should define its own scales for levels of risk acceptance.
The following should be considered during development:
a) Risk acceptance criteria may include multiple thresholds, with a
desired target level of risk, but provision for senior managers to accept
risks above this level under defined circumstances.
b) Different risk acceptance criteria may apply to different classes of
risk; e.g., risks that could result in non-compliance with regulations or
laws may not be accepted, while acceptance of high risks may be
allowed if this is specified as a contractual requirement.
c) Risk acceptance criteria may include requirements for future
additional treatment; e.g., a risk may be accepted if there is approval
and commitment to take action to reduce it to an acceptable level
within a defined time period.
d) Risk acceptance criteria may differ according to how long the risk is
expected to exist; e.g., the risk may be associated with a temporary or
short-term activity.
47. 2. Risk Acceptance Criteria
In developing the risk acceptance criteria, the following should be
considered:
a) Business criteria
b) Legal and regulatory aspects
c) Operational considerations
d) Technological aspects
e) Financial considerations
f) Social and humanitarian factors
Place the organization’s generalized risk acceptance criteria from the ISMS.
Consider whether there are specific risk acceptance criteria for the risk
assessment under consideration.
48. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 1
a) Identify each asset (e.g., information, application, etc.) and scope
the asset (e.g., enterprise, business unit, etc.).
Describe the Asset(s) and Critical Attributes under Consideration
a) Identification and description of the assets under consideration
during a risk assessment is critical.
b) Identify the asset(s) under consideration during this risk
assessment.
49. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 1
Describe the Threat(s) to the Asset(s) under Consideration
a) For each asset, identify the threat agent(s) (e.g., insiders such as
employees, contract workers; outsiders such as spies, thieves,
competitors).
b) For each threat agent describe the frequency with which threat
agents may come into contact with the asset(s) under
consideration.
c) For each threat agent, estimate the probability that they will act
against the asset(s).
d) Define the potential action and describe the threat(s).
50. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
a) Estimate the Loss Event Frequency (LEF).
b) The Loss Event Frequency (LEF) considers the following factors:
i. Threat Event Frequency (TEF),
ii. Threat Capability (TCap),
iii. Control Strength (CS), and
iv. Vulnerability (Vuln).
Estimate the Probable Threat Event Frequency (TEF)
a) Estimate the probable Threat Event Frequency (TEF).
51. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
Estimate the Probable Threat Event Frequency (TEF)
a) The following table shows the ratings for the values of the
Threat Event Frequency (TEF).
52. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
Estimate the Threat Capability (TCap)
a) Estimate the Threat Capability (TCap), which is the capability that the
threat community has to act against the asset using a specific threat.
b) The following table shows the ratings for the values of Threat Capability
(TCap).
53. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
Estimate the Control Strength (CS)
a) Estimate the Control Strength (CS), which represents the probability that the
organization’s controls will be able to withstand a baseline measure of force.
b) The following table shows the ratings for the values of Control Strength (CS).
54. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
Derive the Vulnerability (Vuln)
a) Derive the Vulnerability (Vuln) using the vulnerability matrix below.
b) Locate the intersection of Threat Capability (TCap) and Control Strength
(CS).
Control Strength (CS)
Vulnerability (Vuln)
55. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 2
Derive Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
a) Derive the Loss Event Frequency (LEF) using the Loss Event Frequency
(LEF) matrix below.
b) Locate the intersection of Threat Event Frequency (TEF) and Vulnerability
(Vuln) to derive Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
Vulnerability(Vuln)
Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
56. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 3
a) Evaluate the Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM).
b) Determine the probable impact of the loss. This is identified as the Probable Loss
Magnitude (PLM). This includes estimating the worst-case scenario as well as the
most probable scenario(s) of loss.
Estimate the Worst-Case Loss and Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM)
a) Use the following values to determine the magnitudes for the worst-case scenarios
and Probably Loss Magnitude (PLM) for each appropriate threat action and loss form.
The range values should be adjusted appropriately to meet the needs of the
organization.
57. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 4
a) Derive and articulate risk.
Derive the Risk Magnitude
a) Once we have estimates of Loss Event Frequency (LEF) and Probable Loss Magnitude
(PLM), we are able to derive the risk value from the risk matrix below.
b) The following matrix is used to derive risk using Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM) and
Loss Event Frequency (LEF).
c) Identify the intersection of the Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM) and Loss Event
Frequency (LEF). Risk
Loss Event Frequency (LEF)
Key Risk Values
58. 3. Calculate Risk
Stage 4
Articulate the Real Risk
a) The real challenge has to do with articulating this risk value to the decision-makers.
b) This can be performed using the information gathered through this entire process
using the ISO/IEC 27005 communication framework.
c) A major consideration of communicating risk levels is the association of qualitative
labelling with a tendency to equate ―high-risk‖ with ―unacceptable‖, and ―low-risk
with ―acceptable.
d) In fact, in some circumstances high-risk is entirely acceptable (e.g., in cases where the
potential for reward outweighs the risk).
e) In other situations, a relatively low-risk condition may be unacceptable, particularly if
the exposure is systemic within an organization. Including more specific information
regarding Loss Event Frequency (LEF) and Probable Loss Magnitude (PLM) can help
to reduce the bias associated with qualitative risk labels.
f) In summary, risk articulation must meet the needs of the decision-makers. When
using qualitative labels for range values, it is imperative to ensure that management
agrees with the criteria for each range/level.
59. 4. Develop an Information Security Risk Communication Plan
The four options available for risk treatment are:
a) Risk Reduction – Actions taken to lessen the probability, negative consequences, or
both, associated with a risk.
b) Risk Avoidance – Decision not to become involved in, or action to withdraw from, a
risk situation.
c) Risk Transfer – Sharing with another party the burden of loss or benefit of gain, for a
risk.
d) Risk Retention – Acceptance of the burden of loss or benefit of gain from a particular
risk.
The four options for risk treatment are not mutually-exclusive.
Sometimes the organization can benefit substantially by a combination of options.
Some risk treatments can effectively address more than one risk.
A risk treatment plan should be defined which clearly identifies the priority
ordering in which individual risk treatments should be implemented and their
timeframes.
60. 5. Determine the Appropriate Information Risk Treatment Plan
a) The steps involved in risk communication is a bi-directional process designed to
achieve agreement on how to manage risks by exchanging and/or sharing information
about risk between the decision-makers and other stakeholders.
b) Effective communication among stakeholders is important since this may have a
significant impact on decisions that must be made.
c) Communication will ensure that those responsible for implementing risk
management, and those with a vested interest, understand the basis on which
decisions are made and why particular actions are required.
d) Perceptions of risk can vary due to differences in assumptions, concepts, and the
needs, issues, and concerns of stakeholders as they relate to risk or the issues under
discussion.
e) Stakeholders are likely to make judgments on the acceptability of risk based on their
perception of risk.
f) This is especially important to ensure that the stakeholders’ perceptions of risk, as
well as their perceptions of benefits, can be identified and documented and the
underlying reasons clearly understood and addressed.
61. 6. Describe the Information Security Risk Monitoring and Review Plan
Risks are not static. Threats, vulnerabilities, likelihood, or consequences may change
abruptly without any indication. Therefore, constant monitoring is necessary to detect
these changes. Organizations should ensure that the following are continually
monitored:
a) New assets that have been included in the risk management scope
b) Necessary modification of asset values; e.g., due to changed business requirements
c) New threats that could be active both inside and outside the organization and that have
not been assessed
d) Possibility that new or increased vulnerabilities could allow threats to exploit these new or
changed vulnerabilities
e) Identified vulnerabilities to determine those becoming exposed to new or re-emerging
threats
f) Increased impact or consequences of assessed threats, vulnerabilities, and risks in
aggregation resulting in an unacceptable level of risk
g) Information security incidents
New threats, vulnerabilities, or changes in probability or consequences can increase
risks previously assessed as low. Review of low and accepted risks should consider each
risk separately, and all such risks as an aggregate as well, to assess their potential
accumulated impact if risks do not fall into the low or acceptable risk category.