The document discusses the role of the Quran and Sunnah in shaping Islamic architecture based on several sources. It makes the following key points: 1. The Quran and Sunnah provide broad guidance and principles for Muslims to follow in perceiving, creating, and using architecture in accordance with Islamic beliefs and values. This gives Islamic architecture its identity. 2. Specific architectural designs are not prescribed, but broad values like safety, security, and environmental friendliness are emphasized to inspire architectural ingenuity. 3. The Quran and Sunnah serve as guidance for architects and restraint against misusing architecture for evil purposes. They complement each other in establishing architecture's role in life and its goals linked to humanity's

1. APA REFERENCE THEME OF PAPER KEYWORDS METHODOLOGY CONTENT
Omer, S. (n.d.). Tawhid
and its implication for
islamic architecture
(2nd ed., Vol. 1).
The implication of
Tawhid for Islamic
architecture
Tawhid, Islamic
architecture, Islam,
Muslims, Sinan
This paper discusses the Islamic notion
of tawhid (the Oneness of Allah) and its
implications for Islamic architecture.
The paper is divided into two major
parts. Firstly, the meaning and
significance of tawhid, as a cornerstone
of the Islamic belief system, is
presented. Secondly, tawhid’s most
important implications for perceiving,
creating and using Islamic architecture
are explained.
The implications of tawhid for Islamic architecture are rather
ideological. Isma’il al-Faruqi (1995) said that the influence the concept
of tawhid exerts on Islamic civilization is such that it gives the latter its
identity impressing it by its own mold. The same is true as far as Islamic
architecture is concerned because it is an integral part of Islamic
civilization. What is more, Islamic architecture is a container of Islamic
civilization, as explained in the first chapter, one needing the other for
its identification and continued existence. Al-Faruqi (1995) observed:
“Al-tawhid is that which gives Islamic civilization its identity, which
binds all its constituents together and thus makes of them an integral,
organic body which we call civilization. In binding disparate elements
together, the essence of civilization in this case, al tawhid – impresses
them by its own mould. It recasts them so as to harmonize with and
mutually support other elements. The idea of tawhid gives Islamic
architecture its conspicuous identity. It also creates in Muslims an
unprecedented tawhidic outlook on building activities so that there
exists the highest level of compatibility between buildings and their
users. Tawhid ensures that Islamic architecture and Muslims forge a
productive and peaceful alliance. They all originated from the same
source and serve the same ontological purpose.
Tawhid and Its Implications for Islamic Architecture Spahic Omer
Allah says on this in the Qur’an: “They say: "Allah has begotten a son".
Glory be to Him. Nay, to Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on
earth: everything renders worship to Him. To Him is due the primal
origin of the heavens and the earth. When He decrees a matter, He says
to it: "Be," and it is.” (Al- Baqarah, 116, 117)
“A revelation from Him Who created the earth and the high heavens.
The Beneficent Allah is firm in power. His is what is in the heavens and
what is in the earth and what is between them two and what is beneath
the ground.” (Ta Ha, 4-6)
Allah explicitly says that he is the Creator and thus the Owner of
everything including people and whatever they are able to make.
People’s creations and possessions are in fact Allah’s: “And Allah has
created you and what you make.” (Al-Saffat, 96) The Prophet (pbuh)
also said in a tradition: “Indeed, it is Allah Who creates every other
creator and his creation.” (Ibn Kathir, 1981) This tradition is recorded by
al-Bukhari in his “Sahih” in a section entitled “The creation of people’s
deeds”.

2. APA REFERENCE THEME OF PAPER KEYWORDS METHODOLOGY CONTENT
Zeenat Begam, B. (n.d.).
Architectural
interpretation from the
values from the al Quran
and Sunnah.
Architectural interpretation
from the values of the al
Quran and sunnah
Islam, Islamic
Architecture, Al-Quran
,Sunnah
According to Islamic
Worldview Islam is a way of life for
every Muslim where mankind submits
their selves in peace with the rest of
Allah creation. In other meaning, this
religion is perfect which covers all
aspect–spiritual and material worlds.
For Muslims, their role on earth is as
khalifah, or trustee of Allah. The
universe belongs to Allah and He has
trusted us with its safekeeping.
Architecture is an instruments or
carrier, which builds building in existing
universal setting for human comfort.
The result might go well with the
environment, or will appear as if
something of a misfit, oddity, and
offensiveness. In order to avoid these
dilemmas, Islam
becomes guidance in architecture. The
result of integration between Islam and
architecture
cause the emergence of Islamic
Architecture. Islamic Architecture
means architecture, which
follows the Islamic principle from Al
Quran and Sunnah for the creation of
built environment.
Architecture is an art and science of designing buildings. In other word,
it is an act of re-shaping the existing natural environment to suit the
need and comfort of humankind. Just as the Quran emphasises setting up
architecture on science so that it would be firm and strong and this
emphasis on art.
Allah says: “say: who had forbidden the beautiful (gifts) of Allah, which
He had produced
for His servants, and the things, clean and pure (which he hath
provided) for sustenance”[Al A‘raf 7: 32]. Architectural beauty
comprises the study of aesthetic balance: And the earth - We have spread
it and cast therein firmly set mountains and caused to
grow therein [something] of every well-balanced thing. [Al Hijr15: 19].
Architects as designers possess the biggest responsibility as
Khilafah in this world. All buildings and structures should respect the
nature and the human need.
Actually erecting building in Islam become a part of man’s worship
(ibadah) as vicegerent on earth and achieve the objectives of Shari’ah
for the preservation of religion, self, mental strength, progeny and
wealth. According to the Islamic Tawhid worldview, constructed
buildings are meant not only to meet some of the necessary
requirements in relation to man’s existence on earth, but also to
facilitate, foster and stimulate his ibadah practices entrusted to him by
Allah, thus helping him to elevate his status to a dignity above other
creation and honorably live up to his reputation as the steward of
creation.
Islamic architecture is combination of both Islam and architecture. The
meaning is architecture that purely based on the principle of Islam (Al
Quran and Hadith). This meaning is widely accepted compare to other
understanding, which is - architecture produce in the Muslim country
and only Muslim society possesses it.

3. APA REFERENCE THEME OF PAPER KEYWORDS METHODOLOGY CONTENT
Omer, S. (2011,
November 9). Retrieved
November 1, 2015, from
http://www.islamicity.org/
4551/the-quran-and-
sunnah-as-the-
foundation-of-islamic-
architecture/
The Qur’an and Sunnah as
the Foundation of Islamic
Architecture
Guidance, Hadith And
Sunnah, Islamic Art And
Architecture, Quran
Sunnah, Hadith, Islamic
Architecture,
Quidance
Concerning the realm of architecture,
the role of the Qur’an and the Prophet’s
Sunnah is to provide the Muslims with
an inspired outlook on life, in general,
and on those issues that are pertinent to
architecture, in particular, and with
some broad rules of morality and
guidelines of proper conduct which may
or may not be directly related to
architecture. Upon such a divine outlook
and general principles and guidelines
Muslims are invited to establish
architectural theories, systems and
styles that are consistent with both their
religious preferences and the
requirements of their diverse eras,
geographic regions, cultures and other
practical needs. Islamic architecture is a
symbiosis between constancy, which is
represented by the constant innate
inclinations of essential human nature
and the heavenly guidelines and rules
meant for it, and inconstancy, which is
necessitated and controlled by the time
and space factors. It is the latter that
changes while the former is abiding and
remains firm.
1.The Qur’an and Sunnah afford a perfect guidance on how
Muslims are to perceive creating, using and possessing architecture.
Such is an integral part of the total Islamic worldview. The two holy
sources also educate on the importance of architecture and its purpose in
life. The goals of architecture are seen as closely linked to man’s life
purpose and goals, and are treated as such. The two in fact complement
each other. Thus, a Muslim architect should see himself firstly as a
servant of God, then as an architect.
2. The Qur’an and Sunnah afford sets of broad and general values
and principles which are central to the body of Islamic architecture:
from the ideological and abstract aspects concerning the philosophy of
Islamic architecture, to the practical and tangible ones concerning the
functions of many of its components. If one expects to find in either the
Qur’an or Sunnah a concrete formula for designing a dwelling or a
mosque, for example, one is then seriously misguided. Equally
misguided is he who asserts that the art and architecture of Muslims has
nothing to do with the beliefs and value system of Islam, and that the
two should be kept clear of each other.
3. The Qur’an and Sunnah with their approach to architecture serve
as an everlasting source of inspiration and a catalyst for matchless
ingenuity. And the two notions: inspiration and ingenuity, are
fundamental to every successful architectural story. For instance, the
Qur’an and Sunnah do not speak about how to design a house entrances
and windows, but they speak about the issues which are pertinent to the
subject of the house entrances and windows. Nor do they speak how to
organize inner spaces inside a house, but they speak about scores of
issues which are related to that particular subject. Nor do they speak
about the ways mosques are to be designed, but they speak about
mosque activities and various other matters that are pertinent to the
mosque and so must be considered when designing mosques. Nor do
they speak about how to make buildings environment friendly, but they
are very much eloquent about the meaning and significance of the
environment and our many duties towards, and rights over, it. Nor do
they speak about how to make buildings perfectly safe, secure and clean,
but they are categorical in establishing safety, security and cleanliness
among the most important principles in Islam.
4. The Qur’an and Sunnah, apart from being a divine guidance, also
serve as a powerful restraining force every time people develop a
tendency to lose their way and start using architecture as both a means
of and field for committing certain evil practices. Since architecture is a
powerful and effective medium for expressing ideas, status, reputation,
personal and social achievements, etc., it has a potential to be both
abused and misused at the hands of its designers, patrons, builders and
users, proportionately to the extent of their deviational tendencies.

4. APA REFERENCE THEME OF PAPER KEYWORDS METHODOLOGY CONTENT
Water in Islamic
Architecture. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 1,
2015, from
http://www.theculturetrip.
com/middle-
east/articles/water-in-
islamic-architecture/
Water in Islamic
Architecture
Water, Islamic
Architecture,
Water is not merely a functional addition
to architecture and design, it is an integral
part of architecture in both religious and
secular systems – shaping the aesthetics of
landscapes and breathing life into
structures. Water has notably been greatly
used in Islamic architecture across the
Middle East, as far as India to the East
and Spain to the West.
Water does not play the same essential role in traditional European
architecture as it does in Islamic architecture. The Quran states that
‘Every living thing is made of water’, and the prominence of this
thought is visible in Islam’s use of water. The role played by water in
Islamic architecture is as symbolic as it is practical. Water is not only
used in a purely utilitarian manner: after all, it is the source of life and
thus carries an important symbol – not only for Islam, but also for many
cultures that associate it with life, purification and sustainability. Water
plays a particularly central role in Iranian design: 1,000 years before the
invention of the first water pump,
Water is not only used in gardens but also in ablution fountains, in both
a practical and spiritual way: water symbolizes external purification, and
it also brings the user into ritual contact with the architecture itself.

5. APA REFERENCE THEME OF PAPER KEYWORDS METHODOLOGY CONTENT
Explain the Basic
Concepts of Islamic
Architecture, Based on the
Verses of the Holy Quran
Holy Quran, Islamic
architecture, privacy
hierarchy
The architecture refers to the meaning and
mystery of the world and received by all
men in all ages and cultures and gives
them influence. The present study sought
to understand the concepts of explanation
and understanding of Islamic architecture
is based on some verses of the Holy
Quran in this context eleven verses of the
Quran is determined as follows: benefit
determination set-O, a story or narrative,
functional integrity, hierarchy, privacy and
security, compliance with tunable size and
proportions, clarity, unity, urban space,
sacred geometry, contentment and
satisfaction, interest in nature. Nature
study, cross-sectional approach is based
on inductive. By examining some of the
original eleven verses using content
analysis and extraction was proposed as
the basic concepts of Islamic architecture.
Architecture is derived from the language of Quran and the depth and
richness of Islamic civilization using soul spirituality. It is a sense that
belief in Unity and belief in the teachings of Islam as the religion of
Islam aesthetic ideas manifested in Islamic architecture. As religious
ideals, values and different ideas to bring architecture create their own.
Islamic architecture is typical of the architecture together with the
Islamic teachings that the universe is trying Sghyrh that echoes the great
scholar, the expression (: p251988Bohumil Prochazka,). This definition
shows, the architectural expression of Islam is one of the tools. Hence,
the objective of Islamic architecture, reflecting on the place of God in
the material world is the world.

6. 1: in your opinion, what is Architecture according to the Quran ?
Because it is part of Human life It is the way of life for people.
2: Refer to question 1 why do you thing Architecture is mention in the Quran ?
So that we have a place to pray, directing taward Qibla.
3:To your knowledge do you know any Quran verses that are related to building, Constructions or architecture ?
Yes I know some verses:
Surah Saba V13 … they work for him as he desired (making) arches, images .
Surah Saba V10 : And we made the iron soft for him (Dawood a.s)
Surah Ankabut V38 : remember also the (people) Aad and the Thamud, clearly will appear to you from the traces of their building.
4: With reference to question 1 can you please elaborate the story or tafser that are related to the verses mentioned in The Quran/ Hadith?
Allah give the Prophet Sulaymaan power and control over the djinn community for construction.
All types of construction, this is an idea about civilization concerning structures made by men.
5: How the Quran explain the notion of tawheed related to Islamic desing?
We can’t mingle At Tawheed ,which is the proclamation of the unicity of Allah and Islamic art.
they are two different things. At Tawheed is the first basic thing for the validity of the faith in Islam, whereas Islamic art don’t form parts in those basics thing.
Islamic is just an extra thing forming parts in the history of Islam, from the very beginning of human history on earth till now.

7. 6: According to your knowledge how Tawhid ensure that Masjid and Muslims forge a productive and peaceful alliance?
First of all you must know the meaning of masjid, which means a place where Prostration is made that is salaat, so wherever a muslim perform his Salaat, this
place is a masjid for him. Whereas building which are made especially to perform the five daily prayers in congregation is for the purpose, to get more rewards
than prayer made individually and the joining of Muslim at these time to exchange ideas and to know the state of each Muslim.
7: How The roles of the Qur’an and the Porphet’s Sunnah in shaping the identity of Islamic architecture.
The Qur’an and Sunnah afford a perfect guidance on how Muslims are to perceive creating, using and possessing architecture. It show us how to built in
accordance to show the principle and thought of Islam. Islam is a perfect religion, Everything is set already for us to follow in order to stay in the right path
8: All mosque faces Qibla, according to you is there other features that shows Tawheed?
Facing the Qibla is an order from Allah to perform the Salaat and the mosque is only a place for the salaat so the Qibla has no connection with Tawheed.
9: In your opinion how the shape of a mosque teach or remind the occupant that a mosque represent Tawheed?
As I said the mosque is only a construction to accommodate the prayers for the proclamation of Tawheed.
10: Which part of a mosque you feel more the essence of Tawheed? Can you please express you emotions in few words?
Anywhere in the mosque where the prayer is attesting and certifying the Unicity of Allah .
11: Water is an important features in Islam. Many mosque in Malaysia have waterfalls, unfortunately Seksyen 7 has no waterfall. Is it because having a waterfall is
not important ?
Yes your are right, water is mention in the Quran and is an important features in Islam. However in my opinion having a nice garden with waterfall is not that
important because water is not only for fountains but for ablution as well. So to answer your question, this mosque has no fountain but it does have plenty of
water for ablution. And I think that this mosque it small that’s why there's no water features in the garden.

8. In this Chapter I will discuss about Al-Quran and Islamic Architecture in relation to Tawhid. To begin with, it is important to understand the definition of Al-Quran,
Tawhid and Islamic Atchitecture. Further more, In order to understand the social and physical framework of Islam, which embodies criteria for evaluating a Muslim
housing environment, it is important to analyze the Islamic legal system. Through its concept, sources and method of application, this system, which is called
shari’ah, is the origin of the principles of these frameworks
 The Qur’an is the ultimate origin of Islamic apprenticeship and enactment as it the word of God (Allah) It is the holy disclosure of the commandment of God.
The word al Qur’an in Arabic means ‘ the book to be read ’. In the Qur’an, Allah message is either informative or prescriptive. The information is about Himself
and about His creation. For example the statement of His Unity and stories narating the promise and the Threat); the order take the state of directive,
prevention, or permission. The unveiling of the Quran to the prophet helps him to curb religious impedements. For instance, whenever there was a political,
social, or religious mishap during the life of the prophet, a Qur’anic verse was disclose. This conceal a strong bond between the Qur’an and everyday life and its
application.
Tawhid means the uniqueness of Allah. It is the core part of Iman (Faith) and is magnificently conveyed in Suratul-Ikhlas in the Quran:
“Say, He is Allah, the One. Allah is Enternal and Absolute. None is born of Him, nor is He born. And there is none like Him.” (Surah 112)
Tawhid is the most important Islamic belief. It infers that Allah, Who is also the maintainer of the universe and the Sole origin of its Assistance, makes everything on
this earth. Tawhid is the belief in Allah with all His powers. Allah is All-knowing, All wise and All-powerful. He is the kindhearted and the kind. He is with us all the
time. He sees us, but we do not see Him. He is, was and always will be. He is the First and the Last. He has no partner or son. He gives us life and takes it back. We
must return to him after death.
Islamic architecture is blend of both Islam and architecture. The meaning is architecture that solely founded on the principle of Islam (Al Quran and Hadith). This
significance is widely established compare to other understanding, which is - architecture created in the Muslim country and only Muslim society own it. For
instance, minarets, arches, and dome are some of architectural features that are linked with Islam and known as Islamic architecture.

9. After interviewing a women in Seksyen 7 mosque in Shah Alam, it has been noted that different people has different point of view of Quran and Architecture in
relation to Tawhid. According to her, the definition of Architecture according to the Quran is “Is it a way of life”. And The Al-Quran mention about Architecture
because “ So that we have a place to pray, directing Taward Qibla” Is it true and agree with her. However Architecture According to the Quran is more that
that. ( Zeenat) stated that “Architecture is an art and science of designing buildings. In other word, it is an act of re-shaping the existing natural environment to suit
the need and comfort of humankind. Just as the Quran emphasises setting up architecture on science so that it would be firm and strong and this emphasis on art”
Allah says: “say: who had forbidden the beautiful (gifts) of Allah, which He had produced for His servants, and the things, clean and pure (which he hath
provided) for sustenance” [Al A‘raf 7: 32]. Concerning the realm of architecture, the role of the Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah is to provide the Muslims with
an inspired outlook on life, in general, and on those issues that are pertinent to architecture, in particular, and with some broad rules of morality and guidelines of
proper conduct which may or may not be directly related to architecture. (Omer, 2011)
The lady interviewed Is aware and has the knowledge that Architecture is mention in Al-Quran and has a relation with Tawhid. She mentioned few verses which
are the following:
Surah Saba V13 ... they work for him as he desired (making) arches, images .
Surah Saba V10 : And we made the iron soft for him (Dawood a.s) Surah Ankabut V38 : remember also the (people) Aad and the Thamud, clearly will
appear to you from the traces of their building.
This show clearly that whatever we built is For Allah. Allah explicitly says that he is the Creator and thus the Owner of everything including people and
whatever they are able to make. People’s creations and possessions are in fact Allah’s: “And Allah has created you and what you make.” (Al-Saffat, 96) The
Prophet (pbuh) also said in a tradition: “Indeed, it is Allah Who creates every other creator and his creation.” (Ibn Kathir, 1981) This tradition is recorded by
al-Bukhari in his “Sahih” in a section entitled “The creation of people’s deeds”.
However the lady also mentioned that We can’t mingle Al Tawheed ,which is the proclamation of the unicity of Allah and Islamic art. they are two different things.
Al Tawheed is the first basic thing for the validity of the faith in Islam, whereas Islamic art don’t form parts in those basics thing. Islamic art is just an extra thing
forming parts in the history of Islam, from the very beginning of human history on earth till now.
What has been observed it that the dome of a Masjid it pointed upward to the sky and all dome of many mosque pointed upward that shows the Iniquity of Allah
and there is only one same for the minaret: the scale that show the superiority. Therefore it is not mention in the Quran and any hadith according to what she said is
that : “Am sorry there is nothing, no relation, no connection between the minaret , Dome of mosque with Tawheed. There are no verse explicit or none explicit in
the Qur’an, idem from Hadith informing about this in my knowledge”.

10. INTRODUCTION
 Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing
the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture and beyond. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the
Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace, the Fort, the School, and urban buildings. For all these types of constructions, Islamic architecture developed a
rich vocabulary that was also used for buildings of lesser importance such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture. The following
book, will discuss about Islamic architecture in relation To Tawhid. Tawhid means the oneness of Allah. It is the main part of Iman (Faith) and
is beautifully epressed in Suratul-Ikhlas in the Quran:
“Say, He is Allah, the One. Allah is Enternal and Absolute. None is born of Him, nor is He born. And there is none like Him.” (Surah
112). Tawhid is the most important Islamic belief. It implies that everything on this earth is created by Allah, Who is also the Sustainer of the
universe and the Sole Source of its Guidance. Tawhid is the belief in Allah with all His powers. Allah is All-knowing, All-wise and All-powerful.
He is the merciful and the kind. He is with us all the time. He sees us, but we do not see Him. He is, was and always will be. He is the First and the
Last. He has no partner or son. He gives us life and takes it away. We must return to him after death.
Will will further discuss about Tawhid in details through deferent chapter.
Chapter 1: Principles of Tawhid in islamic Architecture
Chapter 2: Quran and Architecture
Chapter 3 : Mosque forms and meaning
Chapter 4 Architecture and Sufism
Chapter 5 Phenomenology Study of Mosque Architecture