The Irrawaddy dolphin is found in parts of Southeast Asia and is classified as endangered. It lives in brackish estuaries, river mouths, and coastal waters. The largest threats to Irrawaddy dolphins are drowning in fishing nets and habitat loss from activities like dam construction. Conservation efforts aim to reduce accidental capture in nets and protect important habitats.
We converted Matt's live presentation into a self-contained SlideShare in an effort to share the good work of our 4th grade students at Cherokee School. Visit http://fredkoch.edublogs.org for more student projects!
crocodiles are the only reptiles having 4 chambered heart,flattened tail and body covered with scutes.hind limb is webbed and in this ppt you can discover all the facts about crocodile..hope you can enjoy
We converted Matt's live presentation into a self-contained SlideShare in an effort to share the good work of our 4th grade students at Cherokee School. Visit http://fredkoch.edublogs.org for more student projects!
crocodiles are the only reptiles having 4 chambered heart,flattened tail and body covered with scutes.hind limb is webbed and in this ppt you can discover all the facts about crocodile..hope you can enjoy
A bright factual presentation for youth which includes a section on bullying. Humourous at times--Sea Turtles bullying each other. Langs Health, Wellness and Community Centre in Cambridge Ontario,
8 Most Endangered Animals - All About Wildlifepgpoonamgirn
Endangered means to be under threat or near extinction. When a species/animal is endangered it means that they are disappearing fast or have a very small population - not large enough to survive. Read more about this in the PPT.
Endangered Species : Power Point Presentationaiswaryab916
THIS GIVES AN ACCOUNT ABOUT THE ENDANGERED SPECIES. THE ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE TYPES OF SPECIES ARE GIVEN . ITS WITH GREAT EFFORT THAT WE MADE THIS AND HOPE WILL HELP ALL
Get on your scuba gear and get ready for an undersea adventure!
Along your way, you will be discovering some of the amazing creatures that live in the sea kingdom we call the ocean.
You will need to find as much as information as you can about these sea creatures and tell us about your adventure..
A bright factual presentation for youth which includes a section on bullying. Humourous at times--Sea Turtles bullying each other. Langs Health, Wellness and Community Centre in Cambridge Ontario,
8 Most Endangered Animals - All About Wildlifepgpoonamgirn
Endangered means to be under threat or near extinction. When a species/animal is endangered it means that they are disappearing fast or have a very small population - not large enough to survive. Read more about this in the PPT.
Endangered Species : Power Point Presentationaiswaryab916
THIS GIVES AN ACCOUNT ABOUT THE ENDANGERED SPECIES. THE ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE TYPES OF SPECIES ARE GIVEN . ITS WITH GREAT EFFORT THAT WE MADE THIS AND HOPE WILL HELP ALL
Get on your scuba gear and get ready for an undersea adventure!
Along your way, you will be discovering some of the amazing creatures that live in the sea kingdom we call the ocean.
You will need to find as much as information as you can about these sea creatures and tell us about your adventure..
BIOLOGY OF DUGONG Dugong dugon, also known as sea cows is a marine mammal.
It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.
It is the only living representative of the once diverse family Dugongidae; its closest modern relative, Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), was hunted to extinction in the 18th century.
Singapore wild marine mammal survey (marine mammal identification sheet)Ria Tan
Identification sheet (English) on how to identify wild marine mammals in Singapore. By the Singapore Wild Marine Mammal Survey (SWIMMS) http://www.tmsi.nus.edu.sg/mmrl
with permission from SWIMMS.
This presentation is on Endangerd species of marine mammals and marine birds. Explain about bioligy,habitat,reproduction,threats and conservations of the animals.
About TrueTime, Spanner, Clock synchronization, CAP theorem, Two-phase lockin...Subhajit Sahu
TrueTime is a service that enables the use of globally synchronized clocks, with bounded error. It returns a time interval that is guaranteed to contain the clock’s actual time for some time during the call’s execution. If two intervals do not overlap, then we know calls were definitely ordered in real time. In general, synchronized clocks can be used to avoid communication in a distributed system.
The underlying source of time is a combination of GPS receivers and atomic clocks. As there are “time masters” in every datacenter (redundantly), it is likely that both sides of a partition would continue to enjoy accurate time. Individual nodes however need network connectivity to the masters, and without it their clocks will drift. Thus, during a partition their intervals slowly grow wider over time, based on bounds on the rate of local clock drift. Operations depending on TrueTime, such as Paxos leader election or transaction commits, thus have to wait a little longer, but the operation still completes (assuming the 2PC and quorum communication are working).
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Adjusting Bitset for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is commonly used for efficient graph computations. Unfortunately, using CSR for dynamic graphs is impractical since addition/deletion of a single edge can require on average (N+M)/2 memory accesses, in order to update source-offsets and destination-indices. A common approach is therefore to store edge-lists/destination-indices as an array of arrays, where each edge-list is an array belonging to a vertex. While this is good enough for small graphs, it quickly becomes a bottleneck for large graphs. What causes this bottleneck depends on whether the edge-lists are sorted or unsorted. If they are sorted, checking for an edge requires about log(E) memory accesses, but adding an edge on average requires E/2 accesses, where E is the number of edges of a given vertex. Note that both addition and deletion of edges in a dynamic graph require checking for an existing edge, before adding or deleting it. If edge lists are unsorted, checking for an edge requires around E/2 memory accesses, but adding an edge requires only 1 memory access.
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Experiments with Primitive operations : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
This includes:
- Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
- Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
- Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
- Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Adjusting OpenMP PageRank : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
For massive graphs that fit in RAM, but not in GPU memory, it is possible to take
advantage of a shared memory system with multiple CPUs, each with multiple cores, to
accelerate pagerank computation. If the NUMA architecture of the system is properly taken
into account with good vertex partitioning, the speedup can be significant. To take steps in
this direction, experiments are conducted to implement pagerank in OpenMP using two
different approaches, uniform and hybrid. The uniform approach runs all primitives required
for pagerank in OpenMP mode (with multiple threads). On the other hand, the hybrid
approach runs certain primitives in sequential mode (i.e., sumAt, multiply).
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
DyGraph: A Dynamic Graph Generator and Benchmark Suite : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/54c4a14d9ea547183c6c7b3518bf9cd1
There exist a number of dynamic graph generators. Barbasi-Albert model iteratively attach new vertices to pre-exsiting vertices in the graph using preferential attachment (edges to high degree vertices are more likely - rich get richer - Pareto principle). However, graph size increases monotonically, and density of graph keeps increasing (sparsity decreasing).
Gorke's model uses a defined clustering to uniformly add vertices and edges. Purohit's model uses motifs (eg. triangles) to mimick properties of existing dynamic graphs, such as growth rate, structure, and degree distribution. Kronecker graph generators are used to increase size of a given graph, with power-law distribution.
To generate dynamic graphs, we must choose a metric to compare two graphs. Common metrics include diameter, clustering coefficient (modularity?), triangle counting (triangle density?), and degree distribution.
In this paper, the authors propose Dygraph, a dynamic graph generator that uses degree distribution as the only metric. The authors observe that many real-world graphs differ from the power-law distribution at the tail end. To address this issue, they propose binning, where the vertices beyond a certain degree (minDeg = min(deg) s.t. |V(deg)| < H, where H~10 is the number of vertices with a given degree below which are binned) are grouped into bins of degree-width binWidth, max-degree localMax, and number of degrees in bin with at least one vertex binSize (to keep track of sparsity). This helps the authors to generate graphs with a more realistic degree distribution.
The process of generating a dynamic graph is as follows. First the difference between the desired and the current degree distribution is calculated. The authors then create an edge-addition set where each vertex is present as many times as the number of additional incident edges it must recieve. Edges are then created by connecting two vertices randomly from this set, and removing both from the set once connected. Currently, authors reject self-loops and duplicate edges. Removal of edges is done in a similar fashion.
Authors observe that adding edges with power-law properties dominates the execution time, and consider parallelizing DyGraph as part of future work.
My notes on shared memory parallelism.
Shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between programs. Using memory for communication inside a single program, e.g. among its multiple threads, is also referred to as shared memory [REF].
A Dynamic Algorithm for Local Community Detection in Graphs : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
**Community detection methods** can be *global* or *local*. **Global community detection methods** divide the entire graph into groups. Existing global algorithms include:
- Random walk methods
- Spectral partitioning
- Label propagation
- Greedy agglomerative and divisive algorithms
- Clique percolation
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/b4316609265b5b9f88027bbc491f80b6
There is a growing body of work in *detecting overlapping communities*. **Seed set expansion** is a **local community detection method** where a relevant *seed vertices* of interest are picked and *expanded to form communities* surrounding them. The quality of each community is measured using a *fitness function*.
**Modularity** is a *fitness function* which compares the number of intra-community edges to the expected number in a random-null model. **Conductance** is another popular fitness score that measures the community cut or inter-community edges. Many *overlapping community detection* methods **use a modified ratio** of intra-community edges to all edges with atleast one endpoint in the community.
Andersen et al. use a **Spectral PageRank-Nibble method** which minimizes conductance and is formed by adding vertices in order of decreasing PageRank values. Andersen and Lang develop a **random walk approach** in which some vertices in the seed set may not be placed in the final community. Clauset gives a **greedy method** that *starts from a single vertex* and then iteratively adds neighboring vertices *maximizing the local modularity score*. Riedy et al. **expand multiple vertices** via maximizing modularity.
Several algorithms for **detecting global, overlapping communities** use a *greedy*, *agglomerative approach* and run *multiple separate seed set expansions*. Lancichinetti et al. run **greedy seed set expansions**, each with a *single seed vertex*. Overlapping communities are produced by a sequentially running expansions from a node not yet in a community. Lee et al. use **maximal cliques as seed sets**. Havemann et al. **greedily expand cliques**.
The authors of this paper discuss a dynamic approach for **community detection using seed set expansion**. Simply marking the neighbours of changed vertices is a **naive approach**, and has *severe shortcomings*. This is because *communities can split apart*. The simple updating method *may fail even when it outputs a valid community* in the graph.
Scalable Static and Dynamic Community Detection Using Grappolo : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
A **community** (in a network) is a subset of nodes which are _strongly connected among themselves_, but _weakly connected to others_. Neither the number of output communities nor their size distribution is known a priori. Community detection methods can be divisive or agglomerative. **Divisive methods** use _betweeness centrality_ to **identify and remove bridges** between communities. **Agglomerative methods** greedily **merge two communities** that provide maximum gain in _modularity_. Newman and Girvan have introduced the **modularity metric**. The problem of community detection is then reduced to the problem of modularity maximization which is **NP-complete**. **Louvain method** is a variant of the _agglomerative strategy_, in that is a _multi-level heuristic_.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/917a1a4a429e89a0f2a1911cea56314d
In this paper, the authors discuss **four heuristics** for Community detection using the _Louvain algorithm_ implemented upon recently developed **Grappolo**, which is a parallel variant of the Louvain algorithm. They are:
- Vertex following and Minimum label
- Data caching
- Graph coloring
- Threshold scaling
With the **Vertex following** heuristic, the _input is preprocessed_ and all single-degree vertices are merged with their corresponding neighbours. This helps reduce the number of vertices considered in each iteration, and also help initial seeds of communities to be formed. With the **Minimum label heuristic**, when a vertex is making the decision to move to a community and multiple communities provided the same modularity gain, the community with the smallest id is chosen. This helps _minimize or prevent community swaps_. With the **Data caching** heuristic, community information is stored in a vector instead of a map, and is reused in each iteration, but with some additional cost. With the **Vertex ordering via Graph coloring** heuristic, _distance-k coloring_ of graphs is performed in order to group vertices into colors. Then, each set of vertices (by color) is processed _concurrently_, and synchronization is performed after that. This enables us to mimic the behaviour of the serial algorithm. Finally, with the **Threshold scaling** heuristic, _successively smaller values of modularity threshold_ are used as the algorithm progresses. This allows the algorithm to converge faster, and it has been observed a good modularity score as well.
From the results, it appears that _graph coloring_ and _threshold scaling_ heuristics do not always provide a speedup and this depends upon the nature of the graph. It would be interesting to compare the heuristics against baseline approaches. Future work can include _distributed memory implementations_, and _community detection on streaming graphs_.
Application Areas of Community Detection: A Review : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
This is a short review of Community detection methods (on graphs), and their applications. A **community** is a subset of a network whose members are *highly connected*, but *loosely connected* to others outside their community. Different community detection methods *can return differing communities* these algorithms are **heuristic-based**. **Dynamic community detection** involves tracking the *evolution of community structure* over time.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/09e64d6ba3ef080db5558feb2d32fdc0
Communities can be of the following **types**:
- Disjoint
- Overlapping
- Hierarchical
- Local.
The following **static** community detection **methods** exist:
- Spectral-based
- Statistical inference
- Optimization
- Dynamics-based
The following **dynamic** community detection **methods** exist:
- Independent community detection and matching
- Dependent community detection (evolutionary)
- Simultaneous community detection on all snapshots
- Dynamic community detection on temporal networks
**Applications** of community detection include:
- Criminal identification
- Fraud detection
- Criminal activities detection
- Bot detection
- Dynamics of epidemic spreading (dynamic)
- Cancer/tumor detection
- Tissue/organ detection
- Evolution of influence (dynamic)
- Astroturfing
- Customer segmentation
- Recommendation systems
- Social network analysis (both)
- Network summarization
- Privary, group segmentation
- Link prediction (both)
- Community evolution prediction (dynamic, hot field)
<br>
<br>
## References
- [Application Areas of Community Detection: A Review : PAPER](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8625349)
This paper discusses a GPU implementation of the Louvain community detection algorithm. Louvain algorithm obtains hierachical communities as a dendrogram through modularity optimization. Given an undirected weighted graph, all vertices are first considered to be their own communities. In the first phase, each vertex greedily decides to move to the community of one of its neighbours which gives greatest increase in modularity. If moving to no neighbour's community leads to an increase in modularity, the vertex chooses to stay with its own community. This is done sequentially for all the vertices. If the total change in modularity is more than a certain threshold, this phase is repeated. Once this local moving phase is complete, all vertices have formed their first hierarchy of communities. The next phase is called the aggregation phase, where all the vertices belonging to a community are collapsed into a single super-vertex, such that edges between communities are represented as edges between respective super-vertices (edge weights are combined), and edges within each community are represented as self-loops in respective super-vertices (again, edge weights are combined). Together, the local moving and the aggregation phases constitute a stage. This super-vertex graph is then used as input fof the next stage. This process continues until the increase in modularity is below a certain threshold. As a result from each stage, we have a hierarchy of community memberships for each vertex as a dendrogram.
Approaches to perform the Louvain algorithm can be divided into coarse-grained and fine-grained. Coarse-grained approaches process a set of vertices in parallel, while fine-grained approaches process all vertices in parallel. A coarse-grained hybrid-GPU algorithm using multi GPUs has be implemented by Cheong et al. which grabbed my attention. In addition, their algorithm does not use hashing for the local moving phase, but instead sorts each neighbour list based on the community id of each vertex.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/7e72c9b8c18c18ab908ae76262099329
Survey for extra-child-process package : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Useful additions to inbuilt child_process module.
📦 Node.js, 📜 Files, 📰 Docs.
Please see attached PDF for literature survey.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/d936da570d7bf73f95d1513d4368573e
Dynamic Batch Parallel Algorithms for Updating PageRank : POSTERSubhajit Sahu
For the PhD forum an abstract submission is required by 10th May, and poster by 15th May. The event is on 30th May.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/692d263f463fd49be6eb5aa65dd4d0f9
Abstract for IPDPS 2022 PhD Forum on Dynamic Batch Parallel Algorithms for Up...Subhajit Sahu
For the PhD forum an abstract submission is required by 10th May, and poster by 15th May. The event is on 30th May.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/1c1f730d20b51e0d2c6d477fd3713024
Fast Incremental Community Detection on Dynamic Graphs : NOTESSubhajit Sahu
In this paper, the authors describe two approaches for dynamic community detection using the CNM algorithm. CNM is a hierarchical, agglomerative algorithm that greedily maximizes modularity. They define two approaches: BasicDyn and FastDyn. BasicDyn backtracks merges of communities until each marked (changed) vertex is its own singleton community. FastDyn undoes a merge only if the quality of merge, as measured by the induced change in modularity, has significantly decreased compared to when the merge initially took place. FastDyn also allows more than two vertices to contract together if in the previous time step these vertices eventually ended up contracted in the same community. In the static case, merging several vertices together in one contraction phase could lead to deteriorating results. FastDyn is able to do this, however, because it uses information from the merges of the previous time step. Intuitively, merges that previously occurred are more likely to be acceptable later.
https://gist.github.com/wolfram77/1856b108334cc822cdddfdfa7334792a
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
1. 06/10/2020 Irrawaddy dolphin - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin 1/14
Irrawaddy dolphin
Irrawaddy dolphin in Cambodia
Size comparison to an average
human
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Orcaella
Species: O. brevirostris
Binomial name
Orcaella brevirostris
(Owen in Gray, 1866)[2]
Irrawaddy dolphin
The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is a euryhaline
species of oceanic dolphin found in discontinuous subpopulations
near sea coasts and in estuaries and rivers in parts of the Bay of
Bengal and Southeast Asia.
Taxonomy
Etymology and local names
Description
Behaviour
Mating
Reproduction
Feeding
Habitat and subpopulations
Interaction with humans
Threats
Tourism
Disease
Conservation
International efforts
National efforts
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
One of the earliest recorded descriptions of the Irrawaddy dolphin
was by Sir Richard Owen in 1866 based on a specimen found in
1852, in the harbour of Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India.[3] It
is one of two species in its genus. It has sometimes been listed
variously in a family containing just itself and in the Monodontidae
and Delphinapteridae. Widespread agreement now exists to list it in
the family Delphinidae.
Contents
Taxonomy
Etymology and local names
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Range of genus Orcaella
See: Irrawaddy dolphin
geographic range map (http://www.iuc
nredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/154
19/0)
Synonyms
Orca (Orcaella) brevirostris
Owen in Gray, 1866 (basionym)
Orcaella brevirostris
brevirostris Ellerman & Morrison-
Scott, 1951
Orcaella brevirostris fluminalis
Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951
Orcaella fluminalis Gray, 1871
Orcella brevirostris Anderson,
1871
Orcella fluminalis Anderson,
1871
Phocaena (Orca) brevirostris
Owen, 1866
Irrawaddy dolphin skeleton
specimen exhibited in Museo di
storia naturale e del territorio
dell'Università di Pisa
The species name brevirostris comes from the Latin meaning short-
beaked. It is very closely related to the Australian snubfin dolphin
(Orcaella heinsohni). The two snubfin dolphins were only recognised
as separate species in 2005 when a genetic analysis showed that the
population found along the coast of northern Australia forms a second
species in the genus Orcaella. The Orcaella dolphins are also close
relatives of the Orca (Orcinus orca).
Vernacular names for the Irrawaddy dolphin include:
Thai: โลมาอิรวดี loma irawadi, โลมาหัวบาตร loma hua bat
("alms-bowl dolphin", due to the shape of their heads)[4]
Odia: ଶିଶୁମାର sisumara, ଭୂଆଷୁଣୀ ମଗର bhuasuni magar (lit.
oil-yielding dolphin)[3]
Filipino: lampasut[5]
Bengali: ক shushuko
Indonesian: pesut
Khmer: េផ ត ph’sout
Lao: ປາຂ່າ pha’ka
Malay: empesut
Burmese: ဧရာဝတီ လင်းပိင် eyawadi lăbaing
The Irrawaddy dolphin's colour is grey to dark slate blue, paler
underneath, without a distinctive pattern. The dorsal fin is small and
rounded behind the middle of the back. The forehead is high and
rounded; the beak is lacking. The front of its snout is blunt. The
flippers are broad and rounded. The finless porpoise (Neophocaena
phocaenoides) is similar and has no back fin; the humpback dolphin
(Sousa chinensis) is larger, and has a longer beak and a larger dorsal
fin.[3] It ranges in weight from 90 to 200 kg (200 to 440 lb) with a
length of 2.3 m (7.5 ft) at full maturity.[6] Maximum recorded length
is 2.75 m (9.0 ft) of a male in Thailand.[4]
The Irrawaddy dolphin is similar to the beluga in appearance, though
most closely related to the killer whale. It has a large melon and a blunt,
rounded head, and the beak is indistinct. Its dorsal fin, located about
two-thirds posterior along the back, is short, blunt, and triangular. The
flippers are long and broad. It is lightly colored all over, but slightly
more white on the underside than the back. Unlike any other dolphin,
the Irrawaddy's U-shaped blowhole is on the left of the midline and
opens towards the front of the dolphin. Its short beak appears very
different from those of other dolphins, and its mouth is known for
having 12-19 peg-like teeth on each side of the jaws.
List
Description
Behaviour
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1878 illustration
Closeup Irrawaddy dolphin jumping
in Mekong River
Communication is carried out
with clicks, creaks, and buzzes
at a dominant frequency of
about 60 kilohertz, which is
thought to be used for
echolocation. Bony fish and fish
eggs, cephalopods, and
crustaceans are taken as food.
Observations of captive animals
indicate food may be taken into
the mouth by suction.
Irrawaddy dolphins are capable
of squirting streams of water
that can reach up to 1.5 metres
(4 ft 11 in); this distinct behaviour has been known for herding fish into a general area for hunting.[7] They do
this sometimes while spyhopping and during feeding, apparently to expel water ingested during fish capture or
possibly to herd fish. Some Irrawaddy dolphins kept in captivity have been trained to do spyhopping on
command. The Irrawaddy dolphin is a slow swimmer, but swimming speeds of 20–25 kilometres per hour (12–
16 mph) were reported when dolphins were being chased in a boat.[8]
Irrawaddy dolphins are shy of boats, not known to bow-ride, and generally dive when alarmed. They are
relatively slow moving but can sometimes be seen spyhopping and rolling to one side while waving a flipper
and occasionally breaching. They are generally found in groups of 2-3 animals, though sometimes as many as
25 individuals have been known to congregate in deep pools. Groups of fewer than six individuals are most
common, but sometimes up to 15 dolphins are seen together.[8][9] Traveling and staying in groups not only
enables Irrawaddy dolphins to hunt, but it also creates and maintains social bonds and allows copulation to
occur.[10]
It surfaces in a rolling fashion and lifts its tail fluke clear of the water only for a deep dive. Deep dive times
range from 30–150 seconds to 12 minutes. When 277 group dives were timed (time of disappearance of the last
dolphin in the group to the emergence of the first dolphin in the group) in Laos, mean duration was 115.3
seconds with a range of 19 seconds to 7.18 minutes.[4]
Interspecific competition has been observed when Irrawaddy dolphins were forced inshore and excluded by
more specialized dolphins. When captive humpback dolphins (Sonsa chinensis) and Irrawaddy dolphins were
held together, reportedly the Irrawaddy dolphins were frequently chased and confined to a small portion of the
tank by the dominant humpbacks. In Chilika Lake, local fishers say when Irrawaddy dolphins and bottlenose
dolphins meet in the outer channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.[3]
A female or male dolphin will attempt to pursue a mate for about a few minutes. They intertwine facing their
bellies together and begin to copulate for 40 seconds. Once copulation has occurred, the dolphins will break
away from each other and set off in different directions.[10]
These dolphins are thought to reach sexual maturity at seven to nine years. In the Northern Hemisphere, mating
is reported from December to June. Its gestation period is 14 months; cows give birth to a single calf every two
to three years. Length is about 1 m (3.3 ft) at birth. Birth weight is about 10 kg (22 lb). Weaning is after two
years. Lifespan is about 30 years.
Mating
Reproduction
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1878 illustration of a foetus
in the uterus
Mother with calf from Sundarban,
India
Chilka Lake, Odisha, India, habitat
of Irrawaddy dolphins
There are plenty of food items that this
dolphin feeds upon. They include fish,
crustaceans, and cephalopods. During
foraging periods, herds of about 7
dolphins will circle around prey and
trap their victim. These prey
entrapments occur slightly below the
water surface level.[10]
Although sometimes called the Irrawaddy river dolphin, it is not a true river dolphin, but an oceanic dolphin
that lives in brackish water near coasts, river mouths, and estuaries. It has established subpopulations in
freshwater rivers, including the Ganges and the Mekong, as well as the Irrawaddy River from which it takes its
name. Its range extends from the Bay of Bengal to New Guinea and the Philippines, although it does not appear
to venture off shore. It is often seen in estuaries and bays in Borneo Island, with sightings from Sandakan in
Sabah, Malaysia, to most parts of Brunei and Sarawak, Malaysia. A specimen was collected at Mahakam River
in East Kalimantan.[1]
Presence of the species in Chinese, Taiwanese, and Hong Kong's waters has been questioned as the reported
sightings have been considered unreliable,[11] and the easternmost of ranges along Eurasian continent is in
Vietnam.
No range-wide survey has been conducted for this vulnerable species; however, the worldwide population
appears to be over 7,000. In India, Irawaddy dolphins are mostly found in Chilika Lake of Odisha. Known
subpopulations of Irrawaddy dolphins are found in eight places, listed here in order of population, including
conservation status.
1. Bangladesh; 5,832 (VU) in coastal waters of the Bay of
Bengal[12] and 451 (VU) in the brackish Sundarbans
mangrove forest[13][14]
2. India; 152 (VU) in the brackish-water Chilika Lake.[15]
Presence recorded from Sundarbans National Park, India
also.
3. Laos and Cambodia; 78-91 (CR) in a 190-km (118-mi)
freshwater stretch of the Mekong River[16]
4. Indonesia; ~70 (CR), in a 420-km (260-mi) stretch of the
freshwater Mahakam River
5. Philippines; about 42 (CR) in the brackish inner Malampaya
Sound.[17] Researchers are studying the recent discovery of
30-40 dolphins sighted in the waters of Pulupandan and
Bago, Negros Occidental, in Western Visayas.[18]
6. Burma; about 58-72 (CR) in a 370-km (230-mi) freshwater stretch of the Ayeyarwady River
7. Thailand: less than 50 (CR) in the brackish Songkhla Lake[1]
Feeding
Habitat and
subpopulations
Interaction with humans
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Fishermen with fishnets in
Bangladesh
Irrawaddy dolphins have a mutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with traditional fishers. Fishers in
India recall when they would call out to the dolphins, by tapping a wooden key also known as a lahai kway,[19]
against the sides of their boats, asking the Irrawaddys to drive fish into their nets.[20] In Burma, in the upper
reaches of the Ayeyarwady River, Irrawaddy dolphins drive fish towards fishers using cast nets in response to
acoustic signals from them. The fishermen attempt to gain the attention of the dolphins through various efforts
such as using a cone-shaped wooden stick to drum the side of their canoes, striking their paddles to the surface
of the water, jingling their nets, or making calls that sound turkey-like. A herd of dolphins that agrees to work
alongside the fisherman will entrap a school of fish in a semicircle, guiding them towards the boat.[21] In return,
the dolphins are rewarded with some of the fishers' bycatch.[22] Historically, Irrawaddy River fishers claimed
particular dolphins were associated with individual fishing villages and chased fish into their nets. An 1879
report indicated legal claims were frequently brought into native courts by fishers to recover a share of the fish
from the nets of a rival fisher that the plaintiff's dolphin was claimed to have helped fill.[4]
Irrawaddy dolphins are more susceptible to human conflict than most
other dolphins that live farther out in the ocean. Drowning in gillnets is
the main threat to them throughout their range. Between 1995 and 2001,
38 deaths were reported and 74% died as a result of entanglement in
gillnets with large mesh sizes.[23] The majority of reported dolphin
deaths in all subpopulations is due to accidental capture and drowning
in gillnets and dragnets, and in the Philippines, bottom-set crabnets. In
Burma, electrofishing, gold mining, and dam building are also serious
and continuing threats. Though most fishers are sympathetic to the
dolphins' plight, abandoning their traditional livelihood is difficult for
them.[1]
Another identified threat towards the Irrawaddy dolphins was noise
pollution from high-speed vessels. This caused the dolphins to dive
significantly longer than usual. The Irrawaddy dolphins always changed directions when they encountered
these large vessels.[23]
Laotians and Cambodians have a common belief that the Irrawaddy dolphins are reincarnations of their
ancestors. Some even claim that the dolphins have saved drowning villagers and protected people from attacks
by crocodiles. Their beliefs and experiences have led the people of Laos and Cambodia to live peacefully
alongside one another for ages until recent years, when the technique of using explosives for fishing has
emerged. The government of Laos has made use of such tactics illegal, but few regulations have been made in
neighboring Cambodia, where explosives are sold in local markets and the practice of using fishnets has been
abandoned. The practice of using explosives instead has become very popular and led to a steady decline of
populations of fish, and especially the dolphins swimming in the area. Although Laotians may not use
explosives, they do use nylon gillnets, which pose another large threat to the survival of the Irrawaddy. Some
dolphins accidentally become entangled in the net. Poor fishermen refuse to cut and destroy their nets because
it would result in too great of an economic loss to save one Irrawaddy dolphin.[24]
In Laos, a dam across the Mekong River is planned. This could threaten the existence of the endangered
Irrawaddy dolphins in downstream Cambodia. Laos's government decision is to forge the dam upstream of the
core habitat of the Irrawaddy dolphins. This could precipitate the extinction of this specific species in the
Mekong River. The dam builders' proposal is to use explosives to dig out the tons of rock. This will create
strong sound waves that could possibly kill the Irrawaddy dolphins due to their highly sensitive hearing
structures.[25]
In several Asian countries, Irrawaddy dolphins have been captured and trained to perform in public aquaria.
Their charismatic appearance and unique behaviors, including spitting water, spyhopping, and fluke-slapping,
make them very popular for shows in dolphinaria. The commercial motivation for using this dolphin species is
Threats
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high because it can live in freshwater tanks and the high cost of marine aquarium systems is avoided. The
region within and near the species' range has developed economically; theme parks, casinos, and other
entertainment venues that include dolphin shows have increased.
Khmer and Vietnamese fishermen have regarded the Orcaella as a sacred animal. If caught in fishing nets, they
release the dolphin from the rest of the catch. In contrast, Khmer-Islam fisherman kill them for food. This has
led to the dolphin being reputed to recognize the local languages of the area and approach the Khmer-Islam
with caution.[26] In 2002, there were more than 80 dolphinariums in at least nine Asian countries.[27]
Collateral deaths of dolphins due to blast fishing were once common in Vietnam and Thailand. In the past, the
most direct threat was killing them for their oil.
The IUCN lists five of the seven subpopulations as endangered, primarily due to drowning in fish nets.[1] For
example, the Malampaya population, first discovered and described in 1986, at the time consisted of 77
individuals. Due to anthropogenic activities, this number dwindled to 47 dolphins in 2007.[28] In the Mahakam
River in Borneo, 73% of dolphin deaths are related to entanglement in gillnets, due to heavy fishing and boat
traffic.[29]
The Irrawaddy dolphins in Asia are increasingly threatened by tourist activity, such as large numbers of boats
circulating the areas in which they live. The development of tours and boats has put a large strain on the
dolphins.[30]
Cutaneous nodules were found present in various vulnerable populations of Irrawaddy dolphins. A more
precise estimate of the affected dolphins is six populations. Although the definite fate of this emergent disease
is unknown, the species is at risk.[31]
The Irrawaddy dolphin's proximity to developing communities makes the effort for conservation difficult.[32]
Entanglement in fishnets and degradation of habitats are the main threats to Irrawaddy dolphins. Conservation
efforts are being made at international and national levels to alleviate these threats.
Protection from international trade is provided by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Enforcement, though, is the responsibility of individual countries.[1] While
some international trade for dolphinarium animals may have occurred, this is unlikely to have ever been a
major threat to the species.
Some Irrawaddy dolphin populations are classified by the IUCN as critically endangered; in Lao PDR,
Cambodia, Viet Nam (Mekong River sub-population), Indonesia (Mahakam River sub-population, Borneo),
Myanmar (Ayeyarwady/Irrawaddy River sub-population), the Philippines (Malampaya Sound sub-population),
and Thailand (Songkhla Lake sub-population). Irrawaddy dolphins in general however, are IUCN listed as an
Endangered species, which applies throughout their whole range.[1] In 2004, CITES transferred the Irrawaddy
dolphin from Appendix II to Appendix I, which forbids all commercial trade in species that are threatened with
extinction.[33]
Tourism
Disease
Conservation
International efforts
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Satellite image of the Sundarbans
The UNEP-CMS Action Plan for the Conservation of Freshwater Populations of Irrawaddy dolphins notes that
multiple-use protected areas will play a key role for conserving freshwater populations. Protected areas in fresh
water could be a particularly effective conservation tool and can facilitate management, due to the fidelity of
the species to relatively circumscribed areas. The Action Plan provides details on strategies for mitigating by-
catch that includes:
-establishing core conservation areas where gillnetting is banned or severely restricted
-promoting net attendance rules and providing training on the safe release of entangled
dolphins
-initiating programs to compensate fishers for damage caused to their nets by entangled
dolphins that are safely released
-providing alternative or diversified employment options for gillnet fishers
-encouraging the use of fishing gear that does not harm dolphins, by altering or establishing fee
structures for fishing permits to make gillnetting more expensive while decreasing the fees for
nondestructive gear
-experimenting with acoustical deterrents and reflective nets.[34]
The Irrawaddy dolphin is listed on both Appendix I and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).[35] It is listed on Appendix I[35] as this species has been
categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and CMS
Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live,
mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them, as well on Appendix
II[35] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-
operation organized by tailored agreements.[36]
The species is also covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their
Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (MoU).[37]
Several national efforts are resulting in the reduction of threats to local Irrawaddy dolphin subpopulations:
Portions of Irrawaddy dolphin habitat in the Sundarbans mangrove
forest of Bangladesh are included within 139,700 ha (539 sq mi) of
three wildlife sanctuaries, which are part of the Sunderbans World
Heritage Site. The Wildlife Conservation Society is working with the
Bangladesh Ministry of Environment and Forests to create protected
areas for the 6000 remaining dolphins[5][38]
Irrawaddy dolphins are fully protected as an endangered species under
Cambodian fishery law.[39] In 2005, The World Wide Fund For Nature
(WWF) established the Cambodian Mekong Dolphin Conservation
Project with support from government and local communities. The aim
is to support the survival of the remaining population through targeted
conservation activities, research, and education.[40] In January 2012, the Cambodian Fisheries Administration,
the Commission for Conservation and Development of Mekong River Dolphin Eco-tourism Zone, and WWF
signed the Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin, an agreement
binding them to work together, and setting out a roadmap for dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.[41] On
24 August 2012, the Cambodian government announced that 180-kilometre-long (110 mi) stretch of the
Mekong River from eastern Kratie province to the border with Laos has been stated as limit fishing zone which
uses floating houses, fishing cages and gill nets are disallowed, but simple fishing is allowed.[42] This area is
patrolled by a network of river guards, specifically to protect dolphins. Between January and February 2006, a
dozen Irrawaddy dolphins were found dead. The discovery of 10 new baby dolphins on the coast of Cambodia
was a relief and gave hope that the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins would make a comeback in population.
National efforts
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Irrawaddy dolphin at Chilika lake,
Odisha, India
Specimen in Kalimantan
Since the endangerment was evident, 66 guards have been posted on the coast of Cambodia to protect these
dolphins, and only two deaths have been reported since these efforts. To make more efforts to keep these
animals from going extinct, the use of fishing nets on the coast of Cambodia is banned, as well.[43]
The Irrawaddy dolphin (under the common name of snubfin dolphin,
with the scientific name misspelled as Oreaella brevezastris) is
included the Indian Wildlife Protection Act,[44] Schedule I,[45] which
bans their killing, transport and sale of products.[5] A major restoration
effort to open a new mouth between Chilika Lake and the Bay of
Bengal in 2000 was successful in restoring the lake ecology and
regulating the salinity gradient in the lake waters, which has resulted in
increases in the population of Irrawaddy dolphin due to increase of prey
species of fish, prawns, and crabs.[46][47]
A conservation program, entitled Conservation Foundation for the
Protection of Rare Aquatic Species of Indonesia, focused on protecting
the Irrawaddy dolphin population and their habitat, the Mahakam River. The program not only educates and
surveys the public, but also monitors the dolphin population and their habitat. A prime example of this is the
establishment of patrols in several villages.[48]
Some major concern for the population in the Mekong River has arisen
due to numerous threats. In the 1970s, many Irrawaddy dolphins were
slaughtered for oil, and soon after, intensive fishing practices with
explosives and gillnets began. As of now, the dolphins are protected in
Cambodia and Laos Democratic Republic. Now, both explosive fishing
and use of gillnets is restricted in many of the Irrawaddy dolphin's
habitats.[16] Canadian conservationist Ian Baird set up the Lao
Community Fisheries and Dolphin Protection Project to study the
Irrawaddy dolphins in the Laotian part of the Mekong. Part of this
project compensated fishers for the loss of nets damaged to free
entangled dolphins. This project was expanded to include Cambodia,
after the majority of the dolphin population was determined to have
been killed or migrated to Laos' southern neighbor.[49] The Si Phan Don Wetlands Project has successfully
encouraged river communities to set aside conservation zones and establish laws to regulate how and when fish
are caught.[50] In April, after a 200-kg Irrawaddy dolphin was found dead on the coast of Laos, the death toll
for Irrawaddy dolphins is now five in 2015. Usually, Irrawaddy dolphins are found dead with bruises and scars
on their body, being killed by illegal poaching, but this Irrawaddy dolphin was found dead because of old age.
She is the oldest and largest Irrawaddy dolphin researchers have discovered. The dolphin was 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
in length and most likely in her late 20s.[51]
Myanmar's Department of Fisheries took charge in December 2005, and instituted a protected region in a
74 km (46 mi) segment of the Ayeyarwady River between Mingun and Kyaukmyaung and created multiple
provisions, as well.[21] Protective measures in the area include mandatory release of entangled dolphins,
prohibition of the catching or killing of dolphins and trade in whole or parts of them, and the prohibition of
electrofishing and gillnets more than 91 metres (300 ft) long, or spaced less than 180 metres (600 ft) apart.[5]
Mercury poisoning and habitat loss from gold-mining dredging operations in the river have been eliminated[52]
In 2000, Malampaya Sound was proclaimed a protected seascape. This is the lowest possible prioritization
given to a protected area.[34] Malampaya Sound Ecological Studies Project was initiated by the WWF. With
technical support provided by the project, the municipality of Taytay and the Malampaya park management
developed fishery policies to minimize the threats to the Irrawaddy dolphin from bycatch capture. Gear studies
and gear modification to conserve the dolphin species were implemented. The project was completed in
2007.[53] In 2007, the Coral Triangle Initiative, a new multilateral partnership to help safeguard the marine and
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Irrawaddy dolphin on Mekong River
at Kratié, Cambodia
coastal resources of the Coral Triangle, including the Irrawaddy dolphin subpopulation in Malampaya Sound,
was launched.[54][55] In 2006, a new population was discovered in Guimaras island in the Visayas. In 2015,
another new population was discovered in Bago in Negros Occidental, part of Negros island in the Visayas.[56]
In 2002, the Marine and Coastal Resources Department was assigned to
protect rare aquatic animals such as dolphins, whales, and turtles in
Thai territorial waters. To protect the dolphins, patrol vessels ensure
boats stay at least 30 m (98 ft) away from dolphins and no chasing of or
running through schools of dolphins occurs. Many fishermen on the
Bang Pakong River, Prachinburi Province, have been persuaded by
authorities to stop shrimp fishing in a certain area and 30 to 40 fishing
boats have been modified so they can offer dolphin sightseeing
tours.[57] A total of 65 Irrawaddi dolphins has been found dead along
the coast of Trat Province in the past three years.[58] The local fishing
industry is blamed for the deaths of the dolphins.[59] In January 2013,
over a dozen dead Irrawaddy dolphins were found on the coast of
Thailand. These dolphins were said to be dead because of a lack of oxygen. Dolphins are mammals, and unlike
other animals that live in the sea, they must come to the surface for air. Many of the dolphins are found dead in
the water, and others were washed ashore, said to have been dead for a few days. Also, in the first week of
February 2013, as many as four Irrawaddy dolphins were found dead.[60]
In 2008, the Department of Forestry and Sarawak Forestry Cooperative in Sarawak established a protected area
for Irrawaddy dolphins in Santubong and Damai (Kuching Wetland).[5] Furthermore, they plan to establish
more beaches in Miri as protected areas for them. The protection measures in the area include prohibition of
catching or killing of dolphins and trade in whole or parts of them, and prohibiting the use of gillnets. The
government may also start small- and medium-scale research of this species at Sarawak Malaysia University
with sponsorship from Sarawak Shell.
In 2012 in Vietnam, a group of scientists took in four Irrawaddy dolphins and provided them with medical care
to see how they would survive. However, they found this to be the first case they saw of Irrawaddy dolphins
having bacterial infections. The bacterial infection, chorioamnionitis, is common in many marine animals, but
when these few dolphins were taken in, the scientists discovered this same bacterial infection for the first time
in this group of dolphins. This disease mostly affects animals that are pregnant because the infection occurs
through the umbilical cord and goes into the maternal bloodstream. One of the dolphins was pregnant and
before her death was found circling around the bottom of the pool and was found dead early the next morning.
This bacterial infection affects many organs in the body of the animal.[61]
List of cetaceans
Marine biology
Environmental issues in Indonesia
South Asian river dolphin
1. Minton, G.; Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Kreb, D.; Sutaria, D. & Reeves, R. (2017). "Orcaella
brevirostris" (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15419/123790805). IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15419A123790805.
2. Perrin, W. (2010). Perrin WF (ed.). "Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray, 1866)" (http://www.marin
especies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=148732). World Cetacea Database. World Register of
Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
See also
References
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3. Sinha, R. K. (2004). "The Irrawaddy Dolphins Orcaella of Chilika Lagoon, India" (https://web.archi
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migratory species of wild animals" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110611095545/http://www.cms.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrawaddy_dolphin&oldid=979616385"
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