IRJET-Partial Replacement of Cement with Different Additives in Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2624
Partial Replacement Of Cement With Different Additives In Concrete
Gaurav N. Nagavkar1, Dr. Sandeep L.Hake2
1M.E. Civil Structure, Sr. Engineer, Parin Construction, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
2Associate Professor, Dr. V. V. P. College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract - Due to development in construction industries
demand & need for cement is increasing day by day, which is
main cause of pollution. In the manufacturing process of
cement, emission of CO2 is more but also consumes significant
amount of natural resource. Main problem is disposalofwaste
material as well as industrial by-product like from thermal
power plant. As a matter of fact the current tendency in the
world is to find new materials at lower cost which can
guarantee better performances during their incorporationsin
the concrete. This study consist the development and
properties of concrete by partial replacement of additives,
Carbon Black Powder & Calcium Sulphate, Rice Ash Huskwith
Cement. An attempt was made using these materials, as filler,
desiccant and which imparts the enhanced properties of
concrete by partial replacement of cement with different
percentage ratio. Concrete cubes and cylinders are cast
depending on percentage ratio and it’s effect is studied at
different ages by performing tests on concrete specimens. A
comparison is made with test results to conventional concrete
only to arrive at valid conclusion.
Key Words: Concrete, Fine Additives, Carbon Black,
Gypsum, Sunla Gypsum, Rice Husk Ash.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a mixture of naturally, cheaply and easily
available ingredients as cement, sand, aggregate and water.
Cement is occupied second place as most used material in
the world after water. The rapid production of cement
creates big problems to environment. First environment
problem is emission of CO2 during the production process
of the cement. The CO2 emission is very harmful which
creates big changes in environment. According to the
estimation, 1 tone of carbon dioxide is released to the
atmosphere when 1 tone of ordinary Portland is
manufactured. As there is no alternative building material
which totally replace the cement. The search for any such
material, which can be used as an alternative or as a
supplementary for cement should lead to global sustainable
development and lowest possible environmental impact.
Substantial energy and cost savings can result when
industrial by products are used as a partial replacement of
cement. Fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag, Rice
husk ash, High Reactive Meta kaolin, silica fume are some
of the pozzolanic materials(additives) which can be used
in concrete as partial replacement of cement. In thisproject
the PET as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and
Carbon Black as a partial replacement of Cement.
After studying different journals it suggest that additives or
mineral admixtures may enhance the concrete properties.
Further studies establish the behavior of carbon black
powder and calcium sulphate particularly effecting the
parameters, such as strength, setting time, soundness,
consistency, shrinkage, bleeding, heat of hydration etc. with
respect to properties of materials used in it like aggregate,
sand, cement, water, and other admixtures.
A study is made to minimize the pores present using carbon
black powder, a waste from rubber industry as filler and
calcium sulphate powder. Due to their extreme small size
they can fill the pores thereby it is expected to achieve the
benefits by Increasing in density of concrete thereby
increase in strength and resistance to atmospheric attack.
Also Decrease in permeability of concrete.
To suggest the optimum percentage of addition above
additives in concrete number of cubes with different
percentage were cast. The strength properties were again
studied and its results are compared to conventional
concrete.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
V. Leskeviciene, I. Sarlauskaite, D. Nizeviciene, et. al. [1]
While dehydrating gypsum with additives at the
temperatures of 800 °C and 900 °C the influence of alkali
additives on both the crystalline structure of anhydrite and
properties of anhydrite binder was investigated. The
industrial and household wastes including other lowcost
materials were used as additives. Having heated them with
gypsum the anhydrite with alkali activation properties was
obtained. The propertiesof such substances were evaluated
using the methods of chemical, diffractive X-ray scanning
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Some
additives, e.g. 5 % ground glass waste, were found to
increase crystal agglomerate formation of anhydrite binder,

accelerate the hydration processof anhydriteanddoublethe
compressive strength of hydrated samples compared to
samples without additives.
B.Padma priya1,Mrs.K.Pandeeswari [2] TheNewtrendsof
construction methods sometimes cause harmful effects on
environment though they are effective to mankind. Reuse of
waste materials acts eco friendly also prevents exploitation
of resources. Usage of such materials for construction
purpose enhances the traditionalmethodsofconstruction.In
this paper presents an experimental investigation on the
effect of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) on various
strength properties. The strength properties of M40 grade
concrete are studied with 0%, 10% and 20%of PET.Thereis
decrease in strength when the ratio of PET to fine aggregate
was increased. So that the PET percentage is taken as
constant, the Carbon Black as a partial replaced by cement
with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The strength propertieswere
again studied and its results are compared to conventional
concrete.
M.Magistri, P.Recchi, P.Forni, et. al. [3] The experimental
evidences that were collected during the present research
clearly show how dehydration of natural,dihydrate,CaSO4
during the grinding process is indeed able to influence
crucial cement quality parameters such as fineness and,
even more importantly, compressive strengths. Moreover,
the efficacy of grinding aids/performanceenhancersseems
to be heavily related to the source, aswell assheeramount,
of SO3. More in detail, it hasbeen observed how improvers
of the early compressive strengths seem to be particularly
effective as dihydrated CaSO4 becomes partially
dehydrated to the correspondinghemihydratesform,while
improvers of the late compressive strengths provide the
best results when a complete dehydration of the SO3
source takes place. Applied to an industrial production
scenario, these results indicate how a deep understanding
of the gypsum dehydration degree that is occurringineach
production line appears to be quality-wise necessary.
Md. Jalal Uddin, Md. Quayyum [4] Cement is considered
one of the most important building materials around the
world. It is mainly used for the production of concrete.
Concrete is a mixture of inert mineral aggregates, e.g.sand,
gravel, crushed stones, and cement. Cement consumption
and production is closely related to construction activity,
and therefore to the general economic activity. Cement is
one of the most produced materialsaround the world.Due
to the importance of cement as a construction material,
and the geographic abundance of the main raw materials,
i.e. limestone, cement is produced in virtually allcountries.
Many cement concretes have been found to be susceptible
to deterioration in soils, ground waters, or seawaters that
contain high levels of sulphates. Sulphates react with the
aluminium-containing phasesofportlandcementconcrete-
mortar-paste, causing internal expansion. It has been
found that the resistance of a concrete to sulphate attackis
related to the C3A content of the cement and to the total
amount of aluminate compounds, C3A and C4AF. Sulphate
attack isconsider one of the major deteriorative problems
occurred when the cement based materials, such as
concrete, mortars and buildings, are exposed to this
environment. Sulphate ions in soil, ground water and sea
water may cause deterioration of reinforced concrete
structures by provoking expansion and cracking due to
factors such as type of cement, sulphate cation type,
sulphate concentration and the period of exposure. Many
structures affected by sulphate degradation often need to
be repaired or, in most severe cases, they need to be
reconstructed. In this investigation the work is carried out
to examine calcium sulphate particularly effecting the
different parameters , such as strength , setting times,
soundness, consistency etc. the sand usedisennoresandof
three different grades. Calcium sulphate is added in
different proportions to cement and its effect is studied at
different ages.
Dr. G.Chitra, P.Vetri Selvi, Dr.D.Vijayalakshmi [5] Inthis
experimental investigation an attempt was made to
minimize the presence of pores in conventional concrete
using carbon black powder, a waste from rubber industry
as filler. Carbon black filler material imparts the enhanced
performance of concrete. To suggest the optimum
percentage of carbon black to be added in concrete totally
18 number of concrete cubes, 12 number of concrete
cylinders with carbon black of different percentage (0%,
2%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15%) were cast. Study on morphology,
surface hardness, uniformity, compressivestrength,tensile
strength and water absorption were carried outon carbon
black concrete specimens. A Comparison is made with test
results to arriveat valid conclusion. It can be observedthat
the specimens with 2% and 5% carbon black show good
performance with respect to control specimens.
Sami Masadeh [6] The effect of added carbon black to
concrete mix on corrosion of steel reinforcement was
studied. This was achieved by inserting steel bars in
different concrete mixes containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and
0.5, carbon black/cement. Samples were cured, immersed
in 3.5% chloride solution for 6 months. Chloride

permeability and corrosion rates were measured. Tests
showed that corrosion rate and chloride ions penetration
decreased with increased carbon black content. This was
expressed due to filling effect of very fine particles of
carbon black and was in the order less than 250 nm.
M. S. Al-Hwaiti[7] In this study, treatment of
phosphogypsum (PG) with lime-water (LWT), sulphuric
acid (SAT), a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 (AWT), PG-
water (ST), and PG-limestone (LT) was attemptedtopurify
PG and improve its quality so that it can be used for
manufacture of ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The
treatment of PG removes P2O5, SO3, and MgO impurities
into water-leachable phase. Chemical analysis of the
treated PG and mechanical properties of OPC mortar after
various treatment of PG established improvement of the
quality of PG. The purified PG contain lessimpuritieswhen
compared with untreated PG. It was observed that the
leachable of P2O5, SO3, and MgO in these samples ranged
from 86% to 90%, 69%to 94%, 96%to 99%, respectively,
can be achieved using these treatment processes. The
major phases Alite (C3S), Belite (C2S),
Aluminatetricalcic(C3A), and Tetra-calciumaluminoferrite
(C4AF), and control ratios Lime Saturation factor (LSF),
Aluminum/Iron ratio (AR), and Silica ratio (SR) were
measured. These experimental results showed that the
C3S, C3A and C4AF, C2S, LSF, AR, and SR contents fulfilled
the requirement of the Jordan Standards and European
Standards; hence treated PG can be replaced by natural
gypsum. The X-ray diffraction analysis of OPC samples
showed that C3S and C2S are major mineral phases, C3A
and C4AF represent as minor constituents while the CaO
and MgO represent astrace phases. The effectoftreatedPG
on the mechanical properties of OPC mortar was
investigated. The OPC produced with purified
phosphogypsum were found to have strength properties
similar to those produced from mineral gypsum thus
fulfilling Jordan Standards and European Standards. The
present study indicates that the use of PG in OPC
manufacture can solve the waste disposal problem thus
cleaning our environment at one hand, on the otherhandit
can save natural raw materials i.e gypsum.
Sihai Wen, D.D.L. Chung [8] Cement reinforced with
discontinuous carbon fiber is known for its piezo
resistivity-based strain sensing ability, its electrical
conductivity and the consequent multi-functionality. The
high cost of carbon fiber is disadvantageous. Both carbon
fiber and carbon black (used with silicafumeintheamount
of 15% by mass of cement) increase the DC conductivity
and the EMI shielding effectiveness of cement, but carbon
fiber is more effective than carbon black. Partial (50%)
replacement of carbon fiber by carbon black lowers the
cost, in addition to increasing the workability, while the
electrical conductivity and the electromagnetic
interference shielding effectiveness are maintained.
However, the partial replacement reduces the strain
sensing effectiveness. Total replacement of carbonfiberby
carbon black diminishes both the conductivity and the
shielding effectiveness, further reduces the strain sensing
effectiveness, decreases the compressive modulus and
increases the compressive strain at failure, while the
compressive strength is maintained. The increased
workability due to the partial replacementenablesahigher
total conductive admixture content to be attained. The
maximum total conductive admixture content is 3.5% by
mass of cement. In contrast to fiber replacement, the
addition of carbon fiber to cement with carbon black
decreases the compressive strength, strain at failure and
density.
Dr. Kiran Kumar B V , Saritha N [9] In this research deals
with the effective usage of carbon black powder as a
additivein bitumen grade VG-10. For identificationofbasic
properties changes in bitumen after addition of carbon
black powder in various percentages like 0.25%, 0.5%,
0.75, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% and 2.0% for all the
different percentage addition of carbon black to the
bitumen, tests were conducted to identify the basic
properties changes and optimum addition of carbon black
powder for the Marshall mix design to calculate OBC. Here
the changes found related to softening point temperature
and the viscosity.
Sudarsana Rao.Hunchate,Vaishali.G.Ghorpode,et.al[10]
High Performance Concrete (HPC) now a daysused widely
in the construction industry worldwide. To produce HPC
with normal ingradients we use mineral admixtures like
Silica fume, fly ash and metakoline and workable agents
Superplasticizers are also used. The usage of mineral
admixtures in the concrete not only enhances its strength
properties but also durability. The compressive strength
are investigating finding the optimum use of mineral
admixture (Silica fume of levels 0, 5, 10,15, 20 and 25% at
7 days and 28 days of curing). The present investigation
aims to give design mix for HPC by using silica fume and
superplasticizers. The following conclusions can be made
on the basis of the current experimental results. A mix
design procedure for HPC using silica fume and super
plasticizer is formulated by ACI method of mix design and

available literature on HPC. As the silica fume content
increases the compressive strength increases up to 15%
[HPC4] and then decreases. Hence the optimum
replacement is 15%. The 7 days and 28 days cube
compressive strength ratio of HPC is 0.84 to 0.9. The
percentage replacement of cement bysilicafumeincreases,
the workability decreases.
Ch. Kusuma Keerthi, K. Rajasekhar [11] High performance
Concrete is the concrete meets the performance and
requirements that are not to be obtained by conventional
material, normal mixing, placing and curing practices.Inthis
study, a brief review on strength and durability on M80
grade of concrete results, a new compositematerialhasbeen
developed and improved cements evolved. Important
governing factors for HPC (High Performance Concrete) are
strength, long term durability. As per Indian standard code
IS: 456-2000 concrete of compressive strength≥60Mpa,
concrete of grades M80 and M90 etc are considered as High
Performance Concrete(HPC). In this project mineral
admixtures namely Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag& Metakaolin
contributed by various reputed industries are used. The
scope of using high performance concrete in our
constructional activities lies large, viz., precast, prestressed
bridges, multi-storied buildings, bridges and structures on
coastal areas and like. To affect this change, we will have to
revise the designing to structuresby encouraginguseofhigh
strength concrete. As soon as micro crack appears, sudden
failure is observed in high strength concrete cubes.
N. Bhanumathidas and N. Kalidas [12] Gypsum plays a
crucial role in cement.Though it is used in a small quantity,
inthe range of 2.5-3.0 percent in termsof SO3, gypsum.srole
in cement is significant, more predominantly at early ages.
Gypsum renders workability to mortar or concrete by
keeping the cement in plastic state at early age of hydration.
This is achieved by changing the course of hydration of
calcium aluminate that manifests as retardation in cement
hydration. This is how gypsum is identified as a setregulator
or retarder, as known popularly. Nevertheless, gypsum also
contributes for strength acceleration in the early stages of
hydration. This dual role of gypsum is discussed in the
feature.
Andreea MONCEA, Maria GEORGESCU [13] In the lastyears,
the ternary binders, silicate, aluminate, sulphate had
developed a greater interest because of their utilization for
dry mortars. The main binderswhich composethesebinders
are Portland cement, calcium aluminate or high aluminate
calcium cement and calcium sulphate. The lastcanbeusedin
different forms (gypsum, hemi hydrate or anhydrite), the
type and amount of them having an important influence on
physical-chemical propertiesofthemortars.Dataconcerning
the influence of the calcium suphate type, used as
hemyhidrate and anhydrite on the physical-mechanical
properties of the complex, ternary binders are brought in
this paper. The data concerning the chemical processes
occurring at the binder's hardening, resulted by X-ray
diffraction analyses are also presented.
Ambarish Ghosh and Chillara Subbarao [14] This paper
presents the results of a laboratory investigation on tensile
strength, bearing ratio, and slake durabilitycharacteristicsof
a class F fly ash stabilized with lime alone or in combination
with gypsum. The effects of lime content _4, 6, and 10%_,
gypsum content _0.5 and 1.0%_, and curing period _up to 90
days_ on the tensile strength, bearing ratio, and durability
characteristics of the stabilized fly ash are highlighted.
Unconfined compressive strength test results for the mixes
cured up to 90 days are presented to develop relationships
between different tensile strengths _Brazilian and flexural_
and unconfined compressive strength. Both soaked and
unsoaked bearing ratio tests were also carried out on this
stabilized fly ash. The Brazilian tensile strength of the lime
and gypsum stabilized fly ash mixes varied between309and
1,084 kPa for 45 days curing. The flexural strength of the
lime and gypsum stabilized mixes cured for 45 days varied
between 665 and 1,459 kPa. Fly ash stabilized with lime and
gypsum showed medium durability at 28 days curing and
there was enhancement of durability with increase incuring
period. Empirical models to estimate tensile strength,
bearing ratio, and slake durability indices of stabilized fly
ash from unconfined compressive strength test results are
also proposed herein. With enhanced tensile strength and
durability characteristics, the stabilized fly ash may find
potential use in civil engineering construction.
OBILADE, I.O [15] Rice Husk Ash (RHA) when used aspartial
replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in
concrete. OPC was replaced with RHA by weight at different
%. Compacting factor test was carried out on fresh concrete
while Compressive Strength test was carried out on
hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28 days
curing in water. The results revealed that the Compacting
factor decreased as the percentage replacement of OPC with
RHA increased. The compressive strength of the hardened
concrete also decreased with increasing OPC replacement
with RHA. It is recommended that further studiesbe carried
out to gather more facts about the suitability of partial
replacement of OPC with RHA in concrete.

T. S. ABDULKADIR, D. O. OYEJOBI, A. A. LAWAL [16] This
research evaluates the suitability of SCBA as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete productions. Total
weight of 34.7kg of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was obtained
and burnt at 700 C. A total of 2.71kg of SCBA was obtained
after passing the residual through 45µm sieve, standardsize
of ordinary portland cement (OPC). Chemical test was
conducted on SCBA to evaluate itspercentagecomposition.It
was then used to replace OPC by weight in ratio of 0%, 10%,
20% and 30%. Total of 48 pieces of 100mm concrete cubes
of design mix ratio 1:1.66:2.77 were prepared. The cubes
were tested at 7, 14, 21 and 28days of curing agesfordensity
and compressive strength. The results of chemical test
showed that SCBA has pozzolanic properties having met
ASTM595 (1985) with total sum of silica, alumina and ferric
composition of 80.55%. The results showed a decrease in
concrete density with increase in % replacement of SCBA.
Average compressive strength of 26.8N/mm was obtained
for control specimens at 28days (i.e. 0% SCBA) while 22.3,
20.1 and 17.3N/mm compressive strength at 28days were
obtained for 10%, 20% and 30% replacement respectively.
Pozzolanic activity index (PAI) of 83.2%, 75% and 64.5%
were obtained. This showed that only 10% and 20%
replacement of cement by weight of SCBA satisfied ASTM-
595(1985) specification for PAI. It wasconcluded that SCBA
is a low weight material and 10% replacement of SCBA has
the highest PAI. Also, 10% and 20% replacement of SCBA
with compressive strengths of 22.3N/mm2 and 20.1N/mm
are recommended for reinforced concrete.
3. CONCLUSION
This research review paper discusses various forms of
excess use of cement & its increasing amount of demand in
industry. In the manufacturing process of cement, emission
of CO2 is more but also consumes significant amount of
natural resource. Main problem is disposal of wastematerial
as well as industrial by-product like from thermal power
plant. As a matter of fact the current tendency in the worldis
to find new materials at lower cost which can guarantee
better performances during their incorporations in the
concrete. To bare & control it’s consequences replacement
of cement by other fine additives partially and or fully can
minimize the control over use of cement. After studying
different literatures scope of this research includes,strength
parameters of concrete and any structure gives guarantied
results. This experimental study gives wet properties of
concrete as well as hardened properties of concrete.
Optimum result after tests over concrete gives actual design
mix ratio to obtain pure concrete.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude towards my
respected guide Prof. Hake S. L. for his valuable guidance,
profound Technical advice, persistent encouragement and
help during the completion of this work. His time to time
helpful suggestion boosted me to complete this task
successfully. He has helped me in all possible ways right
from gathering the materialsto report preparation.Iexpress
my sincere thanksto Parin Construction who hasextended
support and provided useful guidance. Their co-operation
and suggestion are acknowledged with deepest gratitude.
REFERENCES
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[2] M.Magistri, P.Recchi, P.Forni - MapeiSpA, Milan,
Italy- “Optimization in the use of cement
additives: effect of gypsum dehydration on the
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on net.
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