This document summarizes literature on geopolymer binders as an alternative to ordinary portland cement. It discusses that the major factors affecting geopolymerization are the type and properties of raw materials used, the alkaline activators, and curing conditions. Raw materials rich in reactive silica and alumina such as fly ash, slag, and clay are commonly used. The concentration of the alkaline activator solution, the ratio of activator to raw materials, and the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide in the activator affect the geopolymerization process. Different optimized conditions are required for different raw material and activator combinations.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials.
STUDY ON BEHAVIOR OF ALKALI ACTIVATED FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio that affects the properties of alkali activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted a technology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test the conventional concrete. The main aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of new materials later on to the concrete industry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix is prepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at room temperature. The response variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.
Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation of Geopolymer concrete properties which are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, the activator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to other two activator ratios. There is substantial gain in compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete with age.
Improvements: This work can be enhanced for various molarities under various temperatures and various activator ratios.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLYASH BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: The experimental study is done on various parameters i.e., Strength parameters, NaOH solution concentration, the alkalescent hydroxide to alkalescent salt ratio, period of curing, additional water in mix has been investigated. Method: The mix is trailed initially for 8 Molarity. The Alkaline content used in the study is the amalgam of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium silicate with the different ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total numbers of specimens 81 are being casted The Geopolymer specimens are tested for their Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strengths at the ages of 3-7-28 days. Findings: The strength properties strength are increased with the increase in activator ratio. The strength of all GPC specimens improved with the increase in curing time. . Applications/ Improvements: Flyash based geopolymer concrete can be used as precast products like parking tiles, precast GPC beams, girders, pavement tiles, railway precasted sleepers, building blocks, electric power poles. They are good resistance towards fire, permeability.
STRENGTH PROPERTIES ON FLY ASH BASED GEO POLYMER CONCRETE WITH ADMIXTURESIAEME Publication
Due to increase in environmental problems of the construction industry alternative technologies are emerging. A concrete is used around the world is second only to water. The making of ordinary Portland cement support 5 to 7 percent of total green house gas emission. It also takes large amount of energy .Hence it is necessary to find alternative to cement .Fly ash is a product of coal procured from thermal power plant. It is also good in silicon and alumina. In this experiment the fly ash is used to prepare the geo polymer concrete.geopolymer is a material resulting from the reaction of source materials that is rich in aluminum and silicon. One such material is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses a material like fly ash as binding material in place of cement.
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED G...Shoaib Wani
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material.
GGBS can improve the durability of a concrete structure by reducing the water permeability, increasing the corrosion resistance and sulphate resistance.
The improved properties can extend the service life of structures and reduce the overall maintenance costs.
The primary objective is to study the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete
To study the strength and durability parameters of GGBS based geopolymer concrete.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours.
The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability.
Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
The presentation summarizes the use of geopolymers in water treatment. Geopolymers are amorphous microporous aluminosilicate materials that can be prepared from various industrial side-products in mild synthesis conditions.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE WITH GGBS AND FLY ASHIAEME Publication
Objective: This paper manages the quality properties of geopolymer concrete. The primary point of this anticipate is to utilize ground granulated impact heater slag and fly fiery remains set up of common Portland concrete, keeping in mind the end goal to decrease carbon dioxide emanation. Method: From this, we can look at the properties of geopolymer concrete with bond concrete. The fixings utilized as a part of this anticipate are GGBS and Fly cinder. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate are utilized as basic activators. The molarity of sodium hydroxide is 8M and 10M. The proportion of soluble activators is 1:2. Calcium silicate is framed when GGBS gets responded with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. This calcium silicate goes about as a cover for coarse total and fine total. Findings: The response is said to be exothermic since the warmth is developed when calcium silicate is framed. Henceforth, the underlying warmth is not required to begin the polymerization procedure. The fly fiery remains and GGBS are supplanted in 5 distinctive extents (100% GGBS, 75% GGBS &25% Fly cider, half GGBS &50% Fly slag, 25% GGBS&75% Fly powder,). The curing is finished by putting examples at room temperature. Application: The examples are tried at 7 years old and 28 days, the test incorporates compressive quality, split elasticity, and flexure quality to contrast the outcomes and bond concrete.
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG BASED G...Shoaib Wani
Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material.
GGBS can improve the durability of a concrete structure by reducing the water permeability, increasing the corrosion resistance and sulphate resistance.
The improved properties can extend the service life of structures and reduce the overall maintenance costs.
The primary objective is to study the strength and durability of geopolymer concrete
To study the strength and durability parameters of GGBS based geopolymer concrete.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF GEO POLYMER CON...IAEME Publication
Geo polymer concrete is a recently developed construction material which is environment friendly and perhaps best alternative to conventional concrete. In the present scenario, where global warming is a big issue due to Co2 emissions, no cement concrete like Geo Polymer Concrete is the big boon for construction industry. The research work carried out on Geo Polymer Concrete and documented in the present paper is a step forward in the direction to encourage the development of Geo Polymer Concrete for its wide application in construction industry. The present paper describes experimental work and analytical work pertaining to Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS software to simulate the flexural behavior of Reinforced Geo Polymer Concrete Beams. The alkaline solution used for present study was the combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solution with the varying ratio of 2.50. NaoH solids with 97 - 98% purity is purchased from commercial source and mixed with water to make solution with a concentration of 16 molarity.
STUDY OF BEHAVIOUR OF GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE WITH RESPECT TO ITS MECHANICAL PRO...IAEME Publication
The primary object of the work is to observe the mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete with GGBS and FLYASH. Now-a-days the carbon oxide emission is a lot of within the
atmosphere, which leads to warming and atmospheric phenomenon. Hence, for the purpose of
reducing the emissions, the consequences of industrial waste are being used for geopolymer
concrete like GBBS and Flyash. Sodium hydroxide and Sodium Silicate (NAOH and Na2SiO3)
area unit used as basic activators. The molarity of Sodium hydroxide is 10M and 12M.The ratio
of basic activators are1:2.Having similar properties to cement concrete and attaining equal
strength, the geopolymer concrete reduces greenhouse emission. The proportions used are 100%
GGBS, 75% GGBS & 25% fly ash, 50% GGBS & 50% fly ash, 25% GGBS & 75% fly ash. The
ambient natural process at space temperature is completed for an amount of seven and twenty
eight days. The mechanical properties have been identified by compressive, flexural, split tensile
strength tests through which the results are compared for 10 M and 12 M.
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST ...IEI GSC
Presentation on MIXTURE DESIGN OF FLY ASH & SLAG BASED ALKALI ACTIVATED CONCRETE FOR PRECAST CONCRETE
made by Daxesh Patel under guidance of Prof Sonal Thakkar at #33NCCE #IEIGSC
Experimental study on geopolymer concrete by using ggbseSAT Journals
Abstract
The demand of concrete is increasing day by day and Cement is used for satisfying the need of development of infrastructure facilities, 1 tone cement production generates 1 tone CO2, which adversely affect the environment . In order to reduce the use of OPC and CO2 generation, the new generation concrete has been developed such as GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. It uses Fly ash and Alkaline Solution as their Binding Materials. Geopolymer requires Oven Curing in the varying range of 60C to 100C for a period of 24 to 96 hours.
The objective of the present work is to study the effect of GGBS in fly ash based Geopolymer concrete and to study the Effect of Oven Curing and Ambient room temperature curing on them. And By replacing fly ash from 0 to 100% with GGBS and inspecting the Fresh Properties and Hardened Concrete properties at 7 days. The casted cube will be cured at normal room temperature and at 700C Oven heat provision for 24 hours and to ascertain the behavior of concrete mixed with GGBS, thereby examining the changes of properties like Strength and Durability.
Keywords: Fly ash, GGBS, Alkaline Solution, strength, durability, utilization
The presentation summarizes the use of geopolymers in water treatment. Geopolymers are amorphous microporous aluminosilicate materials that can be prepared from various industrial side-products in mild synthesis conditions.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE BEAMS PARTIALLY REPLACE...IAEME Publication
Concrete is the most widely used construction material which required large quantities of Portland cement. The production of Ordinary Portland cement causes pollution to the environment, due to the emission of CO2 and also large amount of natural resources is consumed for the cement production. The large global production of flyash and rapid advances in geopolymer technology leads to the alternate material for OPC that is Geopolymer concrete (GPC). Geopolymers are showing great potential and several researchers have critically examined the various aspects of their viability as binder material. In this paper, results of the studies carried out on the behaviour of ambient cured Reinforced GPC (RGPC) flexural member have been presented..A total of 9 beams were tested in flexure, out of which three were conventional concrete mixes and six GPCmixes having varying combinations of flyash, GGBS and recycled coarse aggregates.
Experimental investigation on studying the flexural behaviour of geopolymer c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Geo polymer concrete is one of the emerging construction material as a substitute for conventional cement concrete, eliminating
the usage of OPC. This work is aimed to cast and testing of geopolymer slab elements with restrained edge condition. The size of
slab panel is 1m x 1m x 0.05 m. By using yield line theory, the moment of resistance and maximum deflection under flexural
loading are calculated for the of GPC slabs. Reinforcement details of these slabs are calculated using ultimate load method as
per IS code provisions. As the slab element is a composite material the experimental work is carried for determination of
mechanical properties GPC matrix and casting and testing of slab elements under UDL. Test results are compared with the
theoretical computations for bending moment and maximum deflections. The crack pattern of slabs in experimental work is also
compared with yield line patterns ( Developed for RCC).From the test results it is observed that the behaviour of GPC slabs
under flexural loading is similar to conventional concrete slabs
KeyWords: Geo Polymer Concrete, Slabs, Flexural Behavior, Yield Line Patterns , Load vs Deflections
The Leading manufacturers, Suppliers, importers and exporters of a varied range of Carbon Products Calcined Petroleum Coke, Petroleum Coke, Cement & Cement Clinker, Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
The presentation focuses on recycling air pollution control residue (APCr) via plasma arc technology. APCr is a fast growing hazardous waste of which the UK is expected to produce 500,000 tonnes a year. The presentation will help people understand how Tetronics’ ground breaking technology can help tackle this issue.
Long-term sulfuric and hydrochloric acid resistance of silica fume and colema...Publ 2022
Yurdakul Aygörmez (Main and Corresponding Author)
Yildiz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering Davutpasa Campus 34220, Esenler, Istanbul (Turkey)
aygormez@yildiz.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7405-2450
Orhan Canpolat
Yildiz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering Davutpasa Campus 34220, Esenler, Istanbul (Turkey)
canpolat@yildiz.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-7876
ABSTRACT
For this paper, silica fume (SF), slag (S), and colemanite waste (C) were added to metakaolin (MK)-based geopolymer composites and exposed to 10% (by volume) hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions for up to 12 months. Geopolymer composites were examined in terms of weight loss, compressive strength, and flexural strength at 3, 6, and 12 months in solutions. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Microcomputed Tomography (micro-CT), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to examine the microstructure before and after acid attacks. An important decrease in flexural and compressive strengths was seen when geopolymer mortars were subjected to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid attacks. The main cause of this situation is the deterioration of the oxy-aluminum bridge (-Al-Si-O) when exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. The oxy-aluminum bridge (-Al-Si-O), the primary factor in the geopolymer matrix, plays a significant role in consolidating the gel and enhancing the bond formed between the matrix components. Despite this, geopolymer mortar samples maintain the aluminosilicate structure. Compared to hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid is a stronger solution, resulting in a greater loss of compressive and flexural strengths.
A Review on Geopolymer Concrete Using Partial Replacement of Demolished Aggre...cedmmantc5411
This paper reviews the literature related to geopolymer concrete. Concrete is widely used material
for various construction activities due to its versatile character. But it causes environmental pollution due to
production of Portland cement and quarrying of aggregate. Low calcium Fly ash and alkaline liquid as a binder
is being used to replace the Portland cement to produce geo polymer concrete. In geopolymer concrete use of
cement is completely evaded. This can be one of the methods to reduce the environmental pollution. The
alkaline liquid has been used in geopolymerisation is the combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.
The study revealed that there is possibility to replace natural coarse aggregate with demolished concrete in the
geopolymer concrete. By the use of demolished aggregate in concrete, environmental pollution and reduction in
valuable landfill will be evaded.
An experimental investigation on properties of ggbs based geopolymer concrete...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mortar strength of Low calcium Flyashbased GeopolymerIOSRJEEE
Development of an alternative to conventional cement binder has become the essential need in the construction industries. Production of the conventional constituents of concrete particularly Portland cement exploits significant amount of natural resources and emits equivalent amountof carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Research made on making binder without cement has come to a viable level of developing geopolymers.Industrial wastes and by products that are pozzolanic in nature are being used as source material and activated using alkaline solutions to use as binder. Considerable research has been carried out to study about the performance of geopolymer concrete with steam curing or hot curing which are feasible for precast concrete and practically not viable for conventional construction activities. However, there is not much data available on themortar strength.Abasic study on the strength characteristicsof low calcium flyash based geopolymer with 8-16M molar concentration of Sodium hydroxide and 1.5-3.0 liquid ratios of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide. Both hot oven curingat 65oC and ambient curing at room temperature aremade. The results are compared and the optimum molarity for maximum strength is reported.
Effect Of Curing Temperature And Curing Hours On The Properties Of Geo-Polyme...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Short term properties of High Calcium Flyashbased Geopolymer binderIOSRJMCE
The past decades of research is diverted primarily in making concrete without cement or atleast partially replacing by suitable alternatives. For its availability and problems associated with, flyash has been given priority to use in concrete in high volume or total replacement of cement resulting in geopolymer concrete using activated flyash of low calcium type as the source material. However, few are dealt on the high calcium flyash that too mainly on achieving the required compressive strength and not much on the short term engineering properties like consistency and setting characteristicseven though itis essential to establish the time available for placing, compaction and transport of geopolymer. Therefore, a fundamental study on the setting characteristics and strength development of high calcium flyash based geopolymer with varying concentration of Sodium hydroxide(8-14M),varying liquid ratios (1.5-3.0) of the activator and curing at ambient and 65oCtemperature is made.It is observed that the consistency of flyash based geopolymer increases with increase of concentration of NaOH and is not at all influenced by the liquid ratios considered but, the setting time is reduced by oven curing obviously. Also, the mortar strength is atleast 10% more for hot curing than ambient curing.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
2. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
220
(2)
(3)
The reaction path indicates that Si-Al materials might become raw material for geopolymers. For the optimal
reaction, alkali activator (alkali solution and sodium silicate) and the favorable environment for reaction (curing
condition) are required. The main factors affecting geopolymerization are identified as type and nature of raw materials,
alkaline activators and curing conditions [2].
2. 1. Raw materials for Geopolymer
The raw materials play a significant role in the geopolymer reaction and affect the mechanical properties and
microstructure of the final geopolymeric products. Generally, materials containing mostly amorphous silica (SiO2) and
alumina (Al2O3) are a possible source for geopolymer production. Naturally available materials like kaolin [5,6], natural
puzzolana [7, 8] and Malaysian marine clay [9], treated minerals like metakaoline and waste materials like fly ash
[10,11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18], Construction waste [19], red clay brick waste [20], fly ash and rice husk-bark ash[21],
fly ash and blast furnace slag[22] etc can be used. The chemical composition and particle size of these materials are
important factors affecting the geopolymer reaction.
2.1.1. Chemical composition
Xu and Deventer [4] studied the alkali activation of a large number of natural alumino silicate minerals and
confirmed that source materials with a high reactivity are required in order to synthesize a geopolymer with high
compressive strength. They also concluded that Si/Al ratio in the original mineral presents a correlation with mechanical
strength of the geopolymer. Fernandez et al. [23] also agreed with the above finding by studying three types of fly ashes
having Si/Al molar ratio of the reactive phase as 1.42, 1.64 and 2.38 and concluded that fly ash F with high reactive SiO2
and Al2O3 contents and (Si/Al)reactive ratio below 2 is suitable to produce good cementitious property alkaline cement on
alkali activation. Also alkali activated fly ash with calcium content show higher mechanical strength [24]. An increase in
the rate of hardening is observed with the addition of slag to fly ash. The free calcium ions present in the slag prolong fly
ash dissolution and enhances geopolymer gel formation [25]. Deventer et al [10] in their study proved that fly ash based
geopolymers are more durable and stronger than metakaolin based geopolymers. Silva et al. [26] concluded that minor
changes in the oxide (SiO2, Na2O, and Al2O3) ratios of initial mix formulations can dramatically change the chemistry of
the geopolymer system. Geopolymer materials produced by alkali activation of fly ashes with a high content of loss of
ignition were resistant against solutions of NaCl and Na2SO4 or H2SO4 [27].
2.1.2. Particle size and reactivity of raw material
Mechanical activation (MA) by milling enhanced the reactivity due to the combined effect of lower particle
size, angular shape, increase in surface area and change in bulk and surface reactivity. Microstuctural features such as
increase in compactness, formation of more reaction product and changes in nature of gel are also associated with
mechanical activation [28]. 80% increase in compressive strength of the geopolymer was observed by Temuujin et al.
[29] which attributes to reduction of particle size and change in morphology allowing a higher dissolution rate of fly ash
particles. Kiatsuda Somna et al. [30] in their study obtained reasonable strength for geopolymer made from ground fine
fly ash (median particle size 10.5 µm) at ambient temperature curing. The higher reactivity of the raw material through
MA has been again confirmed by Sanjay Kumar et al. [31] during the development of geopolymer from Silico Manganes
(Si Mn) slag. Bajare et al. [32] also agreed with the above findings in their geopolymer study with ground glass waste.
According to VanchaiSata et al. [33], fine bottom ash was more reactive than those of the coarser fly ashes, which
exhibited higher compressive strength. As a result of the investigation done by Gabor Mucsi et al. [34], it was found that
the geopolymer strength increased as function of fly ash fineness. Differences in the network modifying element content,
the amorphous phase content, and the particle size lead to large differences in compressive strength [35].
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2.2. Alkaline activators
The alkaline activator plays a crucial role in the polymerization reaction [36]. The type and concentration of
alkali solution affect the dissolution of raw material (fly ash). Leaching of Al3+
and Si4+
ions are generally high with
sodium hydroxide solution compared to pottassium hydroxide solution. Alkali concentration is a significant factor in
controlling the leaching of alumina and silica from fly ash particles in geopolymerization [37]. It has been shown that
silicate activation increases the dissolution of the raw materials and gives rise to favorable mechanical properties [38].
Geopolymerization reactions occur at a high rate when the alkaline activator contains soluble silicate, compared to the
use of only alkaline hydroxides [36]. Concentration of alkali, activator liquid to binder material mass ratio and sodium
silicate to sodium hydroxide solution mass ratio are the main factors affecting geopolymerization in connection with
alkaline activator.
2.2.1. Concentration
Sodium hydroxide concentration is different for different raw materials [1,2]. Hardjito et al. [39] confirmed that
alkali concentration is the most significant factor for geopolymerization and stated that a higher concentration of NaOH
yields a higher compressive strength. The compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer with 10M NaOH was
observed as 35 MPa where as 18MPa was observed with bottom ash based geopolymer prepared using 15M NaOH
solution [40]. Concentration of sodium hydroxide play an important role in the compressive strength and microstructure
of fly ash based geopolymer paste [30]. Mustafa Al Bakri et al. [13] studied the factors influencing early age compressive
strength of fly ash based polymer with different molarities of sodium hydroxide and concluded that the geopolymer paste
with NaOH concentration of 12M produced maximum compressive strength. Joshi and Kadu [41], in their study
observed the same 12M NaOH concentration for the optimum geopolymer concrete from fly ash. A greater amount of
alumino-silicate gel would be produced when the Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio increased (greater concentration of NaOH)
which enabled the solubilization of fly ash particle [42]. Improvement in the compressive strength and stiffness of the
final geopolymeric products were observed with a higher alkalinity [43]. NaOH concentration had significant effect on
compressive strength of kaolin based geopolymer also [5]. Alkaline concentration 8M showed optimal compressive
strength for kaolin based geopolymer [6]. Reig et al. [20] studied the geopolymerization of red clay brick waste and
concluded that the optimum mix was obtained at 7M NaOH.
2.2.2. Activator liquid to binder material mass ratio
Change in activator liquid to raw material mass ratio changes the quantity of activator solution taking part in the
dissolution of the raw materials. Liew et al. [44] claimed that with solid to liquid ratio as 0.8 and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio as
0.2, the calcined Kaolin based geopolymer resulted in high compressive strength. According to Joshi and Kadu [41], the
optimum combination of mix for development of geopolymer concrete from fly ash is with alkaline liquid to fly ash mass
ratio 0.35, keeping water to binder ratio as 0.26 for workability. Kaolin based geopolymer was optimised with solid to
alkaline solution ratio as 1[6].
2.2.3. Sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution mass ratio
Fly ash when activated with soluble silicates (sodium or potassium silicate), the reaction rates would be higher
than that activated with hydroxides only and quicker development of mechanical strength would be the result [36].
Fernandez-Jimeneza et al. [45] carried out a factorial experimental design with alkaline-activated slag cement mortars
and found that the most significant factor on the geopolymerization response as the alkaline activator nature. The
optimum mechanical strength was obtained with combination of Na2SiO3 and NaOH as activator. The addition of sodium
silicate solution to the sodium hydroxide solution as the alkaline activator enhanced the reaction between the raw
material and the solution [4]. The most common alkaline activator used in geopolymerization is a combination of
sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium silicate or potassium silicate [17]. The sodium
silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio are different for different raw materials [2]. Hardjito et al. [39] observed that the
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete increases with increase in sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio.
According to Bakharev [46] geopolymers formed with sodium hydroxide activator showed more stable strength
properties than geopolymers formed with sodium silicate activator. Joshi and Kadu [41], arrived sodium silicate to
sodium hydroxide solution mass ratio as 2.5 for maximum compressive strength for fly ash based geopolymer concrete.
2.3. Curing Condition
Water serves as a carrier of the alkali activating agent during the geopolymer hardening [3]. To avoid water
evaporation from moulded geopolymer samples which was necessary for the reactions of geopolymerization, the samples
were covered with plastic film during curing [42]. Different curing conditions have been reported with different
geopolymers created from different raw materials and different activators [36]. The geopolymerization reaction of non
milled fly ash obtained from industry was extremely slow at ambient temperature [22] which can be enhanced by curing
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at elevated temperature to get the optimum compressive strength from geopolymer concrete based on raw Class F fly ash
[39].
2.3.1. Ambient Temperature Cure
In practical application, curing at ambient temperature is more convenient. But at ambient temperature,
geopolymerization reaction of the raw fly ash is extremely slow [22] which can be enhanced by mechanical activation or
addition of ground granular blast furnace slag to fly ash [29, 47, 48]. For alkali activated Kaolin, curing at ambient
temperature is unfeasible due to delay in the beginning of setting [6]. Temuujin et al. [29] obtained increased
compressive strength for geopolymer with mechanically activated fly ash, cured at ambient temperature. Compressive
strength of ambient cured geopolymer mortar with fly ash increases with increase in ground granular blast furnace
content and molarity of alkaline solution [47]. The geopolymer made with 70% fly ash and 30% GGBS produced the
maxium strength for sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio 2.5, under ambient curing [48]. Fly ash partially dissolved
and involved in the reactive process when 50% fly ash and 50% slag in combination was used [22]. Reasonable strength
was obtained with sodium hydroxide activated ground fine fly ash, cured at ambient temperature [30].
2.3.2. Elevated Temperature Cure
From the experimental results Palomo et al. [36], concluded that if all the factors remain constant, the increase
in temperature tends to result in a gain of mechanical strength for geopolymers. But blast furnace slag based geopolymer
decreased its compressive strength with increase of curing temperature, when activated with the solution of sodium
silicate and sodium hydroxide. However strength increases without sodium silicate [45]. The curing temperature had a
positive effect in the strength increase at the first days of reaction [22]. Hardjito et al. [39] reported that curing
temperature in the range of 30 to 90 °C and longer curing time (48 h) will increase the compressive strength of fly ash
based geopolymer concrete. Bakharev [46] in his study confirmed that long precuring (24hr) at room temperature is
beneficial for strength development of geopolymeric materials utilizing fly ash and cured at elevated temperature as it
allows shortening the time of heat treatment for achievement of high strength. Najafi Kani and Allahverdi [49] studied
the influence of curing condition on geopolymer prepared from natural pozzolan and claimed higher strength
development with longer (7days) precuring at an ambient of more than 95% relative humidity at room temperature,
before the application of heat. Klabprasit et al [21] studied the effect of curing temperature on both compressive strength
and rate of reaction of fly ash and rice husk-bark ash based geopolymer paste and observed that curing at 60 o
C enhanced
the higher compressive strength within early ages. Relatively long precuring (1-7days) in humid atmosphere (95%
relative humidity) before the application of heat showed higher compressive strength development of geopolymer based
on natural puzzolan [19]. The geopolymerization process of an alkali-metakaolin system at different curing temperatures
was studied by Muniz-Villarreal et al. [50] and observed that geopolymer cured at 60°C for 24 hrs exhibits the best
physical and mechanical properties. The maximum compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer was obtained at
60o
C curing for 24 hours, but the compressive strength decreased with further increase in temperature for curing [51].
Joshi and Kadu [41] investigated that low calcium fly ash is suitable for optimum mix development of geopolymer
concrete under oven dry curing at 75o
C for 24 hrs. The maximum compressive strength was observed by Arioz et al. [52]
with F class fly ash based geopolymer synthesized using sodium silicate and 8 M sodium hydroxide solutions, cured at
80o
C for 24hours, followed by curing at room temperature till testing. But there was no significant effect of curing
conditions on the microstructure of the samples. Highest strength was obtained with alkali activated Kaolin, cured at
60o
C for 3days [6]. However curing at more than 60o
C for a long period of time caused failure of the sample at a later
age. Bajare et al.[32], during their investigations with six different Geopolymers made from Barley ash, wood ash,
combination of calcined clay with Orginal roughly ground glass, Additionally ground waste glass, Barley ash and wood
ash, concluded that specimens cured at elevated temperature showed significant increase of compressive strength than
ambient temperature cured ones.
3. CONCLUSION
Raw material commonly used for geopolymer formation includes metakaolin, GGBFS, and fly ash, rich in
reactive silica and alumina. Recent researchers concluded that several other locally available alumino silicate minerals
can be used as raw material for the formation of geopolymer binder. The mixture of two or more raw materials could also
be used for better curing condition and strength requirement.
Alkali concentration is a significant factor in controlling the leaching of alumina and silica from fly ash particles
in geopolymerization. The available quantity of activator solution will be affected by activator liquid to raw material
mass ratio for geopolymerization. Most widely used alkaline activator is a mixture of sodium silicate and NaOH solution.
Silicate activation increases the dissolution of the raw materials and gives rise to favourable mechanical properties. For
different raw materials the optimum alkaline concentration, activator liquid to raw material mass ratio and sodium
silicate to sodium hydroxide solution ratio would be different.
Different curing conditions are required for different raw materials and different activators. Majority of the
authors observed that early strength could be achieved by curing at elevated temperature for 24-48 hrs. Finely ground
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raw material can produce a geopolymer with reasonable strength under ambient curing, which is suitable for practical
application. The geopolymerization reaction rate can be increased under ambient temperature by the addition of ground
granular blast furnace to the raw material in certain percentage. Literatures lack in research in the area of geopolymer
from locally available material as an eco- friendly binder material. Hence there is ample scope for future research in this
area.
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