The document experimentally investigates the effect of clay particle size variation on the rheological properties of drilling fluid. Four bentonite clay samples were sieved to different particle sizes and used to prepare drilling fluid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the chemical composition remained the same with only particle size varying. Rheological tests found that with decreasing clay particle size, the plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point and gel strength of the drilling fluid increased, while filtration loss and filter cake thickness decreased. The results indicate that drilling fluid with smaller clay particles has better rheological and filtration properties.
IRJET - Impact of Nano-Particles on the Rheological Properties of Drilling F...IRJET Journal
This research paper examines the impact of nanoparticles on the rheological properties of drilling fluids. Bentonite clay is commonly used in drilling fluids to improve viscosity and form filter cakes. However, using too much bentonite can cause issues. The researchers synthesized bentonite nanoparticles using a planetary ball mill and incorporated them into water-based drilling fluids at varying concentrations. They characterized the nanoparticles using XRD and FTIR analysis and tested the drilling fluid samples for properties like density, viscosity, gel strength and pH. Results showed that drilling fluids with bentonite nanoparticles exhibited better rheological properties like higher viscosity and gel strength compared to micro-sized bentonite particles. This is because nanoparticles have a larger surface area to volume ratio, improving
1) The document analyzes the addition of polymers to drilling mud to prevent barite sagging in high-pressure high-temperature wells.
2) Experiments were conducted adding polymers like PAC, XG and CMC to mud samples, and sag tests found XG and CMC helped reduce sagging.
3) Further tests adding 5% bentonite also reduced the sag factor, indicating the polymer-modified mud better controlled barite sagging.
A Study on Cement Stabilized Conventional Waste and Marginal Material for Pav...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using cement stabilization to improve the strength of conventional waste and marginal materials for pavement construction. Four samples - mine waste, river material, and hard shoulder material - were collected and tested with 3%, 6%, and 9% cement content. Testing included CBR, unconfined compressive strength, and durability. The results showed that with cement stabilization, the materials improved in strength and durability over time and met standards for base and sub-base layers in some cases. Using these stabilized waste and marginal materials could help reduce the cost of road construction while providing adequate engineering properties.
IRJET- Evaluation of Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete and Determination...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the evaluation of properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available materials in India. RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with no coarse aggregates. The document details the development of 9 different RPC mix designs varying the water-binder ratio, silica fume content, and superplasticizer dosage. Fresh and hardened properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, and modulus of elasticity were tested on specimens cured with both normal and hot air curing. The maximum compressive strength of 108.63 MPa was achieved for a mix with 20% silica fume content and a water-binder ratio of 0.25, cured with hot air. Flexural strengths were found
Behavior of Pervious Concrete by Gradation MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of pervious concrete made using different gradations of aggregates. Pervious concrete mixes were designed using aggregates of sizes AB, BC, and CA in ratios determined by Routhfourth's gradation method. The compressive strength and permeability of cubes made from each mix were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. Results showed that mixes with smaller aggregate sizes had higher compressive strength, while mixes with larger aggregates had higher permeability. The BC mix was found to have the best balance of compressive strength and permeability. In conclusion, aggregate size significantly impacts the strength and permeability of pervious concrete.
IRJET- A Study on Aging Behavior of Paving Grade Bitumen using Filler MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the aging behavior of paving grade bitumen using filler material. The objectives of the study were to examine the effects of aging on various properties of neat bitumen and modified bitumen samples containing cement filler. Tests were conducted to determine the penetration, softening point, viscosity and rheological properties of samples before and after aging. The results showed that modified bitumen binders experienced less aging effects than neat bitumen. Specifically, the modified samples had higher penetration values and lower softening points after aging compared to the neat bitumen sample.
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Fly Ash based Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The study developed mixture proportions for geopolymer concrete and tested samples at 7, 28, and 56 days to determine compressive strength. Three mixture designs (G35-T1, G35-T2, G35-T3) were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mixture (M35). The 56-day compressive strengths of G35-T3 were found to be similar to or slightly higher than M35. G35-T3 with 16M alkali activator solution and curing at 60°C for 24 hours produced compressive strengths above the target 35 MPa and was determined
IRJET - Impact of Nano-Particles on the Rheological Properties of Drilling F...IRJET Journal
This research paper examines the impact of nanoparticles on the rheological properties of drilling fluids. Bentonite clay is commonly used in drilling fluids to improve viscosity and form filter cakes. However, using too much bentonite can cause issues. The researchers synthesized bentonite nanoparticles using a planetary ball mill and incorporated them into water-based drilling fluids at varying concentrations. They characterized the nanoparticles using XRD and FTIR analysis and tested the drilling fluid samples for properties like density, viscosity, gel strength and pH. Results showed that drilling fluids with bentonite nanoparticles exhibited better rheological properties like higher viscosity and gel strength compared to micro-sized bentonite particles. This is because nanoparticles have a larger surface area to volume ratio, improving
1) The document analyzes the addition of polymers to drilling mud to prevent barite sagging in high-pressure high-temperature wells.
2) Experiments were conducted adding polymers like PAC, XG and CMC to mud samples, and sag tests found XG and CMC helped reduce sagging.
3) Further tests adding 5% bentonite also reduced the sag factor, indicating the polymer-modified mud better controlled barite sagging.
A Study on Cement Stabilized Conventional Waste and Marginal Material for Pav...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using cement stabilization to improve the strength of conventional waste and marginal materials for pavement construction. Four samples - mine waste, river material, and hard shoulder material - were collected and tested with 3%, 6%, and 9% cement content. Testing included CBR, unconfined compressive strength, and durability. The results showed that with cement stabilization, the materials improved in strength and durability over time and met standards for base and sub-base layers in some cases. Using these stabilized waste and marginal materials could help reduce the cost of road construction while providing adequate engineering properties.
IRJET- Evaluation of Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete and Determination...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the evaluation of properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available materials in India. RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with no coarse aggregates. The document details the development of 9 different RPC mix designs varying the water-binder ratio, silica fume content, and superplasticizer dosage. Fresh and hardened properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, and modulus of elasticity were tested on specimens cured with both normal and hot air curing. The maximum compressive strength of 108.63 MPa was achieved for a mix with 20% silica fume content and a water-binder ratio of 0.25, cured with hot air. Flexural strengths were found
Behavior of Pervious Concrete by Gradation MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the behavior of pervious concrete made using different gradations of aggregates. Pervious concrete mixes were designed using aggregates of sizes AB, BC, and CA in ratios determined by Routhfourth's gradation method. The compressive strength and permeability of cubes made from each mix were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. Results showed that mixes with smaller aggregate sizes had higher compressive strength, while mixes with larger aggregates had higher permeability. The BC mix was found to have the best balance of compressive strength and permeability. In conclusion, aggregate size significantly impacts the strength and permeability of pervious concrete.
IRJET- A Study on Aging Behavior of Paving Grade Bitumen using Filler MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the aging behavior of paving grade bitumen using filler material. The objectives of the study were to examine the effects of aging on various properties of neat bitumen and modified bitumen samples containing cement filler. Tests were conducted to determine the penetration, softening point, viscosity and rheological properties of samples before and after aging. The results showed that modified bitumen binders experienced less aging effects than neat bitumen. Specifically, the modified samples had higher penetration values and lower softening points after aging compared to the neat bitumen sample.
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Fly Ash based Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. The study developed mixture proportions for geopolymer concrete and tested samples at 7, 28, and 56 days to determine compressive strength. Three mixture designs (G35-T1, G35-T2, G35-T3) were tested and compared to a conventional concrete mixture (M35). The 56-day compressive strengths of G35-T3 were found to be similar to or slightly higher than M35. G35-T3 with 16M alkali activator solution and curing at 60°C for 24 hours produced compressive strengths above the target 35 MPa and was determined
Effect of Limewater on the Properties of Binary Blended Cementitious CompositeIRJET Journal
This document studied the effect of limewater on the properties of cement mixtures containing silica fume. Tests were conducted on cement mixtures with 0-50% replacement of cement with silica fume, and mixing with either water or saturated limewater. Using limewater increased both initial and final setting times compared to water. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength were highest with 30% silica fume replacement and limewater mixing, showing increases of 34.7%, 60.96%, and 46.91% respectively over the control mixture without silica fume or limewater at 28 days. In conclusion, limewater improved the mechanical properties of cement mixtures with 30% silica fume replacement.
Compatibility study of slag cement with PCE based admixturesAbdulRazakBH
Abstract - Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research work is aimed at testing compatibility of slag cement at different dosages with PCE based admixtures. It was found that The Combination 80% Cement With 20% GGBS Are More Compatible Compared To All The Optimum Dosage Combinations.
Key Words: GGBS, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
IRJET- Experimental Study on Pozzoloanic Activity of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a byproduct of the sugar industry. The study involves testing concrete mixtures with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacements of cement with bagasse ash. Tests are performed on the fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate properties like slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. The results show that sugarcane bagasse ash can effectively replace up to 10% of cement without significantly affecting the properties of concrete, making it a promising supplementary cementitious material that can provide technical, economic, and environmental benefits.
IRJET- Effect of Bentonite Clay on Compaction, CBR and Shear Behaviour of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding bentonite clay to Narmada sand. Various laboratory tests were conducted including modified compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and direct shear tests on mixtures with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% bentonite by dry weight. The results showed that maximum dry density increased with bentonite content up to 15% but then decreased, and optimum moisture content consistently increased. CBR values decreased with higher bentonite content. Shear strength increased as evidenced by higher cohesion but lower friction angles in the mixtures compared to the sand alone.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Compression and Flexural Behaviour of Concret...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the use of stainless steel scrap as fiber reinforcement in concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% stainless steel scrap by weight. The mixtures were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and corrosion resistance. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength increased up to 12% and 24% respectively with 1% stainless steel scrap compared to plain concrete. Corrosion testing also showed that stainless steel scrap had much lower weight loss than mild steel when exposed to acids, indicating higher corrosion resistance. The study concluded that 1% stainless steel scrap provided optimal improvement in strength properties while utilizing an industrial waste material
Laboratory Study on using Waste Glass as Filler in Bituminous MixesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using waste glass as a filler in bituminous concrete mixes. Bituminous concrete mixes were prepared using three different fillers - cement, lime, and glass powder - at dosages of 4%, 6%, and 8%. Mixes with glass powder displayed similar Marshall and volumetric properties as mixes with conventional fillers. The optimum dosage of glass powder was determined to be 6.2%, at which mixes had higher stability, lower flow values, and density compared to normal mixes. Using glass powder waste as a filler can produce more stable and durable bituminous mixes while providing an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of glass waste from industries.
IRJET- Strength and Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete using Low-Calcium Flyash...IRJET Journal
The document studies the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using calcium hydroxide as a replacement for fly ash. Fly ash and calcium hydroxide were used to synthesize geopolymeric binders to prepare structural grade concrete. Specimens with different calcium hydroxide replacements were tested and results showed compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths increased up to 2% replacement but decreased after 2.5%. The optimum calcium hydroxide replacement for fly ash was determined to be 2%.
This document discusses the use of granite waste powder as a filler material in self-compacting concrete (SCC). It begins with an introduction to SCC and its benefits over traditional vibrated concrete. The researcher then details their experimental process for developing SCC mixes using different proportions of granite powder, water, cement, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate. A number of initial trial mixes were produced to determine the optimal mix proportions and flow properties. The compressive strengths of the trial mixes were then tested at 3 and 7 days. Based on the flowability and early strength results, the best performing mixes for each paste volume were selected for further testing of hardened properties like flexural strength, split tensile strength, and density. The results showed
IRJET - Experimental Study on Properties of SoilIRJET Journal
1. The document describes experimental studies on the properties of soil, including standard proctor compaction testing, specific gravity testing using pycnometer method, and sieve analysis for particle size distribution.
2. Standard proctor compaction testing found the maximum dry density of the soil to be 2.46 gm/cc at the optimum moisture content of 10%.
3. Testing also determined the specific gravity of the soil to be 2.55, uniformity coefficient of 4.16 indicating well graded soil, and coefficient of curvature of 1.2 also indicating well graded soil.
Study of Engineering Properties of Bholari Sand Kotri District Jamshoro Sindh...MushtaqueAhmedpathan
This study analyzed the engineering properties of Bholari sand from four deposits in Kotri District, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. Samples were tested for specific gravity, bulk density, sieve analysis, silt content, and petrography according to ASTM standards. The results found the sand met ASTM specifications for use in construction applications like concrete and mortar. However, the current deposits are diminishing so further geological surveys are needed to identify new deposits to meet increasing demand from projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.
An Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete using GGBS and AlcofineIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and alcofine. Three mix designs were tested with 30% GGBS replacement and 0%, 10%, and 20% alcofine replacement. Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were found to increase for all mix designs compared to a control concrete. The highest strengths were observed with 30% GGBS and 30% alcofine replacement, with compressive strength increasing up to 26% and split tensile strength increasing up to 36% compared to the control. The study concluded that it is possible to produce stronger concrete by partially replacing cement
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
IRJET-Replacing the Fly Ash by STP Dry Sludge in Manufacturing of Fly Ash BricksIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that experimentally tested replacing fly ash with sewage treatment plant (STP) dry sludge in manufacturing fly ash bricks. STP sludge is a waste product that needs disposal, while fly ash is commonly used in brick production. The study replaced fly ash with 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12% STP dry sludge by weight. Tests on the dry sludge fly ash bricks showed that replacing up to 7.5% of the total weight with sludge yielded satisfactory results, with compressive strength and water absorption similar to standard fly ash bricks. Higher sludge content above 7.5% reduced brick strength. The study thus demonstrates the feasibility of using STP sludge as a
IRJET- Use of Waste Rubber Chips for the Production of Concrete Paver BlockIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using waste rubber chips to produce concrete paver blocks. Various concrete mixtures were produced with rubber chip replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of the coarse aggregates. The mixtures were cured for 7 days and then tested for unit weight and compressive strength. Test results showed that unit weight and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of rubber chips increased. Specifically, unit weight decreased by up to 9.89% and compressive strength decreased by up to 44.47% for the highest rubber content. The study concluded that waste rubber chips can partially replace coarse aggregates in concrete, but the percentage should be limited to amounts that do not significantly reduce strength for the intended application.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete Paver Block by Adding Silica FumeIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the effect of adding silica fume on the strength properties of concrete paver blocks. Concrete mixes were prepared by replacing cement with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% silica fume. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the blocks at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that replacing 20% of cement with silica fume produced the highest strengths without negatively impacting the concrete properties. In conclusion, silica fume can be used to replace up to 20% of cement by weight to produce stronger and more water-resistant concrete paver blocks.
Study on BC Soil Used as Subgrade and Treated with Terrazyme- A Bio-EnzymeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of treating black cotton soil subgrade with Terrazyme, a bio-enzyme. Laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil samples with various dosages of Terrazyme added as a replacement for a percentage of optimum water content. The tests showed that with increasing Terrazyme dosage and curing time, the soil's shear strength and CBR values increased, while properties like plasticity decreased. For example, shear strength increased over 400% from 5.39 kPa to 27.5 kPa with 4% Terrazyme added. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of Terrazyme for stabilizing expansive black cotton soils and improving their engineering properties.
This document summarizes a study on using extracts from cypress tree bark as an eco-friendly admixture in concrete. Specifically:
1) Cypress bark extracts were prepared by boiling or soaking the bark in water. These extracts were then used in concrete mixes at dosages of 5-15% by weight of cement.
2) Testing found that the cypress extracts delayed the setting time of cement, indicating their potential as concrete retarders. The extracts also increased workability at a constant water-cement ratio or decreased water requirements at a constant slump.
3) Compressive strength tests showed that higher dosages of cypress extract improved strength. In conclusion, cypress extracts can increase
ANALYSIS AND LABORATORY STUDY OF STONE MATRIX ASPHALT(SMA) BY MARSHALL MIX DE...Akash KaPatel
This document outlines a study on the design of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mix using waste materials as fillers. The study aims to compare the Marshall properties of SMA samples containing two different fillers: brick dust and lime powder. Literature on previous studies investigating the use of various waste materials in SMA mixes is reviewed. The methodology adopted involves material testing of the bitumen, aggregates, and fillers to be used. A Marshall mix design is then carried out as per specifications, varying the bitumen content. Test results are analyzed to determine the optimum binder content for each filler. The results show that the SMA mix containing brick dust filler meets design criteria and performs better than the lime powder filler mix based on
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS and Fi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally evaluated the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and natural river sand with foundry sand. Concrete cubes of M20 grade mix were cast with GGBS replacing cement at 0-25% by weight and foundry sand replacing river sand at 0-30% by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 20% GGBS replacement of cement and 25% foundry sand replacement of river sand provided the optimum compressive strength, giving a 57% increase over conventional concrete and meeting the target strength for M20 mix. Thus partial replacements were found to provide strength benefits while utilizing industrial by
IRJET - To Study the effects of partially replacement of aggregate with RAP M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effects of partially replacing aggregate with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in dense bituminous macadam (DBM) design for flexible pavements. The study aims to promote more sustainable pavement construction by recycling RAP. Physical properties of mixtures containing different proportions of RAP aggregate are tested, including water absorption, stripping value, aggregate gradation, specific gravity, penetration, and Marshall stability. Test results indicate that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with RAP can meet design specifications and standards, offering potential cost savings while sustainably reusing demolition waste. The study concludes that RAP materials can successfully be used in flexible pavement bases and subbases when blended to achieve proper
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on High Performance Concrete using Silica ...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on high performance concrete using silica fume, fly ash, and glass powder. Concrete mixtures were prepared with different replacement levels of cement with these materials. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were tested at 7 and 28 days. The maximum strengths were observed with a 10% replacement of cement with 3.33% fly ash, 3.33% silica fume, and 3.33% glass powder. Higher replacement levels showed decreased strengths. The study concluded that replacing a portion of cement with these waste materials can enhance concrete strengths but higher replacements reduce strengths.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
Effect of Limewater on the Properties of Binary Blended Cementitious CompositeIRJET Journal
This document studied the effect of limewater on the properties of cement mixtures containing silica fume. Tests were conducted on cement mixtures with 0-50% replacement of cement with silica fume, and mixing with either water or saturated limewater. Using limewater increased both initial and final setting times compared to water. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength were highest with 30% silica fume replacement and limewater mixing, showing increases of 34.7%, 60.96%, and 46.91% respectively over the control mixture without silica fume or limewater at 28 days. In conclusion, limewater improved the mechanical properties of cement mixtures with 30% silica fume replacement.
Compatibility study of slag cement with PCE based admixturesAbdulRazakBH
Abstract - Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research work is aimed at testing compatibility of slag cement at different dosages with PCE based admixtures. It was found that The Combination 80% Cement With 20% GGBS Are More Compatible Compared To All The Optimum Dosage Combinations.
Key Words: GGBS, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
IRJET- Experimental Study on Pozzoloanic Activity of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the pozzolanic activity of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a byproduct of the sugar industry. The study involves testing concrete mixtures with 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacements of cement with bagasse ash. Tests are performed on the fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate properties like slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. The results show that sugarcane bagasse ash can effectively replace up to 10% of cement without significantly affecting the properties of concrete, making it a promising supplementary cementitious material that can provide technical, economic, and environmental benefits.
IRJET- Effect of Bentonite Clay on Compaction, CBR and Shear Behaviour of...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding bentonite clay to Narmada sand. Various laboratory tests were conducted including modified compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and direct shear tests on mixtures with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% bentonite by dry weight. The results showed that maximum dry density increased with bentonite content up to 15% but then decreased, and optimum moisture content consistently increased. CBR values decreased with higher bentonite content. Shear strength increased as evidenced by higher cohesion but lower friction angles in the mixtures compared to the sand alone.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Compression and Flexural Behaviour of Concret...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the use of stainless steel scrap as fiber reinforcement in concrete. Concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% stainless steel scrap by weight. The mixtures were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and corrosion resistance. The results showed that compressive strength and split tensile strength increased up to 12% and 24% respectively with 1% stainless steel scrap compared to plain concrete. Corrosion testing also showed that stainless steel scrap had much lower weight loss than mild steel when exposed to acids, indicating higher corrosion resistance. The study concluded that 1% stainless steel scrap provided optimal improvement in strength properties while utilizing an industrial waste material
Laboratory Study on using Waste Glass as Filler in Bituminous MixesIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on using waste glass as a filler in bituminous concrete mixes. Bituminous concrete mixes were prepared using three different fillers - cement, lime, and glass powder - at dosages of 4%, 6%, and 8%. Mixes with glass powder displayed similar Marshall and volumetric properties as mixes with conventional fillers. The optimum dosage of glass powder was determined to be 6.2%, at which mixes had higher stability, lower flow values, and density compared to normal mixes. Using glass powder waste as a filler can produce more stable and durable bituminous mixes while providing an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of glass waste from industries.
IRJET- Strength and Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete using Low-Calcium Flyash...IRJET Journal
The document studies the mechanical and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using calcium hydroxide as a replacement for fly ash. Fly ash and calcium hydroxide were used to synthesize geopolymeric binders to prepare structural grade concrete. Specimens with different calcium hydroxide replacements were tested and results showed compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths increased up to 2% replacement but decreased after 2.5%. The optimum calcium hydroxide replacement for fly ash was determined to be 2%.
This document discusses the use of granite waste powder as a filler material in self-compacting concrete (SCC). It begins with an introduction to SCC and its benefits over traditional vibrated concrete. The researcher then details their experimental process for developing SCC mixes using different proportions of granite powder, water, cement, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate. A number of initial trial mixes were produced to determine the optimal mix proportions and flow properties. The compressive strengths of the trial mixes were then tested at 3 and 7 days. Based on the flowability and early strength results, the best performing mixes for each paste volume were selected for further testing of hardened properties like flexural strength, split tensile strength, and density. The results showed
IRJET - Experimental Study on Properties of SoilIRJET Journal
1. The document describes experimental studies on the properties of soil, including standard proctor compaction testing, specific gravity testing using pycnometer method, and sieve analysis for particle size distribution.
2. Standard proctor compaction testing found the maximum dry density of the soil to be 2.46 gm/cc at the optimum moisture content of 10%.
3. Testing also determined the specific gravity of the soil to be 2.55, uniformity coefficient of 4.16 indicating well graded soil, and coefficient of curvature of 1.2 also indicating well graded soil.
Study of Engineering Properties of Bholari Sand Kotri District Jamshoro Sindh...MushtaqueAhmedpathan
This study analyzed the engineering properties of Bholari sand from four deposits in Kotri District, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. Samples were tested for specific gravity, bulk density, sieve analysis, silt content, and petrography according to ASTM standards. The results found the sand met ASTM specifications for use in construction applications like concrete and mortar. However, the current deposits are diminishing so further geological surveys are needed to identify new deposits to meet increasing demand from projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.
An Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete using GGBS and AlcofineIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and alcofine. Three mix designs were tested with 30% GGBS replacement and 0%, 10%, and 20% alcofine replacement. Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths were found to increase for all mix designs compared to a control concrete. The highest strengths were observed with 30% GGBS and 30% alcofine replacement, with compressive strength increasing up to 26% and split tensile strength increasing up to 36% compared to the control. The study concluded that it is possible to produce stronger concrete by partially replacing cement
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
IRJET-Replacing the Fly Ash by STP Dry Sludge in Manufacturing of Fly Ash BricksIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that experimentally tested replacing fly ash with sewage treatment plant (STP) dry sludge in manufacturing fly ash bricks. STP sludge is a waste product that needs disposal, while fly ash is commonly used in brick production. The study replaced fly ash with 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12% STP dry sludge by weight. Tests on the dry sludge fly ash bricks showed that replacing up to 7.5% of the total weight with sludge yielded satisfactory results, with compressive strength and water absorption similar to standard fly ash bricks. Higher sludge content above 7.5% reduced brick strength. The study thus demonstrates the feasibility of using STP sludge as a
IRJET- Use of Waste Rubber Chips for the Production of Concrete Paver BlockIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using waste rubber chips to produce concrete paver blocks. Various concrete mixtures were produced with rubber chip replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of the coarse aggregates. The mixtures were cured for 7 days and then tested for unit weight and compressive strength. Test results showed that unit weight and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of rubber chips increased. Specifically, unit weight decreased by up to 9.89% and compressive strength decreased by up to 44.47% for the highest rubber content. The study concluded that waste rubber chips can partially replace coarse aggregates in concrete, but the percentage should be limited to amounts that do not significantly reduce strength for the intended application.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete Paver Block by Adding Silica FumeIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the effect of adding silica fume on the strength properties of concrete paver blocks. Concrete mixes were prepared by replacing cement with 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% silica fume. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption of the blocks at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that replacing 20% of cement with silica fume produced the highest strengths without negatively impacting the concrete properties. In conclusion, silica fume can be used to replace up to 20% of cement by weight to produce stronger and more water-resistant concrete paver blocks.
Study on BC Soil Used as Subgrade and Treated with Terrazyme- A Bio-EnzymeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effects of treating black cotton soil subgrade with Terrazyme, a bio-enzyme. Laboratory tests were conducted on black cotton soil samples with various dosages of Terrazyme added as a replacement for a percentage of optimum water content. The tests showed that with increasing Terrazyme dosage and curing time, the soil's shear strength and CBR values increased, while properties like plasticity decreased. For example, shear strength increased over 400% from 5.39 kPa to 27.5 kPa with 4% Terrazyme added. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of Terrazyme for stabilizing expansive black cotton soils and improving their engineering properties.
This document summarizes a study on using extracts from cypress tree bark as an eco-friendly admixture in concrete. Specifically:
1) Cypress bark extracts were prepared by boiling or soaking the bark in water. These extracts were then used in concrete mixes at dosages of 5-15% by weight of cement.
2) Testing found that the cypress extracts delayed the setting time of cement, indicating their potential as concrete retarders. The extracts also increased workability at a constant water-cement ratio or decreased water requirements at a constant slump.
3) Compressive strength tests showed that higher dosages of cypress extract improved strength. In conclusion, cypress extracts can increase
ANALYSIS AND LABORATORY STUDY OF STONE MATRIX ASPHALT(SMA) BY MARSHALL MIX DE...Akash KaPatel
This document outlines a study on the design of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mix using waste materials as fillers. The study aims to compare the Marshall properties of SMA samples containing two different fillers: brick dust and lime powder. Literature on previous studies investigating the use of various waste materials in SMA mixes is reviewed. The methodology adopted involves material testing of the bitumen, aggregates, and fillers to be used. A Marshall mix design is then carried out as per specifications, varying the bitumen content. Test results are analyzed to determine the optimum binder content for each filler. The results show that the SMA mix containing brick dust filler meets design criteria and performs better than the lime powder filler mix based on
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS and Fi...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally evaluated the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and natural river sand with foundry sand. Concrete cubes of M20 grade mix were cast with GGBS replacing cement at 0-25% by weight and foundry sand replacing river sand at 0-30% by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 20% GGBS replacement of cement and 25% foundry sand replacement of river sand provided the optimum compressive strength, giving a 57% increase over conventional concrete and meeting the target strength for M20 mix. Thus partial replacements were found to provide strength benefits while utilizing industrial by
IRJET - To Study the effects of partially replacement of aggregate with RAP M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effects of partially replacing aggregate with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in dense bituminous macadam (DBM) design for flexible pavements. The study aims to promote more sustainable pavement construction by recycling RAP. Physical properties of mixtures containing different proportions of RAP aggregate are tested, including water absorption, stripping value, aggregate gradation, specific gravity, penetration, and Marshall stability. Test results indicate that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with RAP can meet design specifications and standards, offering potential cost savings while sustainably reusing demolition waste. The study concludes that RAP materials can successfully be used in flexible pavement bases and subbases when blended to achieve proper
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on High Performance Concrete using Silica ...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on high performance concrete using silica fume, fly ash, and glass powder. Concrete mixtures were prepared with different replacement levels of cement with these materials. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were tested at 7 and 28 days. The maximum strengths were observed with a 10% replacement of cement with 3.33% fly ash, 3.33% silica fume, and 3.33% glass powder. Higher replacement levels showed decreased strengths. The study concluded that replacing a portion of cement with these waste materials can enhance concrete strengths but higher replacements reduce strengths.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
IRJET- Comparative Study of Alternate Forms of Concrete by Replacing Bric...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing different forms of concrete made by partially replacing traditional aggregates with recycled materials. Brick bats, crushed clay tiles were used to replace up to 40% of coarse aggregate. Lead slag, an industrial byproduct, was used to replace up to 60% of fine aggregate. Cubes were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine compressive strength. Results showed concrete with 30% replacement of coarse aggregate and 30% replacement of fine aggregate achieved near equivalent compressive strengths as traditional concrete. Using these recycled materials provides an economical and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional concrete mixes.
IRJET-Experimental Study on Concrete Properties using Pet in Tension ZoneIRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on using PET fibers in the tension zone of concrete beams to improve their ductile properties. Several concrete beams were cast - a control beam without fibers and beams with PET mesh made of continuous fibers placed in the tension zone during casting. Tests were performed to analyze the flexural strength and crack width properties. The results showed that the beams with PET fiber mesh in the tension zone had slightly higher flexural strength and wider crack widths compared to the control beam without fibers. As more layers of PET mesh were added, the crack width decreased. Therefore, the PET fiber mesh was found to improve the ductile properties of concrete beams.
IRJET - Performance and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Fibre Reinfo...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study evaluating the use of flax fibre in concrete. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and prisms were made with flax fibre added at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight of cement. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were tested at 7 and 28 days of curing. The test results showed that flax fibre increased the strengths at 0.5-1% fibre content but decreased above 1% fibre content. SEM analysis indicated brittle failure in concrete without fibre but improved bonding between fibre and cement at lower fibre contents. In conclusion, flax fibre reinforced concrete performed best with fibre content below 1%.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation on Durability Studies of Concrete by usi...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the durability of concrete made with different types of cements (OPC, PPC, PSC) when cured under normal water, sea water, acid attack, and sulphate attack. Compressive strength was tested at various ages for concrete specimens made with each cement and cured under each condition. For all curing conditions, PSC concrete exhibited the highest compressive strengths compared to OPC and PPC concrete. Under normal water curing, strengths increased with time for all cements, with PSC reaching 38.92 MPa at 120 days. Sea water curing resulted in lower strengths than normal curing. Acid and sulphate attack reduced strengths compared to other curing
IRJET- Strength and Durability Study of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing silica fume as a partial replacement for cement. Tests were performed on concrete mixes with 0-50% replacement of natural coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates. The results showed that up to 30% replacement, the concrete achieved similar strength as conventional concrete. Beyond 30%, strength decreased. Initial surface absorption and sorptivity increased with higher replacement levels. However, recycled aggregate concrete performed well in ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. The optimum replacement of natural aggregates was found to be 30%.
Improving Strength of Concrete Through Partial usage of Rice Husk AshIRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the strength of concrete through partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash. It summarizes previous research showing rice husk ash can increase the strength and impermeability of concrete. The presented research evaluates a commercially available rice husk ash to determine its effect on the workability, mechanical properties (compressive, split tensile and flexural strength), and durability of concrete. Test results show compressive strength increases with rice husk ash replacement of cement up to 7.5%, with the 7.5% replacement mix achieving the highest 14-day compressive strength of 52.6 MPa, a 13.85% increase over the control mix.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Formulation and Characterization of Bioc...IRJET Journal
1. The study experimentally investigated the formulation and characterization of biocretes by partially replacing coarse aggregate in concrete with oyster shells.
2. Specimens with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with oyster shells were tested to determine their compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths at various ages.
3. The results showed that 10% replacement of oyster shells produced the highest compressive strength. Up to 10% replacement can produce concrete with good strength properties.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Dunite as CementIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on partially replacing dunite as cement in concrete. Dunite is an igneous rock composed primarily of olivine. The study tested replacing cement with dunite powder at percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. Tests were conducted to determine the workability and compressive strength of the concrete mixtures at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that replacing up to 40% of cement with dunite powder improved the compressive strength of hardened concrete compared to normal concrete. The dunite powder provided strength enhancement and was found to be more economical than cement alone. Therefore, partially replacing cement with dunite powder has the potential to produce durable and high
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Dunite as CementIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on partially replacing dunite as cement in concrete. Dunite is an igneous rock composed primarily of olivine. The study tested replacing cement with dunite powder at percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%. Tests were conducted to determine the workability and compressive strength of the concrete mixtures at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that replacing up to 40% of cement with dunite powder improved the compressive strength of hardened concrete compared to normal concrete. The dunite powder provided strength enhancement and was found to be more economical than cement alone. Therefore, partially replacing cement with dunite powder has the potential to produce durable and high
IRJET - Effect of Sodium Bentonite on Index and Engineering Properties of...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental study that investigated the effect of sodium bentonite on lime stabilized clay soil. Index tests, compaction tests, and unconfined compressive strength tests were conducted on soil samples stabilized with varying percentages of lime and sodium bentonite, both with and without curing. The following key results were found:
1) Addition of lime and sodium bentonite altered the soil's consistency limits, decreased maximum dry density, and increased unconfined compressive strength.
2) The optimum mix for high strength was found to be 8% lime with 4% sodium bentonite.
3) Sodium bentonite provided a larger surface area for pozzolanic reactions between lime and soil, improving
Influence of RGO and Fly-Ash on Cement Composite at Elevated TemperaturesIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the influence of adding reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and fly ash to ordinary Portland cement concrete composites. Samples were made with 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% RGO and 20% fly ash by weight. Testing found that RGO and fly ash can increase compressive and tensile strength by filling pores, and help maintain properties at elevated temperatures up to 600°C. Overall, RGO and fly ash showed potential as promising fillers for ordinary Portland cement.
Reusing of glass powder and industrial waste materials in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract A huge amount of concrete is consumed in the construction work. A good quality concrete is mixing of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures as needed to obtain an optimum quality and economy. In this study investigation were carried out on compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of M-40 grade of concrete mixes with 20% constant replacement of waste glass powder in cement and partial replacement of waste foundry sand in fine aggregate. From the test results, strength are achieved very less on 7th and 14th das but it increases on the 28thday. High strength values found at 40% replacement level in strength parameters. Keywords: waste glass powder, waste foundry sand, eco-friendly, concrete mix.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Formulation and Characterization of ...IRJET Journal
1. The document investigates the use of oyster shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete.
2. Various concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with oyster shells.
3. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that replacement of up to 10% oyster shells increased the strengths of the concrete compared to the normal mixture. Higher replacement levels of 20% showed decreased strengths.
IRJET- Analysis of Effect of Use of Rap in Bituminous ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in bituminous concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted on RAP samples collected from roads to evaluate properties like grading, residual binder content, and age. Bituminous mix samples were prepared with 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% RAP using the Marshall method. Test results showed that mixes with 35% RAP performed similarly to virgin mixes and was the optimal percentage, reducing costs by 50% compared to using only fresh materials.
IRJET - Improving Engineering Properties of Marine Clay using Tyre ChipsIRJET Journal
This study assessed the impact of adding waste tire chips to marine clay soil at different proportions. Laboratory tests were conducted on the clay soil without additives and with tire chip additives ranging from 0-10% by weight. The tests measured properties like consolidation, compaction, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The CBR increased from 1.18 for untreated clay to a maximum of 2.95 when 5% tire chips were added at the optimum moisture content of 18.5%. Overall, the results showed that the addition of tire chips can improve the engineering properties of marine clay soil by increasing its strength and bearing capacity.
IRJET- Effect of M-Sand Replacement on Mechanical and Durability Properti...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the effect of replacing cement with silica fume and river sand with manufactured sand (M-Sand) on the mechanical and durability properties of high strength concrete. Concrete mixes were prepared by replacing cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% silica fume and river sand with 100% M-Sand. Testing showed that the 10% silica fume replacement mix achieved the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It also exhibited lower water absorption and moisture migration rates compared to the other mixes. The study concluded that partial replacement of cement with 10% silica fume and river sand with 100% M-Sand improves the mechanical and durability properties
IRJET- Experimental Study on Engineered Cementitious CompositeIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on engineered cementitious composite (ECC). ECC is a type of concrete that can withstand high tensile strains without fracturing, unlike conventional concrete. The study examines the compressive strength and flexural strength of ECC cubes and slabs of various thicknesses. ECC mixtures were prepared with different percentages of polyvinyl alcohol fibers added to improve flexibility. Testing showed that as fiber percentage increased, slump and compressive strength decreased while flexural strength increased. Flexural strength was highest for the smallest slab depth and highest fiber content. The study concluded that ECC can achieve enhanced flexibility and energy absorption compared to traditional concrete.
IRJET-Study of Static and Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of UHPC with and with...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the static and dynamic modulus of elasticity of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with and without coarse aggregates. Six different UHPC mixes were prepared with three different water-binder ratios. The fresh and hardened properties of the mixes were evaluated. It was found that mixes containing coarse aggregates had higher modulus of elasticity values compared to mixes without coarse aggregates. Both the static and dynamic modulus of elasticity increased as the water-binder ratio decreased. The dynamic modulus of elasticity values closely matched the static modulus values, with a variation of 2.21% to 2.97%. Overall, the study showed that including coarse aggregates in UHPC significantly improved elastic modulus properties, though workability
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TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
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Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all