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IRJET- Elderly Care-Taking and Fall Detection System
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1634 Elderly Care-Taking and Fall Detection System Ankita Sawant1, Samrat Thorat2 1Student, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, GCOEA, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, GCOEA, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Rapid aging of global population is the topic of concern, which makes the issue of elderly care increasingly important. Falls of old people is the biggest reason for deaths among elderly together with forgetting intake of prescribed medication. Detection of fall is a leading challenge in public health problems particularly among elder people. Thesekinds of falls may become fatal if remain overlooked in time. Thusto avoid such accidents and provide medical help in case of such emergency, fall detection system is built. To minimize the fall and its related injuriescontinuousexaminationofpatientsand those who are prone to fall is needed. The giventhesispresents Elderly care taking system which detects falls using wearable accelerometer sensors ADXL345 embedded in Raspberry pi with the help of ANN-based algorithm. Alsomedicationsystem which sets a reminder for proper intake of medicines and a system for keeping check on physiological functionalities. Key Words: Fall detection system, Wearable Devices, Artificial Intelligence, Accelerometer 1. INTRODUCTION Elderly are unable to manage their daily actions as they grow older which results in one of the threats in public health issue. According to report from World Health Organization (WHO) adults, with age greater than 65 years, experience the utmost total of fatal falls, also the deaths caused by falls are maximum among elderly specially over the 60 years of age[1]. Females have been found at greater risk in this issue[2]. Following figure is more concerning since falls happen frequently indoors and are associated to daily activities. Not only physical, but these fall could also result in severe psychological effects in elderly. This could cause increase in dependence from elderly. Unnoticed falls occurs more often when patientgoestothetoilet.Unassisted fall can negatively impact their health. The time required to provide patient proper treatment after the fall determines the severity of a fall. Also, as the age of elderly increases, they are likely to overlook things which results in safety issues for them. In that context, health troublesoftheelderly have become increasingly vital and falls are the most frequent accidents which may often require medical consideration. So, elderly caretaking, recording their medication and fall detection is noteworthy research direction. To distinguish a fall from other actions based on this definition requires lots of efforts, since there are many similar actions. For example, falling has the most resemblance to lying [3]. Furthermore it is quite difficult to obtain the real statistics in the daily life, since it is a kind of random and accidental. Thereforethisisanintimidatingtask to build datasets with real fall data for study and analysis. Researchers have gone through lots of work in this field till 2019. The rapid advancement in the area of smart sensors and the Internet of Things hasbroughtvariousopportunities in fall detection research and created series of research results. The main objective is to design a system for elderly care-taking by keeping track of intake of their medication, daily activitiesandemergencysituationlikefalls with the help accelerometer, pulse rate sensor with the help of Raspberry Pi and IoT. The detection of falls by classifying these from other daily activities is focused. For this ANN based model of ML is used. The remaining paper has been organizedas given further: Section II consists of literature Review of fall detection system. Section methodology of given system. Performance analysis with results is given in section IV. Finally, section V summarized the paper and discusses the foremost challenges in researchanddevelopmentinthefield of elderly caretaking. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW For elderly fall detection, several solutions have been suggested since last decades.Basedontheusedsensor- technology, these solutions are classified into three core categories: Wearable Systems (WS), Non-WearableSystems (NWS), and hybrid based Systems (FS). In NWS systems vision based devices is used whichisrobustand powerful for detecting falls. In [16] a real-time human fall detection system using static digital camera which is fixed in the indoor of respective elderly is proposed.Theproposedwork is based on two techniques, an Ellipse approximation (EA) and Motion History Image (MHI). Nevertheless,theforemost drawback of these kinds of vision systems is their high cost and lacks of privacy for patient since these systems require the sensors that need to be located in the indoor surroundings where the elderly lives. To overcome this drawback, WS systems has been proposed, [6], [7], [9], [10], [11], [13] which typically utilize inertial sensors such as gyroscopes and accelerometer, generally mounted on the body of elderly in order to record the fall. Generally, in WS systems accelerometers are used since they recommend advantages such as low cost, low weight, low power consumption, small
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1635 size, ease of operation, can be attached on the various body locations and, most importantly, portability. As a result, one of the most frequently used method for fall detection involves the use of a tri-axial accelerometer along with a threshold-based algorithm. These papers used various locations for placement of these sensors like shoes, chest, and stomach on belt or on palm. Given work use the concept of thresholding in order to identifythefall.Lesscomputation cost and complexity are one of the biggest advantages while using the threshold-based methods rather than other methods. However, thresholding method is not adequate for detecting variety of falls since the system needs to find certain threshold for each kind of fall. Generally the system misinterprets the falls with ADL. Lately, machine learning (ML) techniques have been projected on WS systems to deal with these shortcomings and improve fall detection accuracy. Statistical inference of data models is used in ML for making automated predictions. Given paper follow the similar approach using a ANN-based model for fall detection, but the construction of system is in different way. First of all, data of actions of elderly is captured by a 3D-axis accelerometer ADXL345. Then, the elderly fall is determined by a ANN-based system, which is built and trained on raspberry pi. Primarily, the system training is done using pastinformationfromdatasets of falls. Subsequently, system detects the fall eventslearning by the trained model. 3. METHODOLOGY The present system consists of two blocks: 1. Intelligent Medibox for recording the regular intake of medication. 2. Fall Detection (FD) system to detect the fall. The proposed system consists of four major components: accelerometer, a Smart IoT gateway, communication network and Cloud services. For this purpose, a 3-axis accelerometer, pulse rate and IR proximity sensors are used, whichareresponsiblefor assembling data from engagements ofelderlypersoninreal- time with the help of Raspberry Pi 3B+. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is a 64-bit quad core processor running at 1.4GHz, dual-band 2.4GHz and 5GHz wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2/BLE, faster Ethernet. A 3D-axis accelerometer ADXL345 captures the data from activities of elderly. Given accelerometer is a thin, small, low power and has high resolution measurement at up to 16 g. formation of digital output data is in16-bit two complement and is accessed using I2C digital interface. Acceleration is measured in g- force, i.e. acceleration due to weight. Thus on free body it is measured 1G vertically. When the subject lose the balance and fall, our bodies are easy to dump to a certain direction, which causes our certain part of bodies to touch and hit the ground until our bodies render a quiescent state. There are four falling postures included in this study, i.e. frontal fall, back fall, left fall, right fall. Fig -1: Block Diagram of proposed system To recognize the four falling postures, a machine learning technique is employed.Ingivenresearch,the neural network classifier is developed to decidethecorrectactivity. Neuron is the basic element of a neural network. This is a simple mechanism that aggregates many inputs and applies a nonlinear transfer function, and generates the result as a model prediction. Many neurons of this kind are connected in a organized way to form a neural network. The neurons in such networks are arranged in layers. Typically, there is one layer for input neurons, one or more layers of the hidden layers, and one layer for output neurons. Each layer is fully interconnected to the preceding layer and the following layer. The links between neurons have given specific weight, to determine the strength of influence one neuron has on another. The information flow starts at input layer through the processing layers and ends at output layer to generate predictions. The weights are adjusted during training in order to equal predictions at the target values; the network learns to generate better and better predictions. Back propagation method is used for adjusting the weight and correcting the error.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1636 Fig -2: Training Algorithm Fig -3: Testing Algorithm The activation values from receptor neuron is passed further, which are then weighted and summed up to the output neuron, OK = Wjk aj The output weights Wjk are trained in a manner similar to the training of a two-layer back-propagation network. First of all some random value is initialized to the weights in range (-0.001<wij <0.001), andthentheyareupdatedateach cycle by the formula, wjk(t) = wjk(t -1) + Wjk(t) The change value is calculated as Wjk(t) = l1(rk -Ok)ai + aWjk(t -1) which is analogous to the formula used in the back- propagation method. Additionally, the system has reminder system for elderly which is made by IR proximitysensor.TheIntelligent Medibox setup has a box separated into several compartments, with attached IR. The box is connected to a real time clock, a Raspberry Pi B3+ which processes the activities and accordingly displays thepill detailsandtime of intake to caregivers In case the person fails in intake of medication IR receiver will sense it and send the signal to system. Fig -4: Process flow schematic of fall detection system If a fall is determined, the system checks heart rate of the patient to make sure of the fall. If the result is positive or there is inconsistency in consumption of medicines an alert is set off and the system automatically reacts by sending notifications to the care takers of elderly people. Finally, the system built on cloud provides services. Additionally a new model is built using the data of fall detected. 4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 10 healthy volunteers contributed in the study of age 20 to 25 years old, weight 50 to 70 kg and height 161 to 181cm. Each participant wore the system on the belt of hisjeansand repeated 5 times a sequence of tasks (moving upstairs, moving downstairs, walking, running, standing,fall forward, fall backward, fall right, fall left, lying, sitting).The numberof hidden layers is 5. The Data acquitted from accelerometer and pulse rate sensor is given to the raspberry pi where it is analyzed to detect the fall. ANN model is formedusingSci Kit tool. Chart -1: Fault analysis Chart -2: Fault analysis model for sleeping case model for walking case Chart -3: Fault analysis model for falling case
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 07 | July 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1637 Chart 1 to 3 illustrates the values of acceleration in x, y, z axis with respect to time using accelerometer. Above graph concludes that for sleeping there is less deviation in acceleration, while falling sudden change in acceleration occurs which is helpful in determining fall. The value acquired through accelerometer is analyzed through ANN model which thereby detect the fall. When the fall happens or person forgot to take medicines certainmessageisposted on the twitter account of patient. Everyone who follows him is able to see that message as given in fig. 7. Thus the patient could get the emergency treatment. Fig -5: Notification as shown in caregiver’s phone While training the model 98% accuracy is obtained. 5. CONCLUSION Reliable fall prevention or notification after detection is essential in independent living facilities for the elders. The paper proposed a reliable and low-cost human fall prediction and detection with the help of tri-axial accelerometer. To reduce the cost and complexity we utilize accelerometer placed at human upper trunk. In terms of timing performance, this method is able to complete evaluation in short time period and therefore to make the falling prediction priors to the collision of human body with lower objects. This makes it a reliable tool to be applied together with other protection equipments such as air-bags to prevent fall injury of elders. The thresholds methods with the help of tri-axial acceleration are mostly used to detect falls nowadays, but our method can applied to both fall detectionandprediction. This study accomplished fall prediction and detection with the help of tri-axial accelerometer and pulse rate sensor. As far as the authors' knowledge, besides this method, to predict and detect falls accurately, both tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope are needed until now. Fall detection is the initial step to protect the elderly but not the final one. It can help reduce the interval from falling to rescuing, but it cannot prevent the human from being injured. We have attempted and achievedgoodperformance of predicting a fall before an elderly person is injured (hitting the door) using one existing health care dataset. REFERENCES [1] Khalil Niazmand, Claudius Jehle, Lorenzo T. D’Angelo and Tim C. Lueth, “A New Washable Low-Cost Garment for Everyday Fall Detection”, 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Buenos Aires, Argentina, August31 -September4,2010. [2] Ma, X.; Wang, H.; Xue, B.; Zhou, M.; Ji, B.; Li, Y. Depth- Based Human Fall Detection via Shape Features and Improved Extreme Learning Machine. IEEE J. Biomed. 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