The document discusses the design and fabrication of a loop wheel suspension system. It aims to improve upon conventional bicycle wheels by incorporating a suspension system using leaf or loop springs. This is intended to provide a smoother ride with better shock absorption and load bearing capacity. The system would include axle, hub, rim, tires, and springs connected in a way that maintains the wheel's center of gravity. Literature on composite leaf spring designs for vehicles is reviewed, finding that composites can meet requirements with substantial weight savings compared to steel springs. The new loop wheel suspension system seeks to apply this concept to bicycles.
The wheel is a circular component that rotates on an axial bearing to facilitate movement or transportation while supporting a load. Common examples include wheels on vehicles like cars, bicycles, and carts. Wheels greatly reduce friction compared to dragging or sledding by allowing rolling motion. Early wheels were solid wooden disks, while spoked wheels later allowed for lighter construction. Wheels have had many uses throughout history and symbolize concepts like progress and spiritual cycles.
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The document discusses various modes of early transportation used in Canada by Indigenous peoples and European settlers. It describes how snowshoes, canoes, bull boats, and travois helped traverse deep snow and travel across lakes and rivers. As settlement expanded, transportation methods evolved from manual to include railways, roads, automobiles, and steamboats, which connected communities and aided in Canada's development.
Fixed wheels were invented in 3500 BC, allowing for early wheeled vehicles like carts and chariots. River boats and horse-drawn transportation developed over the following millennia. In the 18th and 19th centuries, major transportation innovations emerged like the steamboat, steam locomotive, automobile, airplane, and technologies that improved travel by land, sea, and air. Transportation management has evolved greatly from early wheeled vehicles to modern modes like jets, rockets, and bullet trains.
Material, design & analysis of a bicycle frameZubair Ahmed
The document is a technical seminar report on analyzing the material, design, and performance of a bicycle frame. It includes an abstract summarizing the objective to determine the frame's strength and performance under different loads. Finite element analysis was conducted on a model of an actual Indian-manufactured bicycle frame using various loading scenarios. The analysis concluded the frame had a large safety factor that increased its weight, and reducing tube thickness could be feasible. The report also reviewed the history of bicycle frame materials and designs, discussed common frame materials, and summarized the properties and costs of materials like aluminum, steel, titanium, and carbon fiber.
1. The document discusses the history of wheelchairs from ancient drawings and depictions in China and Greece to modern developments. It notes key inventions like the first collapsible wheelchair in 1933 and the introduction of electric wheelchairs.
2. It then describes different types of wheelchairs including manual, powered, and electric varieties. It also discusses recent innovations like hand cycles and stationary platforms for exercise.
3. The document concludes by discussing modern mobility scooters and wheelchairs, noting technological advances that have improved battery life and independence for disabled individuals while also acknowledging limitations like recharging that solar powered designs now address.
1. The document discusses the history of wheelchairs from ancient drawings and depictions in China and Greece to modern developments. It notes key inventions like the first collapsible wheelchair in 1933 and the introduction of electric wheelchairs in the 1950s.
2. It then describes different types of wheelchairs including manual, powered, and electric wheelchairs. It also discusses recent developments like hand cycles and stationary platforms for exercise.
3. The document concludes by discussing a project focused on improving mobility scooters and wheelchairs through additional features and technological advances like solar panels to charge batteries without wall outlets.
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The wheel is a circular component that rotates on an axial bearing to facilitate movement or transportation while supporting a load. Common examples include wheels on vehicles like cars, bicycles, and carts. Wheels greatly reduce friction compared to dragging or sledding by allowing rolling motion. Early wheels were solid wooden disks, while spoked wheels later allowed for lighter construction. Wheels have had many uses throughout history and symbolize concepts like progress and spiritual cycles.
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The document discusses various modes of early transportation used in Canada by Indigenous peoples and European settlers. It describes how snowshoes, canoes, bull boats, and travois helped traverse deep snow and travel across lakes and rivers. As settlement expanded, transportation methods evolved from manual to include railways, roads, automobiles, and steamboats, which connected communities and aided in Canada's development.
Fixed wheels were invented in 3500 BC, allowing for early wheeled vehicles like carts and chariots. River boats and horse-drawn transportation developed over the following millennia. In the 18th and 19th centuries, major transportation innovations emerged like the steamboat, steam locomotive, automobile, airplane, and technologies that improved travel by land, sea, and air. Transportation management has evolved greatly from early wheeled vehicles to modern modes like jets, rockets, and bullet trains.
Material, design & analysis of a bicycle frameZubair Ahmed
The document is a technical seminar report on analyzing the material, design, and performance of a bicycle frame. It includes an abstract summarizing the objective to determine the frame's strength and performance under different loads. Finite element analysis was conducted on a model of an actual Indian-manufactured bicycle frame using various loading scenarios. The analysis concluded the frame had a large safety factor that increased its weight, and reducing tube thickness could be feasible. The report also reviewed the history of bicycle frame materials and designs, discussed common frame materials, and summarized the properties and costs of materials like aluminum, steel, titanium, and carbon fiber.
1. The document discusses the history of wheelchairs from ancient drawings and depictions in China and Greece to modern developments. It notes key inventions like the first collapsible wheelchair in 1933 and the introduction of electric wheelchairs.
2. It then describes different types of wheelchairs including manual, powered, and electric varieties. It also discusses recent innovations like hand cycles and stationary platforms for exercise.
3. The document concludes by discussing modern mobility scooters and wheelchairs, noting technological advances that have improved battery life and independence for disabled individuals while also acknowledging limitations like recharging that solar powered designs now address.
1. The document discusses the history of wheelchairs from ancient drawings and depictions in China and Greece to modern developments. It notes key inventions like the first collapsible wheelchair in 1933 and the introduction of electric wheelchairs in the 1950s.
2. It then describes different types of wheelchairs including manual, powered, and electric wheelchairs. It also discusses recent developments like hand cycles and stationary platforms for exercise.
3. The document concludes by discussing a project focused on improving mobility scooters and wheelchairs through additional features and technological advances like solar panels to charge batteries without wall outlets.
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The wheel was one of the most important inventions in human history. Evidence suggests wheels were independently invented around 3500-3350 BC in parts of Europe and Asia, with the earliest depictions showing up in ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Over thousands of years, the wheel evolved from being used only on pottery to being applied to transportation with carts and chariots. Major innovations like spoked wheels in 2000 BC and iron rims in 1000 BC improved the wheel's design and function. Today the wheel remains a ubiquitous mechanical component found in vehicles, machines, and other applications.
This document discusses the history and evolution of ships and transportation methods over time. It describes different types of sailing vessels from the 15th-16th centuries like the caravel, galleon, bark and schooner. It also mentions the development of the wheel and how it facilitated the invention of vehicles. Early steam vehicles in the 18th century paved the way for motor vehicles in the late 19th century powered by internal combustion engines. The steam locomotive also dominated rail transport until being replaced by diesel and electric locomotives in the mid-20th century. Aviation developments included hot air balloons in the 18th century through to supersonic jet planes in the late 20th century. The document concludes with noting Neta S
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicyclesushil Choudhary
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources
of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch
over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to
extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses
battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design
of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and
was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in
contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery
discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a
maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus
and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bicycle with a dual charging system. The new design uses a low rpm alternator connected to the front wheel to charge the battery while riding. A 0.5 hp motor powers the rear wheel through a 5:2 gear ratio. The battery can power the bike for 2 hours and be recharged through the alternator in 1 hour, allowing the bike to reach speeds of 15 km/hr. This dual charging system makes the electric bike more useful for transportation in hilly or campus areas by extending its range.
Abstract: As the energy is the heart of the technology it affects the price of product as well as the overall economy of the industry. Energy is the most important factor in industrial production as well as in the domestic use echo-friendly system as it uses solar power. As sun is the huge source of energy solar energy is the perfect alternative for some energy sources such as electricity, petroleum. In India the large part of the solar energy is wasted because of lack awareness about the solar energy. Mostly the solar energy is used to dry the food grains and mostly to dry the cloths. But last few years are the most memorable years for the India from the last few years most of the peoples decide to install the solar units.
We are focusing on the need of the alternatives for the conventional energy source. We are using the “SOLAR CHAIR” operated by using solar power, In this we are using solar energy as working fluid. system consist of solar panel, battery, control circuit, converter and USB ports when sun rays come in contact with the solar panel it absorbs most of the solar energy in it after that the energy is used to charge the battery. And that energy we can use for multipurpose like mobile charging, laptop charging, music system, and lights at night.
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING .pptxAlgeanAlo1
Transportation has evolved greatly over thousands of years. Early humans used walking and rafts as primary means of travel. Around 3500 BC, the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia for use in pottery, and was later adapted for carts and chariots. Throughout history, wheels were applied to new vehicles like wheelbarrows, carriages, trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft to revolutionize transportation. Modern innovations now include magnetic levitation trains, personal electric vehicles, reusable spacecraft, and proposals for hyperloop systems that could transport people at unprecedented speeds. Government agencies worldwide aim to develop coordinated transportation networks to connect populations.
The document discusses the history and development of wheels from ancient times to modern day. It notes that wheels were first used in pottery around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and then for transportation around 3200 BC in chariots. Wheels with spokes were developed in Egypt around 2000 BC and spread to Europe by 1400 BC. Wheels drove changes that advanced civilization globally. The document concludes by emphasizing that change is constant and necessary for progress, and encourages the reader to embrace change in their own life to better the world.
The revolutionary invention of the wheelUttaranews24
The Industrial Revolution the wheel became the central component of technology, and came to be used in thousands of ways in countless different mechanisms.
The document summarizes the history of bicycles from their invention in 1817 to modern times. It describes the early walking machines and bone-shakers that led to the first true bicycles with large front wheels in the 1870s. Safety bicycles soon followed with same-sized wheels and chains and sprockets. The addition of the pneumatic tire invented by John Boyd Dunlop made bicycles vastly more comfortable and popular in the late 1800s. Bicycles became a widespread form of transportation and recreation through the early 20th century until declining in the postwar era but resurging with new styles like mountain bikes.
Some key technologies that have helped change transportation and their impacts on the natural world include the development of the car, which began with early models in the late 18th century powered by coal gas engines and went on to be mass produced. Boat technologies also evolved over thousands of years from early canoes to modern ships powered by sails and engines. While transportation has provided benefits to society, it has also changed the natural world through impacts like pollution, infrastructure development, and reliance on non-renewable energy sources like oil. As transportation technologies advanced, they increasingly relied on science and new materials. Now the aim is to continue improving transportation while reducing its environmental impacts.
The document summarizes the history of bicycles and motorcycles from their earliest origins in the late 18th century to developments in the 20th century. Some of the key events and innovations discussed include the invention of the velocipede in 1817 which was one of the first two-wheeled riding machines, Kirkpatrick Macmillan's invention of the first pedal-driven bicycle in 1839, the introduction of the penny-farthing style bicycle in 1870, and the safer chain-driven safety bicycle design introduced in the 1880s which resembled modern bicycles. The document also notes how bicycles grew increasingly popular in the late 19th century as designs improved, leading to their mass production and social impacts including changes in women
The document proposes a model for a solar train hybrid car. It first provides background on the history of transportation and rail transport. It then describes how a solar train works, using solar panels to power electric propulsion and reducing pollution. Next, it discusses electric cars, how they are powered by electric motors and batteries, and the benefits they have over gas-powered cars like reduced emissions. It concludes that solar trains can significantly reduce electricity use and greenhouse gas emissions.
Comparative sales analysis of different KID’s bicycle brands Sumit Guleria
The document is a project report on comparative sales analysis of different children's bicycle brands. It includes an introduction that provides background on the bicycle industry and key developments in bicycle history from the 19th century onward. It then outlines the research methodology, data analysis and findings of the comparative sales analysis.
Vehicles are an important part of modern life and come in many forms. The document discusses the history and features of several types of vehicles including hand carts, wooden carts, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trains, and aeroplanes. Hand carts are simple carts that are pulled by people, while wooden carts have been used for transportation for thousands of years. Bicycles provide human-powered transportation and have two wheels. Motorcycles are motor-powered vehicles with either two or three wheels. Cars are self-powered motor vehicles used primarily for transporting people on roads. Trains transport cargo and passengers along rail tracks using locomotives, and aeroplanes are powered aircraft that fly through the
The document traces important developments in transportation from 3500 BC to the present. It notes that the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and was fundamental to later inventions like vehicles and clocks. Important early transportation methods included boats, carts, and horses. Major innovations included hot air balloons in 1783, steamboats in 1787, trains in the early 1800s, cars in 1862-1903, motorcycles in 1867, and airplanes in 1903. Space exploration milestones were Sputnik 1 in 1957, the first manned moon mission in 1969, and the first space shuttle in 1981. Cars are now the most widely used transportation globally.
1. A wheel is a circular component that rotates on an axle and is one of the main components of the wheel and axle simple machine.
2. Wheels allow for heavy objects to be moved easily and support loads to facilitate movement and transportation.
3. Beyond transportation, wheels are used for other purposes like ship wheels, steering wheels, and flywheels.
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
More Related Content
Similar to IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Loop Wheel Suspension System
The document summarizes the invention of the wheel, believed to be one of the most important inventions in human history. It was likely invented around 8,000 BC in Asia and later appeared in locations in Northern Caucasus, Central Europe and Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC. While the earliest definitive evidence of wheels comes from Mesopotamia in 3500 BC, the wheel revolutionized transportation and helped carry heavy loads, making it difficult to imagine modern mechanized systems without it.
The wheel was one of the most important inventions in human history. Evidence suggests wheels were independently invented around 3500-3350 BC in parts of Europe and Asia, with the earliest depictions showing up in ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Over thousands of years, the wheel evolved from being used only on pottery to being applied to transportation with carts and chariots. Major innovations like spoked wheels in 2000 BC and iron rims in 1000 BC improved the wheel's design and function. Today the wheel remains a ubiquitous mechanical component found in vehicles, machines, and other applications.
This document discusses the history and evolution of ships and transportation methods over time. It describes different types of sailing vessels from the 15th-16th centuries like the caravel, galleon, bark and schooner. It also mentions the development of the wheel and how it facilitated the invention of vehicles. Early steam vehicles in the 18th century paved the way for motor vehicles in the late 19th century powered by internal combustion engines. The steam locomotive also dominated rail transport until being replaced by diesel and electric locomotives in the mid-20th century. Aviation developments included hot air balloons in the 18th century through to supersonic jet planes in the late 20th century. The document concludes with noting Neta S
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicyclesushil Choudhary
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources
of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch
over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to
extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses
battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design
of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and
was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in
contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery
discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a
maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus
and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption.
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bicycle with a dual charging system. The new design uses a low rpm alternator connected to the front wheel to charge the battery while riding. A 0.5 hp motor powers the rear wheel through a 5:2 gear ratio. The battery can power the bike for 2 hours and be recharged through the alternator in 1 hour, allowing the bike to reach speeds of 15 km/hr. This dual charging system makes the electric bike more useful for transportation in hilly or campus areas by extending its range.
Abstract: As the energy is the heart of the technology it affects the price of product as well as the overall economy of the industry. Energy is the most important factor in industrial production as well as in the domestic use echo-friendly system as it uses solar power. As sun is the huge source of energy solar energy is the perfect alternative for some energy sources such as electricity, petroleum. In India the large part of the solar energy is wasted because of lack awareness about the solar energy. Mostly the solar energy is used to dry the food grains and mostly to dry the cloths. But last few years are the most memorable years for the India from the last few years most of the peoples decide to install the solar units.
We are focusing on the need of the alternatives for the conventional energy source. We are using the “SOLAR CHAIR” operated by using solar power, In this we are using solar energy as working fluid. system consist of solar panel, battery, control circuit, converter and USB ports when sun rays come in contact with the solar panel it absorbs most of the solar energy in it after that the energy is used to charge the battery. And that energy we can use for multipurpose like mobile charging, laptop charging, music system, and lights at night.
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING .pptxAlgeanAlo1
Transportation has evolved greatly over thousands of years. Early humans used walking and rafts as primary means of travel. Around 3500 BC, the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia for use in pottery, and was later adapted for carts and chariots. Throughout history, wheels were applied to new vehicles like wheelbarrows, carriages, trains, bicycles, automobiles, and aircraft to revolutionize transportation. Modern innovations now include magnetic levitation trains, personal electric vehicles, reusable spacecraft, and proposals for hyperloop systems that could transport people at unprecedented speeds. Government agencies worldwide aim to develop coordinated transportation networks to connect populations.
The document discusses the history and development of wheels from ancient times to modern day. It notes that wheels were first used in pottery around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and then for transportation around 3200 BC in chariots. Wheels with spokes were developed in Egypt around 2000 BC and spread to Europe by 1400 BC. Wheels drove changes that advanced civilization globally. The document concludes by emphasizing that change is constant and necessary for progress, and encourages the reader to embrace change in their own life to better the world.
The revolutionary invention of the wheelUttaranews24
The Industrial Revolution the wheel became the central component of technology, and came to be used in thousands of ways in countless different mechanisms.
The document summarizes the history of bicycles from their invention in 1817 to modern times. It describes the early walking machines and bone-shakers that led to the first true bicycles with large front wheels in the 1870s. Safety bicycles soon followed with same-sized wheels and chains and sprockets. The addition of the pneumatic tire invented by John Boyd Dunlop made bicycles vastly more comfortable and popular in the late 1800s. Bicycles became a widespread form of transportation and recreation through the early 20th century until declining in the postwar era but resurging with new styles like mountain bikes.
Some key technologies that have helped change transportation and their impacts on the natural world include the development of the car, which began with early models in the late 18th century powered by coal gas engines and went on to be mass produced. Boat technologies also evolved over thousands of years from early canoes to modern ships powered by sails and engines. While transportation has provided benefits to society, it has also changed the natural world through impacts like pollution, infrastructure development, and reliance on non-renewable energy sources like oil. As transportation technologies advanced, they increasingly relied on science and new materials. Now the aim is to continue improving transportation while reducing its environmental impacts.
The document summarizes the history of bicycles and motorcycles from their earliest origins in the late 18th century to developments in the 20th century. Some of the key events and innovations discussed include the invention of the velocipede in 1817 which was one of the first two-wheeled riding machines, Kirkpatrick Macmillan's invention of the first pedal-driven bicycle in 1839, the introduction of the penny-farthing style bicycle in 1870, and the safer chain-driven safety bicycle design introduced in the 1880s which resembled modern bicycles. The document also notes how bicycles grew increasingly popular in the late 19th century as designs improved, leading to their mass production and social impacts including changes in women
The document proposes a model for a solar train hybrid car. It first provides background on the history of transportation and rail transport. It then describes how a solar train works, using solar panels to power electric propulsion and reducing pollution. Next, it discusses electric cars, how they are powered by electric motors and batteries, and the benefits they have over gas-powered cars like reduced emissions. It concludes that solar trains can significantly reduce electricity use and greenhouse gas emissions.
Comparative sales analysis of different KID’s bicycle brands Sumit Guleria
The document is a project report on comparative sales analysis of different children's bicycle brands. It includes an introduction that provides background on the bicycle industry and key developments in bicycle history from the 19th century onward. It then outlines the research methodology, data analysis and findings of the comparative sales analysis.
Vehicles are an important part of modern life and come in many forms. The document discusses the history and features of several types of vehicles including hand carts, wooden carts, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trains, and aeroplanes. Hand carts are simple carts that are pulled by people, while wooden carts have been used for transportation for thousands of years. Bicycles provide human-powered transportation and have two wheels. Motorcycles are motor-powered vehicles with either two or three wheels. Cars are self-powered motor vehicles used primarily for transporting people on roads. Trains transport cargo and passengers along rail tracks using locomotives, and aeroplanes are powered aircraft that fly through the
The document traces important developments in transportation from 3500 BC to the present. It notes that the wheel was invented around 3500 BC and was fundamental to later inventions like vehicles and clocks. Important early transportation methods included boats, carts, and horses. Major innovations included hot air balloons in 1783, steamboats in 1787, trains in the early 1800s, cars in 1862-1903, motorcycles in 1867, and airplanes in 1903. Space exploration milestones were Sputnik 1 in 1957, the first manned moon mission in 1969, and the first space shuttle in 1981. Cars are now the most widely used transportation globally.
1. A wheel is a circular component that rotates on an axle and is one of the main components of the wheel and axle simple machine.
2. Wheels allow for heavy objects to be moved easily and support loads to facilitate movement and transportation.
3. Beyond transportation, wheels are used for other purposes like ship wheels, steering wheels, and flywheels.
Similar to IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Loop Wheel Suspension System (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.