The Iran-Iraq war lasted from 1980 to 1988 and was fought between Iran led by Khomeini and Iraq led by Saddam Hussein. It began when Iraq invaded Tehran by air with MiG-23s and MiG-21s after border skirmishes erupted near Qasr-e Shirin in September 1980. The war caused enormous economic, military, and social problems for both countries and nearly 300,000 Iranians and 375,000 Iraqis were killed or taken prisoner before a 1988 ceasefire. The war had no clear victor and both sides suffered greatly as a result of the almost 9 years of total conventional warfare.