It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.

1. SADDAM HUSSEIN

2. •Population: 22 million
•Arabs (75%), Kurds (20%)
•Shi’ites (65% of Iraqi Arabs)
•Sunni (35% of Iraqi Arabs + nearly all Kurds)

3. GENERAL INFORMATION
• Born April 28, 1937 in
the village of Al-Awja in
Tikrit.
• President of Iraq from
1979 to 2003.
• Espoused secular pan-
Arabism, economic
uplift, modernization,
and socialism.

4. BA’ATHISM
• The Movement was formed in 1940 by Michel Aflaq.
• Involved in Anti-colonial Arab nationalist militant activities.
• A secular ideology to unify Arab-States.
• A Ba'athist society seeks enlightenment, renaissance of Arab
culture, values and society.
• Ba'athism is based on principles of Arab nationalism, pan-
Arabism, Arab socialism, as well as social progress

5. SADDAMISM
• A distinct variation of Ba'athism.
• It espouses Iraqi nationalism and an Iraq-
centred Arab world that calls upon Arab
countries to adopt Saddamist Iraqi political
discourse.

6. RISE IN BA’ATH PARTY
• At age 20, Saddam joined the revolutionary pan-
Arab Ba'ath Party, of which his uncle was a
supporter.
In 1949 Saddam was
involved in the
attempted assassination
of Prime Minister Qassim.
Saddam returned to Iraq,
but was imprisoned in
1964.

7. CONT…
• He escaped from jail in 1967 and became
one of the leading members of the party.
• In July 1968 a second coup brought the
Ba'athists back to power under General
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr a Tikriti and a relative
of Saddam.

8. CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
• In 1976 Saddam was appointed a general in
the Iraqi armed forces.
• Saddam began to take an increasingly
prominent role both internally and
externally, and gained powerful circle of
support within the party.
• He forced the ailing Al-Bakr to resign on 16
July 1979, and formally assumed the
presidency.

9. FEDAYEEN SADDAM
• It was a paramilitary organization loyal to the Ba'athist
government of Saddam Hussein.
• Operated as a paramilitary unit of irregular forces.
• The Fedayeen were not an elite military force, often
receiving just basic training and operating without
heavy weapons.

10. POLICIES
• By using oil, he established large scale welfare
programs like education and infrastructure.
• In order to pacify Shias and Kurds, he gave them
several benefits.
• Used force and paramilitaries against domestic
opponents.
• Tried to become the leader of the Arab world by
supporting Palestine.
• Had tense relations with Syria due to Assad’s fear of
Saddam.

11. IRAQ-IRAN WAR

13. BACKGROUND
• After the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution, relations
between Iran and Iraq deteriorated.
• The Ayatollah sought to export his ideology to other
Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq.
• A wave of support for Ayatollah Khomeini swept Iraq's
Shia community.

14. CAUSES OF WAR
• The immediate cause was that Iraqi President
Saddam Hussein was concerned about Iranian
efforts to undermine his regime.
• He also wanted to increase his influence in the
Persian Gulf by seizing key geographic areas.
• Saddam had spent vast sums on improving his
military and he also knew the Iranian military
was weakened by the upheaval of the 1979
Iranian Revolution.
• Saddam expected a short war.

15. CONT…
• Saddam primary interest in war
may have also stemmed from his
desire of the oil-rich Iranian
border province of Khuzestan
and becoming the regional
super power.
• Iraq’s goal of regaining the Shatt
al-Arab waterway by abrogating
the 1975 treaty with Iran.
• A successful invasion of Iran
would enlarge Iraq's petroleum
reserves and make Iraq the
region’s dominant power.

16. DISPUTE OVER THE SHAT-AL-ARAB
• Narrow waterway formed
by the confluence of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers,
120 miles long.
• The war officially began in
September 22 of 1980,
when Iraq invaded Iran,
trying to conquer the land
of Shatt al-Arab.
• In 1975, a militarily weaker
Iraq had by treaty signed
over to Iran partial control
of the waterway (Shatt al-
Arab).

17. WAR-TIME
• “Iran would not cease fighting until Saddam's
regime was toppled.” -Ruhollah Khomeini.
• The USA and several Western Europe countries
become active after Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil
tankers.
• Iran’s attacks damaged it’s international reputation
considerably, making it difficult for Khomeini to
obtain arms.
• In the closing stages of the war, Iran and Iraq turned
their military power on commercial oil tankers in the
Gulf to sabotage each others' export profits.

18. USE OF CW(1983-1988)
• Chemical weapons were used extensively
against Iran during the War. Iraq is known to have used
the blister agent mustard gas from 1983 and the nerve gas
Tabun from 1985. Tabun can kill within minutes.
• In 1988 Iraq turned its chemical weapons on Iraqi Kurds in
the north of the country.

19. WESTERN SUPPORT 1980-1988
• The West's relations with Iraq warmed throughout the
war, culminating in military intervention on the Iraqi side.
The West feared the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini's radical
Islamism and wanted to prevent an Iranian victory.
• Iraq's principal arms source was its long-time ally the
USSR.
• But several western nations, including Britain, France,
and the US, also supplied weapons or military equipment
to Iraq, and the US shared intelligence with Saddam
Hussein's regime.
• Iran was supported by Syria and Libya, and received
much of its weaponry from North Korea and China, as
well as from covert arms transactions from the United
States.
• Arab nations declare neutrality but support Iraq.

21. TRUCE AND DEBT, 1988
• On 18 July 1988, Iran accepted a UN-proposed
truce, in the face of continuing - and increasingly
Western-backed - Iraqi offensives. A ceasefire
came into effect a month later, on 20 August, and
UN peacekeepers were sent in.
• The death toll, overall, was an estimated 500,000
Iraqi dead and 750,000 Iranian dead. Bodies were
still being found as recently as 2001.
• Some estimates put the economic cost of the war
to each side at more than $400bn each in damage
and loss of oil revenues.

22. GULF WAR

23. WHY IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT ?
• Iraq had never accepted its British-drawn borders,
which established Kuwait as a separate entity.
• In 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing
Iraqi petroleum through slant-drilling.
• Iraq's inability to pay more than US$80 billion that
had been borrowed from Arab nations to finance
the Iran–Iraq war.

24. CONTD..
• Oil Extraction:
Kuwait > 350 million barrels
Iraq > 280 million barrels
• Oil prices lower by Kuwait.
• On 25 July 1990,
Glaspie April, the U.S.
Ambassador to Iraq.
• when Kuwait refused to
waive Iraq's war debts,
Saddam Hussein invaded.

25. (ON WAR)
• Iraq forces captured the Kuwait industries and oil
wells.
• The UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions
and passed a series of resolutions condemning Iraq.
• An international coalition was formed, hundreds of
thousands of troops massed in the region, and waive
deadline to Iraq for withdrawal.
Iraq had failed to meet a
deadline for withdrawal
and had set fire to
hundreds of Kuwaiti oil
wells.

26. DESERT STORM, 1991
• On 17 January 1991, US, British and
allied planes launched a massive
campaign of missile strikes and aerial
bombing.
• President Bush Snr declared: "We will
not fail."
• Saddam Hussein announced: "The
mother of all battles is under way.''
• Cruise missiles were used for the first
time in warfare, fired from US warships
in the Gulf.

27. IRAQI CEASEFIRE, 1991
• By 26 February, Iraq had
announced it was
withdrawing its forces from
Kuwait, but still refused to
accept all the UN resolutions
passed against it.
• Casualities:
Allied forces > 288
Iraqi > 180,000 – 200,000
• On 2 March the United
Nations Security Council
passed a resolution-
687,establishing the terms of
the ceasefire.

28. IRAQI UPRISINGS, 1991
• Shia Muslims in Basra, Najaf
and Karbala in southern Iraq
took to the streets in protest
against the regime.
• Kurds in the north persuaded
the local military to switch
sides. Suleimaniyeh was the first
large city to fall and become
autonomous.(oil-rich city of
Kirkuk)

29. OIL-FOR-FOOD, 1991-2002
• In 1991 the UN first offered to
allow Iraq to sell a small amount
of oil in return for humanitarian
supplies. But it was not until the
offer was increased to $2bn in
1995 that Saddam Hussein
accepted

30. CONTINUING
• Saddam Hussein to continue
using the military helicopters,
between 30,000 and 60,000
people were killed.
• In the north, 1.5 million Kurds
fled across the mountains
into Iran and Turkey.

31. DESERT FOX, 1998
The aim was to 'degrade' Iraqi weapons by the
US, British coalition forces.

32. SECOND GULF WAR

33. INSPECTION BARRED
• In 2000, UNSCOM's successor
body, UN Monitoring,
Verification and Inspection
Commission-UNMOVIC, was
established, but Iraq refused it
entry.
• With no inspections in Iraq,
uncertainty grew about
possible new weapons
programs.

34. OCT 11TH 2002
• President Bush
authorize to attack
Iraq if Saddam Hussein
refuses to give up
weapons of mass
destruction.
• Nov 2002, the UN
Security Council
passed resolution 1441

35. IRAQ’S RESPONSE DEC 2002
• Iraq submits a 12,000-
page declaration on
its chemical,
biological and
nuclear activities,
claiming it has no
banned weapons.
• 2002 October 15: The
election shows 100%
turn out Iraqi National
movement.

36. FEB 2003
• In a UN report, chief
UN inspector Hans
Blix indicated that
progress had been
made in Iraq's
cooperation. No
chemical weapons
are found.

37. FEB 2003
• The U.S. and Britain's
intense lobbying
efforts among the
other UN Security
Council members
yield only four
supporters. No U.N.
vote is requested or
held.

38. MARCH 17TH 2003
• All diplomatic
efforts cease when
President Bush
delivers an
ultimatum to
Saddam Hussein to
leave the country
within 48 hours or
else face an attack.

39. MARCH 20TH 2003
• The war against Iraq
begins 5:30 AM Baghdad
time (9:30 PM EST, March
19), when the U.S.
launches Operation
Iraqi Freedom.
• France, Russia and
China criticized the
U.S Britain move.

41. SUBSTANCE OF ANARCHY
• April 9, 2003: The Saddam‘s
Statue Falls.
• July 22, 2003: The Death of His
Sons.(Qusai and Odai)
• Dec. 13, 2003: Saddam
accursed in the Spider Hole in
“Operation Red Dawn.”

42. IRAQ TURMOIL &
SADDAM TRIALS (2005-6)
Case charges:
-- Massacre and genocide, 140
Shia, Dujail Case 1982.
-- Operation Anfal, 100,000 Kurds
killed.
>Death sentence; November 5, 2006.
>Executed; December 30, 2006

44. LTA
• Need for power
• Conceptual complexity
• Distrust and group biased
• Confidence
• Task orientation

45. QUOTES
• “The ideal revolutionary command should
effectively direct all planning and implementation.
It must not allow the growth of any other rival center
of power. There must be one command pooling
and directing the subsequent governmental
departments, including the armed forces.”
• “Politics is when you say you are going to do one
thing while intending to do another. Then you do
neither what you said nor what you intended.” C.C

46. QUOTES
• This "gift“ [IRAQ] was given to the Iraqi people by
God. When Iraqi people fall, they rise again.”
Ingroup bias
• “Our children should be taught to beware of
everything foreign and not to disclose any state or
party secrets to foreigners[…] ”distrust

47. QUOTES
• “I know that there are scores of people plotting to
kill me, and this is not difficult to understand. After
all, did we not seize power by plotting against our
predecessors? However, I am far cleverer than they
are. […]to get them before they have the faintest
chance of striking at me.” self confidence

48. Thank yoU
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