Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
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This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
Exploitation of endophytic fungi for plant disease management
Introduction
Plant- Endophytic fungi interaction
Diversity of endophytic fungi in plants
Colonization
Endophytic fungi : Mechanism
Case studies
Conclusion
Future aspects
Endophytic fungi in disease resistance (Latz et al., 2018)
Antibiotics produced by fungal endophytes
Plant immune defense system
Lytic enzyme secretion
Endophytic fungi in stress tolerance
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
Microorganisms are small organisms invisible to the naked eye because of their extremely small size.They are grouped into various groups like Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Many of these organisms are useful to human and nature while some are harmful and even cause diseases.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
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Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
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Bioinformatics and its Applications in Agriculture/Sericulture and in other F...mohd younus wani
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Seri bioinformatics tools and techniques not only facilitated detection of proteomic and genomic diversity among the species/strains, but also resulted in finding a gap in the silkworm genome sequence of a strain that diverged during the course of domestication. Seri-bioinformatics databases are a valuable seri-bioresource. The available online resources on silkworm and its related organisms, including databases as well as informative websites help to make silkworms healthier, more disease resistant and more productive. These databases provides information on gene, protein sequences and diseases and play crucial roles in conservation of the silkworm species and mulberry plants (Singh et al., 216). Bioinformatics approaches give an insight, uncovering the lineage with gene and protein count of B. mori and Drosophila encompass ~18,000 and ~16,000 (Genes) and ~9,000 and ~22,000 (Proteins) respectively (Somshekar and Borgowda, 2013).
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antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Rufus seminar 2017_mechanisms of biological control of plant diseases edited_09_24
1. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF
NEMATICIDAL BACTERIA
Student: Rufus Akinrinlola
Date: September 25, 2017
Acknowledgement
Advisors;
Gary Yuen
Tony Adesemoye
Yuen Team
2. Topics
Why this topic?
Presentation objectives
Impacts of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs)
Control strategies for PPN diseases
Biocontrol agents of PPNs
Classes of nematicidal bacteria
Examples of Nematicidal bacteria
Biocontrol potentials of some nematicidal
Summary
3. Why this topic?
https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/plpath-gen-8
My thesis work focus on PGPR
Why discussing NEMATICIDAL BACTERIA ?
Personal curiosity
Personal interest in biocontrol and plant parasitic
nematodes
4. Presentation objectives
Three Objectives
To show some of the different mechanisms of action of
Nematicidal bacterial.
Show how these mechanisms work.
Show how the understanding of the different mechanisms
affects the development of a potential nematicidal biocontrol
agent.
5. Impacts of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs)
Global threat to crop production
Annual crop damage; $157 billion USD
Attack up to 4,100 plant species
ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/images
6. Control strategies for PPN diseases
Host Resistance
Limited due to high genetic diversity among nematode populations
Cultural Practices
PNNs can attack almost all plants
They can survive in soils for many years
Chemical application
Are toxic to wildlife and human health
Biological control
Remains potential alternative/sustainable approach
7. Biocontrol agents of PPNs
Nematophagous
fungi
Biocontrol
agents of
PPNs
Nematicidal
bacteria
8. Biocontrol agents of PPNs
Nematophagous
fungi
Biocontrol
agents of
PPNs
Nematicidal
bacteria
9. Classes of nematicidal bacteria
Parasitic bacteria
Obligate parasite
Opportunistic parasite
Non-parasitic rhizobacteria
Rhizobacteria
Parasporal Cry protein-forming bacteria
Endophytic bacteria
Symbiotic bacteria
Tian, B., Yang, J., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS microbiology ecology, 61(2), 197-213.
10. Mechanisms of action of
nematicidal bacteria
Parasitism;
Toxins or enzymes activity
Interfering with host
recognition
Competing for nutrients
Induced systemic resistance
Promoting plant health
Tian, B., Yang, J., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS microbiology ecology, 61(2), 197-213.
11. Pasteuria penetrans
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Toxins
Bacillus firmus DS-1
Bacillus nematocida B16
Lyzobacter enzymogenes C3
Examples of Nematicidal bacteria
Tian, B., Yang, J., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS microbiology ecology, 61(2), 197-213.
12. Pasteuria penetrans
An obligate parasite of nematode
Mycelial and endospore-forming bacterium
Colonize up to 300 nematode species
Siddiqui and Mahmood, 1999; Tian et al., 2007
https://smartsite.ucdavis.edu/access/content/user/00002950/courses/slides/fromWWW/manage/pasteu
r.gif
Mankau et al., 1976).
13. Pasteuria penetrans mechanisms
Formation and proliferation of vegetative
microcolonies within female.
Breakdown of reproductive system of female
nematode and release of mature endospores
Siddiqui and Mahmood, 1999; Tian et al., 2007
As nematode move through soil, endospore
attaches to cuticles of J2 nematode
Germination of spore and germ tube
penetration of cuticle follows
1
2
3
14. Li, J., Zou, C., Xu, J., Ji, X., Niu, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, K. Q. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe
interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual review of phytopathology, 53, 67-95.
Bacillus thuringiensis mechanisms
Produce a proteinaceous
substance known as
protoxin crystals (Bt toxin)
BT toxins form pores
within nematodes and lyses
their intestine
Nematode death
BT Toxin
http://curiosidadesdelamicrobiologia.blogspot.com
15. Bacillus thuringiensis mechanisms
Method:
C. elegans was fed with genetically transformed E.coli
with or without a specific BT toxin gene, Cry5B
E. coli without
Cry5B
E. Coli with Full-
length Cry5B
E. Coli with
truncated Cry5B
Li, J., Zou, C., Xu, J., Ji, X., Niu, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, K. Q. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual
review of phytopathology, 53, 67-95.
Effects of BT toxin on free-living nematode; C. elegans
16. Bacillus thuringiensis mechanisms
1
Result:
E. coli without
Cry5B
E. Coli with Full-
length Cry5B
E. Coli with
truncated Cry5B
Li, J., Zou, C., Xu, J., Ji, X., Niu, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, K. Q. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Annual
review of phytopathology, 53, 67-95.
BT toxin was lethal to C. elegans after ingestion.
Cry5B exerts its effects on the gut epithelial cell membrane,
forming pores and subsequent lysis and death of the nematodes
17. Bacillus firmus DS-1 mechanisms
DS-1 provides excellent control of PPNs
A commercial nematicidal bacterial
Produce a novel serine protein known as Sep1
The protein can degrade cuticle-associated protein and
nematode physical barriers
Highly toxic against root-knot and soybean cyst
nematodes
Geng et al., 2016).
18. Method
1. Cyst nematode and root-knot nematodes were exposed to
different levels of Bacillus firmus supernatant for 3 days
2. Lethality of supernatant against the PPNs were determined
Effects of Strain DS-1 on cyst and root-knot nematodes
Geng et al., 2016).
20. Geng et al., 2016).
Results
59.5% to 70%
Mortality rate
21. Method and Result
Identifying the nematicidal virulence factors in strain DS-1
1. Whole genome sequence and analysis were conducted based on
several reported virulence genes.
2. Results showed that B. firmus DS-1 genome harbors multiple
potential extracellular protease genes
3. To assess the nematicidal activity of these genes, 13 genes were
cloned and expressed in E. coli
Geng et al., 2016).
22. Method and Result
4. Nematicidal bioassay showed that one of the proteins
(EWG10090) expressed from E. coli, was lethal against C.
elegans N2 (73.2% mortality).
5. The protein was selected for further study and designated as
Serine Protease 1 (Sep1)
Geng et al., 2016).
Identifying the nematicidal virulence factors in strain DS-1
23. Geng et al., 2016).
Method:
Different doses of E. coli-purified Sep1 proteins exposed to M.
incognita J2 animals.
To test the nematocidal activities of Sep1 against PPNs
24. Geng et al., 2016).
Method:
Different doses of E. coli-purified Sep1 proteins exposed to M.
incognita J2 animals.
Results:
The results showed that Sep1 caused significant lethality to M.
incognita J2 animals.
Nematode mortality increased gradually with every increase in
Sep1 concentration.
To test the nematocidal activities of Sep1 against PPNs
25. Result:
Geng et al., 2016).
Nematicidal activities of Sep1 against PPNs
Sep1 caused significant lethality to M. incognita J2 animals.
26. Method and Results
Effects of Sep1 on intestinal structures of C. elegans and M.
incognita
1. J2 animals of M. incognita were fed with Sep1 for 48 h
2. Control JS animals were fed with resorcinol (RES) solution.
3. The treatments were observed with optical microscope.
27. Method and Results
Effects of Sep1 on intestinal structures of C. elegans and M.
incognita
1. J2 animals of M. incognita were fed with resorcinol (RES) for 48
2. Control JS animals were fed with resorcinol (RES) solution.
3. The treatments were observed with optical microscope.
The results demonstrated that the Sep1 protein damage M.
incognita tissues.
30. Bacillus nematocida B16
Trojan horse mechanisms
An opportunistic parasitic bacteria
Exhibits Trojan horse mechanism;
Secretion of volatile organic compounds to lure nematodes
Secretion of two extracellular proteases inside the nematode
Alkaline serine protease Bace16
Neutral protease Bae16
Proteases kill nematode by destroying the intestine
Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against
nematodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-16636.
31. Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
Method:
Two petri plates
containng C. elegans
nematodes
32. Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
Method:
Two petri plates
containng C. elegans
nematodes
Inversion of B.
nematoda plate on
first C. elegans
nematode plate
33. Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
Method:
Two petri plates
containng C. elegans
nematodes
Inversion of B.
nematoda plate on
first C. elegans
nematode plate
Inversion of E. coli
plate on second C.
elegans nematode
plate
34. Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
Result:
35. Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
Result:
36. Results
Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against
nematodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-16636.
56% of C. elegans
migrated toward the B.
nematocida lawn.
within 8 h.
Only 12% of C.
elegans moved toward
the control ( E. coli)
lawn.
280
B. Nematoda
plate
Control (E.
coli) plate)
60
Effects of volatile organic compounds produced by B.
Nematocida on C. elegans
37. Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against
nematodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-16636.
1. C. elegans was exposed to four different treatments including ;
B. nematoda (antibiotic-resistant) mutant
Wild type B. nematoda
E.coli
Blank plate without any bacterial cell
2. Worms were selected from each treatment, thoroughly grounded
and plated onto LB medium contain antibiotic.
Effects of Bacillus nematocida B16 on C. elegans
Method:
38. Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against
nematodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-16636.
Results:
Antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonies were observed from
dead worms infected by the mutant strain
No colonies were recovered from the controls
The mutant and wild-type strains caused extensive intestinal
damage.
Worms that swallowed E. coli cells had no damage to their
intestinal tracts
Effects of Bacillus nematocida B16 on C. elegans
39. Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against nematodes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-
16636.
C. elegans treated with B.
nematoda shows Lightly
exfoliated cuticle
Control : C. elegans treated with
E. coli with undisturbed surface
with smooth cuticle structure
The mutant and wild-type strains caused extensive intestinal
damage.
Results:
40. Niu, Q., Huang, X., Zhang, L., Xu, J., Yang, D., Wei, K., ... & Yang, J. (2010). A Trojan horse mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis against nematodes. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16631-16636.
C. elegans treated with B.
nematoda shows extensive
damaged of intestinal structures
Control : C. elegans treated
with E. coli with intact
intestine and cuticle
Results:
The mutant and wild-type strains caused extensive intestinal
damage.
41. Lyzobacter enzymogenes C3
mechanisms
Yuen, 2006; Chen et al.,2006
C3, is a broad spectrum biocontrol bacteria .
Involves two modes of action;
HSAF production
Chitinase enzyme activity
Suppress PPN diseases in soil systems
Increase plant biomass
42. Method:
1. C. elegans nematodes were placed into C3 culture.
2. Control nematodes were placed in medium cultures of E. coli
3. Nematode development, reproduction, and survival were daily
observed.
4. C3 cells populations were also determined.
Chen et al.,2006
Effects of C3 on reproduction and survival of C. elegans
43. Method:
1. C. elegans nematodes were placed into C3 culture.
2. Control Nematodes were placed in medium cultures of E. coli
3. Nematode development, reproduction, and survival were daily
observed.
4. C3 cells populations were also determined.
Result
C3 reduced the reproduction and survival of C. elegans
C3 cells population increases in C. elegans culture plate
Chen et al.,2006
Effects of C3 on reproduction and survival of C. elegans
44. Result:
C3 reduced the reproduction and survival of C. elegans
Very few nematode eggs
and juveniles remaining in
C3 culture plate after day 1
More nematode eggs and
juveniles in E.coli plate after
1 day
Chen et al.,2006
45. At day 2 and 3, no nematode eggs
left and only a few juveniles
remaining in C3 culture
Eggs and juveniles of nematode
were to many to count in E.coli
plate after at after day 2
Chen et al.,2006
Result:
C3 reduced the reproduction and survival of C. elegans
46. No adult nematode left in C3
culture after day 2
Adult nematodes present in
E.coli plate after day 2
Chen et al.,2006
Result:
C3 reduced the reproduction and survival of C. elegans
47. Result
C3 cells population increases in C. elegans culture plate
C3 population greatly
increased in culture plate
containing C. elegans
Chen et al.,2006
48. nematode adults less or
no progeny/dish on C3
plate compared up to 68
progeny on control plate
Chen et al.,2006
Result
C3 reduced adults C. elegans in culture plate
49. Effect of C3 on survivability of Meloidogyne javanica (Root-
knot nematode) juveniles
M. javanica were exposed C3 broth from 7 d old culture, with or
without subsequent storage for 16 d at 4°C.
Method
Chen et al.,2006
50. Effect of C3 on survivability Meloidogyne javanica (Root-knot
nematode) juveniles
Result
M. javanica were exposed C3 broth from 7 d old culture, with or
without subsequent storage for 16 d at 4°C.
Method
No M. javanica survived after 4 d exposure to both
C3 treatments
Chen et al.,2006
51. Effect of C3 on survivability Meloidogyne javanica (Root-knot
nematode) juveniles
Result
M. javanica were exposed C3 broth from 7 d old culture, with or
without subsequent storage for 16 d at 4°C.
Method
No M. javanica survived after 4 d exposure to both
C3 treatments
Chen et al.,2006
52. Effects of C3 on various plant-parasitic nematodes
Result
PPNs were exposed to C3 culture, C3 filtrate, and controls without C3
PPNs were counted daily and scored as active, inactive, or missing
Method
C3 caused adults and juveniles of PPNs to become inactive and
then dissolve
Chen et al.,2006
53. Chen et al.,2006
Number of nematodes that were not disintegrated after
exposure to different treatments for 2 d
C3 caused disintegration of more adults and
juveniles of PPNs compared to the controls
Pratylenchus penetransAphelenchoides fragariae
Result
C3 caused adults and juveniles of PPNs to become inactive and
then dissolve
54. Chen et al.,2006
Pratylenchus penetrans in C3 for 2 d
Body of Pratylenchus penetrans, as
dissolved by C3 in 48 h
55. Effects of C3 HSAF on nematodes
Yuen et al., (2006).
Method:
1. HSAF (dihydromaltophilin) was extracted from C3 culture
2. HSAF added to E coli culture medium plate
3. Ten C. elegans adults were added to the medium
4. Control medium plate had no HSAF
5. The nematodes activity were monitored for 48 h
56. Effects of C3 HSAF on nematodes
Yuen et al., (2006).
Method:
1. HSAF (dihydromaltophilin) was extracted from C3 culture
2. HSAF added to E coli culture medium plate
3. Ten C. elegans adults were added to the medium
4. Control medium plate had no HSAF
5. The nematodes activity were monitored for 48 h
Results:
HSAF caused rapid inactivation of adult nematodes
57. Yuen et al., (2006).
Results:
C3 HSAF caused rapid inactivation of adult nematodes
Fewer than 40% of the
nematodes exposed to
HSAF were active in 24
h. Over 90% of
nematodes remained
active in the control
58. Yuen et al., (2006).
Results:
HSAF-minus mutant K19 failed to inactivate nematodes
Mutants failed to
inactivate nematodes
Wildtype C3 eliminated
nematodes from plate
A proof that HSAF is responsible
for rapid inactivation of nematodes
by Wildtype C3
60. Biocontrol potentials of Pasteuria penetrans
Tian, B., Yang, J., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS microbiology ecology, 61(2), 197-213.
Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiments
(Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
61. Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiments
(Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
Method:
1 3 4 52
Soil mix containing 1 mL of nematode egg suspension
(1000 eggs/mL) was placed into 5 pots.
62. Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiments
Method:
Steamed
soilControl
106 spores
per seed
1.5x 105
endospores
after planting
106 spores per
seed + 1.5x 105
after planting
C P1 P2 P3S
(Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
Appropriately treated/transplants planted into the nematode
infested potted soil for 8 to 10 weeks
All plants evaluated for different parameters
63. Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiments
Method:
Telone II
FumigatedControl
106 spores
per seed
1.5x 105
endospores
after planting
106 spores per
seed + 1.5x 105
after planting
Appropriately treated/transplants planted into the nematode
infested potted soil for 8 to 10 weeks
All plants evaluated for different parameters
C P1 P2 P3S
(Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
64. (Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiment
Greenhouse study results
65. (Kokalis-Burelle, 2015).
Control of M. incognita on cucumber by
Pasteuria penetrans in greenhouse and
microplots experiment
Microplots study results
Only root weight increase, occurred in one treatment (1.5x 105
endospores after planting)
Telone II fumigation (control) reduced more galls than other
treatments.
66. Yuen et al.,
unpublished
Control of cyst nematodes on cabbage,
sugarbeet and soybean by strain C3 and the role
of the antibiotic HSAF in the biological control
activity in soil systems
Method
Strain C3 was applied to the roots of cabbage, sugarbeet, and
soybean grown in growth pouches, sand, and a sand-soil medium
Cabbage and sugarbeet roots were challenged with SBCN, while
soybean roots were inoculated with SCN.
67. Control of cyst nematodes on cabbage,
sugarbeet and soybean by Lysobacter
enzymogenes strain C3
Results:
C3 reduced the number of SBCN nematodes on sugarbeet roots
compared to the control
C3 reduced numbers of SBCN cysts and eggs on cabbage roots
compared to the control.
C3 inhibited SCN egg production relative to the control on
soybean
Yuen et al.,
unpublished
68. Results:
C3 reduced SBCN nematodes on sugarbeet roots compared to
the control
Yuen et al.,
unpublished
69. Results:
C3 reduced numbers of SBCN cysts and eggs on cabbage roots
compared to the control.
Yuen et al.,
unpublished
Treatment Cysts per plant Total eggs & J2 Eggs & J2 per cyst Shoot dry wt. (g)
Cabbage alone - - - 0.44
C3 alone - - - 0.40
SCBN alone 52 8445 140 0.45
SCBN + C3 37 4734 106 0.40
P- value 0.051 0.009 0.143 Not significant
70. Results:
C3 reduced SCN egg production relative to the control on
soybean
Trial Treatment Eggs per
plant
Eggs per g
root
Root wt. (g) Shoot wt. (g)
1 C3 + SCN 43 72 0.61 B 4.61
SCN only 136 200 0.76 B 4.72
C3 only - - 0.78 B 4.74
No treatment - - 1.17 A 4.84
P <0.001 0.326 0.005 NS
2 C3 + SCN 140 1164 0.11 No data
SCN only 1090 6331 0.05 No data
C3 only - - 0.04 No data
No treatment - - 0.11 No data
P <0.001 <0.001 0.369 -
3 C3 + SCN 477 4387 0.12 C 1.13
SCN only 1763 14360 0.12 C 0.99
C3 only - - 0.24 B 1.12
No treatment - - 0.34 A 1.29 Yuen et al.,
unpublished
71. Results:
HSAF-minus mutant K19 failed to suppress SCN on soybean
Yuen et al.,
unpublished
Trial Treatment Eggs per plant Eggs per g root Root wt. (g) Shoot wt. (g)
1 C3 + SCN 599 B 1542 C 0.41 B 1.75
K19 + SCN 1710 A 6442 A 0.29 B 1.44
SCN only 1023 A 2487 B 0.38 B 1.71
C3 only - - 0.57 A 1.63
K19 only - - 0.57 A 1.39
No treatment - - 0.57 A 1.56
P 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS
2 C3 + SCN 75 B 121 B 0.63 bc 1.74 A
K19 + SCN 141 A 258 A 0.55 c 1.42 BC
SCN only 166 A 314 A 0.59 bc 1.31 BC
C3 only - - 0.79 a 1.53 AB
K19 only - - 0.68 ab 1.21 C
No treatment - - 0.69 ab 1.41 BC
P 0.034 0.034 0.084 0.029
3 C3 + SCN 436 b 1379 B .31 1.13
K19 + SCN 820 a 2506 A .33 1.22
SCN only 847 a 3058 A .28 1.03
C3 only - - .31 1.24
K19 only - - .36 1.26
No treatment - - .34 1.17
72. Trial Treatment Eggs per plant Eggs per g root Root wt. (g) Shoot wt. (g)
1 C3 + SCN 599 B 1542 C 0.41 B 1.75
K19 + SCN 1710 A 6442 A 0.29 B 1.44
SCN only 1023 A 2487 B 0.38 B 1.71
C3 only - - 0.57 A 1.63
K19 only - - 0.57 A 1.39
No treatment - - 0.57 A 1.56
P 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NS
2 C3 + SCN 75 B 121 B 0.63 bc 1.74 A
K19 + SCN 141 A 258 A 0.55 c 1.42 BC
SCN only 166 A 314 A 0.59 bc 1.31 BC
C3 only - - 0.79 a 1.53 AB
K19 only - - 0.68 ab 1.21 C
No treatment - - 0.69 ab 1.41 BC
P 0.034 0.034 0.084 0.029
3 C3 + SCN 436 b 1379 B .31 1.13
K19 + SCN 820 a 2506 A .33 1.22
SCN only 847 a 3058 A .28 1.03
C3 only - - .31 1.24
K19 only - - .36 1.26
No treatment - - .34 1.17
P 0.059 0.028 0.445 NS
Results:
HSAF-minus mutant K19 failed to suppress SCN on soybean
Yuen et al.,
unpublished
A proof that HSAF is
responsible for the
suppression of SCN
in Wildtype C3
treated soybean
plant
73. Summary
PPNs diseases posses major threat to global crop production
Biological control with nematicidal bacteria is gaining more
attention in controlling PPNs
Major mechanisms of nematicidal bacterial include parasitism;
toxins and enzymes activities
Pasteuria penetrans, Bacillus firmus, and Lyzobacter enzymogenes
have shown successful control of several PPN diseases
More nematicidal bacterial would be commercialized as we gain
more understanding
74. Li, J., Zou, C., Xu, J., Ji, X., Niu, X., Yang, J., ... & Zhang, K. Q. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of
nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic
nematodes. Annual review of phytopathology, 53, 67-95.
Tian, B., Yang, J., & Zhang, K. Q. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic
nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS microbiology
ecology, 61(2), 197-213.
Siddiqui, Z. A., & Mahmood, I. (1999). Role of bacteria in the management of plant parasitic nematodes:
a review. Bioresource Technology, 69(2), 167-179.
Mankau, R., Imbriani, J. L., & Bell, A. H. (1976). SEM observations on nematode cuticle penetration by
Bacillus penetrans. Journal of nematology, 8(2), 179.
Kokalis-Burelle, N. (2015). Pasteuria penetrans for control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato and
cucumber, and M. arenaria on snapdragon. Journal of nematology, 47(3), 207.
Terefe, M., Tefera, T., & Sakhuja, P. K. (2012). Biocontrol (Formulation of Bacillus firmus (BioNem)) of
root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants in the field. Ethiopian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 22(1), 102-116.
Chen, J., Moore, W. H., Yuen, G. Y., Kobayashi, D., & Caswell-Chen, E. P. (2006). Influence of
Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 on nematodes. Journal of nematology, 38(2), 233.
Sources