Rufus Akinrinlola provides integrated disease management strategies for three plant diseases: 1) Pierce's disease of grapevine caused by Xylella fastidiosa is managed through cultural practices like quarantine and heat treatment, chemical control of vectors, and use of resistant varieties. The disease cycle involves vector transmission from infected to healthy vines. 2) Phytophthora soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is managed through host resistance, cultural practices like crop rotation, and fungicide seed treatments. The disease cycle involves soilborne oospores that germinate under wet conditions and infect soybean roots. 3) Fusarium head blight of

1. RUFUS AKINRINLOLA
INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASES MANAGEMENT
For
GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE
PHYTOPHTHORA SOYBEAN ROOT AND STEM ROT
FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHT

2. GRAPEVINE
PIERCE’S
DISEASE

3. Xylella fastidiosa survives winter and multiplies primarily in
guts of vector insects and/or in the xylem vessels of their
reservoir hosts and to the least extent in infected grape vines
Nymphs and adults Leafhoppers and froghoppers
can initiate secondary infection within vineyard
orchard as they move from infected to uninfected
susceptible vine trees.
Bacterium multiplies and clogs the
xylem vessels, blocking water flow
from the roots to the leaves
Leaf scotch develops on
infected vine
Adults leafhoppers and sharpshooter pick ups X. fastidiosa
from their survival source and transfer onto the xylem vessel
of healthy susceptible vine (Primary infection).
Winter
Summer
Fall
Spring
DISEASE CYCLE OF
XYLELLA
FASTIDIOSA
Causing Pierce disease
(PD) of Grapevine
(Vitis spp)
Rufus Akinrinlola
PLPT 802
Nymphs
vectors lose
bacterium
cell during
molting
Bacterium
multiplies
and remain
persistent in
adult vector

4.  GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Integrated systems practices
Cultural
 Quarantine
 Site vineyard away from woods
 Move vineyard regularly
 Remove symptomatic vines
 Creates barrier between vineyards and
nearby vegetation
 Heat treatments (45C for 3hrs)
Chemical
 Not applicable
to the pathogen
 Control vectors
population
Biocontrol:
Avirulent Xylella
fastidiosa

5.  GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Avirulent Xylella
fastidiosa strain
EB92-1
Host resistant varieties
Blanc Du Bois Black Spanish/ Lenoir Victoria Red
 Cross: FloridaD6-148 X
Cardinal, 1968.
 John Mortenson
 UNIflorida, 1988
 PD- Resistant
 Native to Texas
 Highest quality red wine
 PD- tolerant
 Cross: Ark1123 X Exotic
 1971
 Breeding prog:
Uniarkansas,
 PD- tolerant
PD-Resistant
PD-Tolerant
PD-Tolerant

6.  GRAPEVINE PIERCE’S DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Biocontrol agentResistant varieties Insecticides
Avirulent Xylella
fastidiosa strain
EB92-1
MOA:
Cross protection
PD- resistant
 Blanc du bois
PD- tolerant
 Black Spanish
 Victoria red
MOA: Neurotoxin

7. PHYTOPHTHORA
SOYBEAN
ROOT AND STEM
ROT

8. Spring
Under favorable
wet high
moisture and
warm
temperature
conditions
oospores
germinate and
form mycelia
Mycelia
produce
sporangia
which
releases
zoospores
DISEASE CYCLE PHYTOPHTHORA SOJAE
Causing the Phytophthora root and stem rot
(PRSR) of Soybean
(Glycine max).
Rufus Akinrinlola PLPT 802
Dead infected
plants residues
remain in the soil
and overwinter
for the next
growing season
Wind and rain splash spread
sporangia and other infective
propagules from infected plant
to initiate secondary infection
in uninfected susceptible host
Secondary
inoculum source
Summer
Fall
Oospores
overwinter in
soil and
debris during
hatch
conditions
Oogonium form by sexual crossing
of hypha and produces the survival
oospores in the soil
Winter
Zoospores swim
towards root
exudates of young
soybean root tips
initiating primary
infection
Attachment, encystment and penetration on
zoospores into root surface induce root rot
and hyphal colonization of the stem induces
stem rot
Hyphal tips of
Mycelia can also colonize
root tips and induce
infection
25 - 30°C
Optimum
temperature

9.  PHYTOPHTHORA SOYBEAN ROOT AND STEM ROT
Integrated management practices
Host resistant
 Best control methods
Cultural
 Good drainage
 Proper crop rotation
 Deep tillage practices
Chemical
 Seed treatment
• seed treatment protects the seedlings prior to
emergence of resistance
Fungicides:
 Chloroneb
 Fludioxonil
 Mefenoxam
 Metalaxyl (NC state university)
Host resistant types
 R- gene mediated
rest.
 Root resistance
 Partial resistance
Dorrance, 2007;2009

10. FUSARIUM
(WHEAT)
HEAD BLIGHT

11. Conidia
Perithecia
Overwinteringspores
Mycotoxins
in FDK
seeds
DISEASE CYCLE OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM
Sexual
spore
Macroconidia
SPRING
Winter
Summer
Fall
20-25°C
Humidity
> 80%
Optimum
Moisture
0.2-2.5
1°Inoculum spread
by wind and
rainsplash
Seedborne infection

12.  FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHT
Integrated management practices
Fungicides
Metconazole
Tebuconazole
MOA:
Demethylation
inhibitor
IPM
 Use resistant cultivars
 practice proper rotation
 Deep soil tillage
 Early sowing
 Fungicide application at flowering
 Type I: resistance to
initial infection
 Type II: Resistant to
pathogen spread
 Type III: Resistant to
kernel infection
 Type IV: FHB tolerant
 Type V: Toxin
biodegradation
Gilbert, & Tekauz, 2000.
Host resistance

13.  FUSARIUM (WHEAT) HEAD BLIGHT
 Sumai from China
 Ning derivatives: china
 Nobeoka Bozu from
Japan
 Frontana from brazil
 Cvs praag8 from
Europe
 Novokrumka : Europe
Resistant varieties Fungicides products
• Metconazole
• Tebuconazole
Spring wheat
WINTER WHEAT
Gilbert, & Tekauz, 2000

14. References
• Bai, G., & Shaner, G. (2004). Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight 1. Annu.
Rev. Phytopathol., 42, 135-161.
• Champeil, A., Dore, T., & Fourbet, J. F. (2004). Fusarium head blight: epidemiological origin of the effects of
cultural practices on head blight attacks and the production of mycotoxins by Fusarium in wheat grains. Plant
science, 166(6), 1389-1415.
• Dorrance, A. E., Robertson, A. E., Cianzo, S., Giesler, L. J., Grau, C. R., Draper, M. A., ... & Anderson, T. R.
(2009). Integrated management strategies for Phytophthora sojae combining host resistance and seed
treatments. Plant Disease, 93(9), 875-882.
• Dorrance, A. E., Mills, D., Robertson, A. E., Draper, M. A., Giesler, L., & Tenuta, A. (2007). Phytophthora root
and stem rot of soybean. The Plant Health Instructor, 1.
• Gray, D. J., & Klein, C. M. (1989). In vitro micropropagation and plant establishment of'Blanc du Bois' grape.
In Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc (Vol. 102, pp. 221-223).
• Gilbert, J., & Tekauz, A. (2000). Review: recent developments in research on Fusarium head blight of wheat in
Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 22(1), 1-8.
• Fernandez, M. R., Selles, F., Gehl, D., DePauw, R. M., & Zentner, R. P. (2005). Crop production factors associated
with Fusarium head blight in spring wheat in eastern Saskatchewan. Crop Science, 45(5), 1908-1916.