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This document summarizes various approaches to managing international debt crises, including: 1) The Baker Plan of 1985 which provided loans to debtor countries with conditions like privatization and economic opening in exchange. 2) The Brady Plan of 1989 which encouraged debt reduction by private banks and used new IMF/World Bank funding to collateralize remaining debts into bonds. 3) Debt-equity swaps and debt-for-nature swaps which exchanged debt for assets or environmental protections. 4) The HIPC initiative starting in 1996 to provide debt relief to heavily indebted poor countries and alleviate poverty.
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Ipe04
Financial crises often begin with structural deficits that are exacerbated by economic downturns, causing countries to default on loans. This occurred in several crises in the 1990s and 2000s: the 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and the 1999-2002 Argentine crisis. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 was led by the bursting of the housing bubble in the US and near collapse of financial markets due to risky mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps.
Ipe03
The document discusses international monetary systems and exchange rates. It defines key terms like exchange rates, balance of trade, balance of payments, and structural imbalances. It discusses the history of international monetary systems, including the Nixon Shock in 1971 which ended the gold standard and the Plaza Accord in 1985 which saw major currencies devalued against the US dollar. It also examines structural trade surpluses and deficits between countries and the role of the US dollar as the dominant global reserve currency.
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The document summarizes the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. It identifies low interest rates, lack of regulations, risky subprime lending, securitization of mortgages, and conflicts of interest between banks, rating agencies, and borrowers as contributing factors. Major effects included destruction of wealth, rising poverty, job losses, increased food stamp usage, and a domino effect of bank failures exacerbating the crisis. The crisis disproportionately hurt the poor and middle class while concentrating more wealth among the richest 1%.
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Ipe04
Financial crises often begin with structural deficits that are exacerbated by economic downturns, causing countries to default on loans. This occurred in several crises in the 1990s and 2000s: the 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and the 1999-2002 Argentine crisis. The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 was led by the bursting of the housing bubble in the US and near collapse of financial markets due to risky mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps.
Ipe03
The document discusses international monetary systems and exchange rates. It defines key terms like exchange rates, balance of trade, balance of payments, and structural imbalances. It discusses the history of international monetary systems, including the Nixon Shock in 1971 which ended the gold standard and the Plaza Accord in 1985 which saw major currencies devalued against the US dollar. It also examines structural trade surpluses and deficits between countries and the role of the US dollar as the dominant global reserve currency.
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The 2008 global economic crisis started in the US housing market but spread globally. It began as a financial crisis caused by factors like the housing bubble, poor lending practices, derivatives like CDOs and CDS, and excessive leverage or debt. This led to $30 trillion in destroyed financial assets worldwide. Governments implemented fiscal stimulus programs while central banks lowered interest rates to rescue economies. However, the full effects were prolonged and experts said recovery would not be until 2010 or beyond. New financial reforms have been introduced but regulators still struggle to prevent future crises given the pace of innovation and incentive for banks to circumvent rules in pursuit of profit.
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This presentation explains the events and causes that led to Global Financial Crisis in 2007-08, mainly focused on Collateralized Debt Obligations, Sub-Prime Mortgages, Credit Default Swaps and Housing Bubble.
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The document summarizes the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. It identifies low interest rates, lack of regulations, risky subprime lending, securitization of mortgages, and conflicts of interest between banks, rating agencies, and borrowers as contributing factors. Major effects included destruction of wealth, rising poverty, job losses, increased food stamp usage, and a domino effect of bank failures exacerbating the crisis. The crisis disproportionately hurt the poor and middle class while concentrating more wealth among the richest 1%.
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2007 2009 financial crisis
The document summarizes key events and causes of the 2007-2009 financial crisis. It notes that housing prices increased sharply until 2005 but then leveled off and declined, default and foreclosure rates increased in 2006, and major investment banks collapsed in 2008. The crisis was sparked by the decline in US housing prices, which reduced the value of mortgage-backed securities and threatened the solvency of financial institutions due to leverage. The crisis put the US and world economies into a deep recession, the largest since the Great Depression.
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The document discusses the causes and impacts of the subprime mortgage crisis that began in 2008. It describes how loose lending practices led to many borrowers taking out loans they could not afford, resulting in mass foreclosures when borrowers defaulted. This undermined the mortgage industry and global credit markets. The crisis significantly impacted the US and European economies through loss of home equity and wealth, rising unemployment, and declining GDP.
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The documentary Inside Job examines the 2008 financial crisis. It analyzes the changes in the financial industry that led to the crisis, including political moves toward deregulation. This allowed large risks to be taken and regulations to be circumvented. The crisis began with rampant lending and investing on Wall Street. Banks financed subprime mortgages and mortgage-backed securities became very profitable. However, the housing prices were inflated in a bubble that eventually burst in 2006-2007 when homeowners began defaulting on loans. Despite signs of growing risks, regulators refused to intervene and the financial system crisis ensued in 2008.
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Global Financial Crisis (2007 - 2009)
[SERIES 4/4] The Global Financial Crisis (2007 - 2009)
from the Frederic Mishkin's The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets
Financial Crises on Advanced Economies Chapter
Outline:
SERIES 1: Factors Causing Financial Crises
SERIES 2: Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies
Series 3: The Great Depression
SERIES 4: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 (The Great Recession)
Other Sources:
The Causes and Effects of the 2008 Financial Crisis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9YLta5Tr2A
Ipe10
The document discusses the history of international debt crises and their management. It describes how developing countries took on large debts in the 1970s that led to debt crises in the 1980s. International organizations like the IMF and countries implemented programs like the Baker Plan, Brady Plan, and HIPC initiative to restructure debts and provide debt relief to poorer countries. These programs required economic reforms and aimed to reduce debt burdens to sustainable levels to alleviate poverty in heavily indebted nations.
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The document discusses cooperation vs unilateral intervention in international economics. It argues that while countries agree on goals like global growth and rebalancing, individual countries prioritize domestic goals which can lead to policy spillovers and retaliation that result in suboptimal outcomes. Cooperation through forums like the G20 faces challenges due to diverging economic performance among members and lack of enforcement. Regional arrangements and integration can facilitate cooperation where interests converge. Overall, cooperation requires addressing policy spillovers and providing credible incentives and commitments to avoid outcomes where all countries are worse off.
Epilogue: Financial Crisis of 2008
The financial crisis of 2008 originated from the collapse of the US housing market and subprime mortgage crisis. Risky mortgage loans were bundled into securities that were given high credit ratings and sold widely. When housing prices declined and mortgage defaults increased, the value of these securities plummeted. This caused the failure of major financial institutions, a stock market decline, and a recession around the world.
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The document presents on the subprime crisis of 2007. It discusses how subprime mortgages led to the crisis, with riskier borrowers taking on loans they could not repay. The executive summary notes that the government poured hundreds of billions into the system through bailouts, but this could lead to moral hazard issues with institutions taking greater risks expecting future bailouts. Opinions from professors are provided, with some arguing the bailouts rewarded failure while others felt risk was not accurately evaluated. The conclusion is that the large bailouts have made the US more socialist.
Us subprime crisis
The document summarizes the US subprime crisis and its aftermath. It discusses:
- The origins of the crisis in the collapse of subprime mortgage markets in 2007.
- How risky lending practices, deregulation, and the housing bubble led to the crisis.
- The key events like the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008 that caused the crisis to spread globally.
- The consequences including economic recession in the US and worldwide, rising inequality, and diminished US influence internationally.
Global financial crisis
The global financial crisis began in 2007-2008 as a result of rising housing prices and subprime lending in the United States that led to defaults and losses for many banks and financial institutions. As the crisis spread, it caused stock market declines, a slowdown in economic activity, and concerns over the stability of major financial institutions around the world. Central banks responded by cutting interest rates and providing liquidity, while governments bailed out major banks and implemented economic stimulus programs. The crisis had significant impacts on unemployment, trade, foreign direct investment, and growth in both developed and developing countries worldwide.
world financial crisis
The document discusses the global financial crisis and its effects on India. It notes that while India saw high GDP growth and a booming stock market in recent years, the crisis caused inflation, slowing growth, a falling stock market, and a declining rupee. The root causes of the crisis are said to be the rapid globalization and integration of financial markets beyond the control of national institutions. A world currency is proposed as an eventual solution to better regulate global capital flows and promote stability and growth worldwide.
Subprime crisis
This document provides an overview of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis in the United States. It defines subprime loans as high-risk loans given to borrowers with poor credit. In the early 2000s, low interest rates and rising home prices fueled increased subprime lending. However, starting in 2006, subprime borrowers began defaulting on mortgages as home prices declined. These mortgage defaults led to losses in mortgage-backed securities, hurting financial institutions and triggering a global recession. India was less impacted than other countries due to regulations that limited exposure of its financial system to global markets.
Gradipe04
The document discusses key concepts in international political economy such as exchange rates, trade balances, key currencies, and structural imbalances. It also examines important events that shaped the international monetary system such as the Nixon Shock of 1971 which ended the gold standard, the Plaza Accord of 1985 which sought to depreciate the US dollar, and several financial crises including those in Mexico in 1994, Asia in 1997-1998, Russia in 1998, and the global financial crisis of 2008.
Ipe01
This document provides an overview of international political economy and the Bretton Woods system established in 1944. It established formal international economic regimes like the IMF, World Bank and GATT/WTO to govern global trade and finance. The system aimed to prevent competitive currency devaluations and tariff wars that deepened the Great Depression. It sought to build a liberal international economic order to support democracy and prosperity after World War II. However, tensions grew between capitalist and communist ideologies that impacted global economic cooperation.
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The document summarizes the subprime mortgage crisis. It explains that subprime mortgages are high-interest loans given to borrowers with poor credit who could not qualify for standard mortgages. Many borrowers took out adjustable-rate subprime mortgages when housing prices were rising, expecting to refinance before rates increased. However, when housing prices fell, borrowers could not refinance and began defaulting, leading to a wave of foreclosures. This crisis significantly impacted the US and global economies, with major financial institutions writing off billions of dollars in losses. Governments responded with bailouts and efforts to assist homeowners and regulate derivatives.
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The document discusses the causes and impacts of the subprime mortgage crisis that began in 2008. It describes how loose lending practices led to many borrowers taking out loans they could not afford, resulting in mass foreclosures when borrowers defaulted. This undermined the mortgage industry and global credit markets. The crisis significantly impacted the US and European economies through loss of home equity and wealth, rising unemployment, and declining GDP.
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Inside job
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Global Financial Crisis (2007 - 2009)
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from the Frederic Mishkin's The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets
Financial Crises on Advanced Economies Chapter
Outline:
SERIES 1: Factors Causing Financial Crises
SERIES 2: Dynamics of Financial Crises in Advanced Economies
Series 3: The Great Depression
SERIES 4: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 2009 (The Great Recession)
Other Sources:
The Causes and Effects of the 2008 Financial Crisis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9YLta5Tr2A
Ipe10
The document discusses the history of international debt crises and their management. It describes how developing countries took on large debts in the 1970s that led to debt crises in the 1980s. International organizations like the IMF and countries implemented programs like the Baker Plan, Brady Plan, and HIPC initiative to restructure debts and provide debt relief to poorer countries. These programs required economic reforms and aimed to reduce debt burdens to sustainable levels to alleviate poverty in heavily indebted nations.
Subacchi, Varghese, Jackson (London - Dec 2010)
The document discusses cooperation vs unilateral intervention in international economics. It argues that while countries agree on goals like global growth and rebalancing, individual countries prioritize domestic goals which can lead to policy spillovers and retaliation that result in suboptimal outcomes. Cooperation through forums like the G20 faces challenges due to diverging economic performance among members and lack of enforcement. Regional arrangements and integration can facilitate cooperation where interests converge. Overall, cooperation requires addressing policy spillovers and providing credible incentives and commitments to avoid outcomes where all countries are worse off.
Epilogue: Financial Crisis of 2008
The financial crisis of 2008 originated from the collapse of the US housing market and subprime mortgage crisis. Risky mortgage loans were bundled into securities that were given high credit ratings and sold widely. When housing prices declined and mortgage defaults increased, the value of these securities plummeted. This caused the failure of major financial institutions, a stock market decline, and a recession around the world.
Presentation On Sub Prime Crises
The document presents on the subprime crisis of 2007. It discusses how subprime mortgages led to the crisis, with riskier borrowers taking on loans they could not repay. The executive summary notes that the government poured hundreds of billions into the system through bailouts, but this could lead to moral hazard issues with institutions taking greater risks expecting future bailouts. Opinions from professors are provided, with some arguing the bailouts rewarded failure while others felt risk was not accurately evaluated. The conclusion is that the large bailouts have made the US more socialist.
Us subprime crisis
The document summarizes the US subprime crisis and its aftermath. It discusses:
- The origins of the crisis in the collapse of subprime mortgage markets in 2007.
- How risky lending practices, deregulation, and the housing bubble led to the crisis.
- The key events like the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in 2008 that caused the crisis to spread globally.
- The consequences including economic recession in the US and worldwide, rising inequality, and diminished US influence internationally.
Global financial crisis
The global financial crisis began in 2007-2008 as a result of rising housing prices and subprime lending in the United States that led to defaults and losses for many banks and financial institutions. As the crisis spread, it caused stock market declines, a slowdown in economic activity, and concerns over the stability of major financial institutions around the world. Central banks responded by cutting interest rates and providing liquidity, while governments bailed out major banks and implemented economic stimulus programs. The crisis had significant impacts on unemployment, trade, foreign direct investment, and growth in both developed and developing countries worldwide.
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The document discusses the global financial crisis and its effects on India. It notes that while India saw high GDP growth and a booming stock market in recent years, the crisis caused inflation, slowing growth, a falling stock market, and a declining rupee. The root causes of the crisis are said to be the rapid globalization and integration of financial markets beyond the control of national institutions. A world currency is proposed as an eventual solution to better regulate global capital flows and promote stability and growth worldwide.
Subprime crisis
This document provides an overview of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis in the United States. It defines subprime loans as high-risk loans given to borrowers with poor credit. In the early 2000s, low interest rates and rising home prices fueled increased subprime lending. However, starting in 2006, subprime borrowers began defaulting on mortgages as home prices declined. These mortgage defaults led to losses in mortgage-backed securities, hurting financial institutions and triggering a global recession. India was less impacted than other countries due to regulations that limited exposure of its financial system to global markets.
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Gradipe04
The document discusses key concepts in international political economy such as exchange rates, trade balances, key currencies, and structural imbalances. It also examines important events that shaped the international monetary system such as the Nixon Shock of 1971 which ended the gold standard, the Plaza Accord of 1985 which sought to depreciate the US dollar, and several financial crises including those in Mexico in 1994, Asia in 1997-1998, Russia in 1998, and the global financial crisis of 2008.
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4) The HIPC initiative starting in 1996 to provide debt relief to heavily indebted poor countries and alleviate poverty.
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The UN Assistant Secretary-General outlined the UN Secretary-General's strategy for mobilizing climate finance ahead of the Paris climate negotiations in December 2015. The strategy focuses on delivering five essential elements: 1) Developed countries providing $100B annually by 2020, 2) The Green Climate Fund approving projects and disbursing funds, 3) Support for economic drivers of low-carbon growth, 4) Delivery of private sector finance commitments from the 2014 UN Climate Summit, and 5) A finance package for least developed and small island developing states. The Assistant Secretary-General urged representatives of development finance institutions to show leadership in moving the world to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.
BRICS 5th Academic Forum - Global Gov Reform
The document discusses reforming global governance institutions and the role that BRICS could play in transforming the current world order. It makes three key points:
1. The structures and compositions of institutions like the UN and IMF lag behind changing political realities, with BRICS challenging this by advocating for more representation of emerging economies.
2. The BRICS reform agenda of international financial institutions is limited and has not led to meaningful changes such as reducing the emphasis on austerity policies.
3. A major difference between South Africa and other BRICS countries is that SA relies more on commercial banking for development financing, whereas other BRICS have stronger state-led development policies and institutions.
A new european tax on financial transactions is set to go global
A new European financial transaction tax is set to take effect in 2014. The tax is expected to raise approximately $45 billion annually from 11 European countries for uses such as offsetting debt or funding social programs. The tax applies extraterritorially to financial transactions made by non-EU companies and investors, which has led to opposition from the US and UK. Supporters argue the tax will make the financial sector pay its fair share, while critics say it could harm the global economy by shifting financial activity to other regions.
IMF: Global Financial Stability Report (April 2020)
La pandemia di coronavirus (COVID-19) pone sfide di stabilità sanitaria, economica e finanziaria senza precedenti. A seguito dell'epidemia di COVID-19, i prezzi delle attività a rischio sono crollati e la volatilità del mercato è aumentata vertiginosamente, mentre le aspettative di inadempienze diffuse hanno portato a un aumento dei costi di indebitamento. Le decisive azioni di politica monetaria, finanziaria e fiscale volte a contenere le ricadute della pandemia e sono riuscite a stabilizzare gli investitori tra la fine di marzo e l'inizio di aprile. I mercati hanno recuperato alcune delle loro perdite.
Debt Relief for Poorer Countries
Financialization and economic downturns have increased issues of debt forgiveness for struggling countries. Debt relief initiatives aim to partially or fully cancel debts owed by developing nations to external creditors. Key institutions like the World Bank and IMF, as well as initiatives like HIPC and MDRI, have provided over $130 billion in debt cancellation to 35 countries. However, there are counterarguments that debt relief may encourage moral hazard and that sustainable growth requires economic reforms rather than just debt forgiveness.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE - DEBT AND AID AND THEIR MANAG...
The document discusses various issues relating to debt and international aid for developing countries. It explains that many poor countries face large debt burdens that consume a significant portion of their export earnings. While debt relief programs have helped reduce this burden to some extent, critics argue that more should be done. The document also discusses different types of international aid and debates around its effectiveness and potential drawbacks, such as creating dependency.
Worldwide Lessons from Financial Crises
This is a presentation on Worldwide Financial Crisis made by Vinod Thomas, Director-General & Senior Vice President at the Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank. In the presentation, Mr. Thomas describes the reasons for the recent financial crisis, highlights the extent of damages, and discusses policy responses to the crisis.
From Poverty to Power: The International System
The document discusses several key issues regarding the international system:
1) The international system must do more to govern global public goods and challenges like climate change, while doing less harm in areas such as trade and arms sales.
2) Global governance has expanded without an overall plan, and ideally would regulate the global economy, redistribute resources, and avert threats, while protecting vulnerable groups.
3) International organizations like the IMF and World Bank were created after WWII but face issues like unequal influence among member states.
Chap. 3. international monetary system
The chapter discusses the development of the international monetary system from the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Key points:
- Countries realized after WWII that political freedom alone was insufficient and economic cooperation was needed for development.
- The Bretton Woods Conference established the IMF to oversee the new monetary system based on fixed exchange rates and use of the US dollar and gold standard.
- The system helped sustain trade growth but faced challenges of debt crises and fluctuations caused by moving to floating exchange rates in the 1970s. The balance of payments tracks a country's total economic relations internationally through trade, investment, aid and other flows.
What is the international debt crisis
The international debt crisis arose in the 1970s when developing nations borrowed heavily from private banks and other creditors to finance their economies. This external debt grew rapidly and unsustainably for some countries. By the mid-1980s, developing country debt totaled over $800 billion, requiring more than 20% of some countries' export earnings just for debt service payments. While debt reschedulings provided temporary relief, the underlying debt problem remained and has continued dragging down growth in indebted nations.
The globalization paradox
The document discusses the tensions between hyperglobalization, nation states, and democratic politics. It describes Thomas Friedman's concept of the "Golden Straitjacket" where countries pursue policies to attract foreign capital like free markets and small government. This prioritizes the "electronic herd" of global investors over domestic needs. The Washington Consensus promoted these policies but they failed in Argentina in the late 1990s during its financial crisis. The Bretton Woods system after WWII balanced globalization and sovereignty better by allowing capital controls and currency adjustments. However, it weakened over time due to speculative pressure on the dollar and internal economic priorities conflicting with maintaining exchange rates.
CLAAF 39th Statement
Unprecedented Global Protectionist Threats and Increasing Financial Volatility: Latin America at a Crossroads
Addis ababa conference
The Addis Ababa conference is a follow up of the first conference on FfD (Financial for Development) convened in Monterrey in 2002. 'Monterrey Consensus' introduced six "major action" to the FfD. The second FfD conference in Doha in 2008 added a chapter on new challenges and emerging issues that address the impacts of the financial crisis and climate change.
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A new european tax on financial transactions is set to go global
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IMF: Global Financial Stability Report (April 2020)
IMF: Global Financial Stability Report (April 2020)
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More from Jeffrey Hart
Berkeley Internet.pptx
Talk delivered at a seminar in the ISchool at UC Berkeley on November 17 about the history and politics of the Internet.
Essays on the History and Politics of the.pptx
The document highlights several key individuals who contributed to the development of the internet including Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn who developed TCP/IP, Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau who created HTML and the World Wide Web, Robert Metcalfe who developed Ethernet, and Mark Andreessen who created the Mosaic web browser. It also mentions Vic Hayes' contribution to WiFi and notes Albert Gore and John Perry Barlow but does not specify their contributions to internet development.
Right-Wing Populism in Europe and the United States
This document defines and discusses the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the United States. It outlines key elements of right-wing populism including emphasizing sovereignty of the people, advocating for ordinary citizens, attacking elites, ostracizing outsiders, and invoking traditional regions. Several prominent European right-wing populist party leaders are profiled, and factors explained for the rise of populism like slow economic growth, anti-globalization sentiments, and the refugee crisis. The document concludes that supporters of European right-wing populist parties are largely anti-immigration and anti-EU, and that continued economic struggles could exacerbate the movement's challenges to democracy.
The European Union: Challenges and Opportunities
The European Union faces several challenges, including sluggish economic growth, high youth unemployment, and the Eurozone debt crisis. The adoption of austerity policies to address budget shortfalls have slowed growth and increased unemployment in some countries. Rising populism and nationalism have increased opposition to EU policies and threatened the stability of the bloc. Events like the Greek debt crisis, Brexit referendum, and the migration crisis have further divided member states and weakened the EU. How the EU addresses these issues will impact its future as both an economic and political union.
Techinnovation
This document summarizes technological innovation in the age of the Internet. It discusses the exponential growth of Internet hosts and users since 1981. It describes how the Internet has lowered barriers for forming groups and collaborating across distances. Many human activities have migrated online, blurring regulatory boundaries between technologies and industries. While a few large companies like Google and Facebook dominate certain markets, smaller innovative firms can still thrive if they remain nimble. The document outlines several policies that impact technological innovation, such as antitrust laws, net neutrality regulations, infrastructure subsidies, and intellectual property regimes. It also notes some transatlantic issues between the US and Europe regarding these topics.
International politics in the age of the internet
The document discusses how the internet has affected international politics in several ways:
1) It has given individuals and non-state actors greater ability to organize and express views, as seen during events like the Arab Spring.
2) It has increased transparency of governments and institutions through tools like blogs, YouTube, WikiLeaks and Edward Snowden's leaks.
3) However, it has also allowed greater government surveillance of citizens' online activities.
4) The rise of cyber warfare and threats to cyber security are new issues governments must address.
Net neutrality
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the net neutrality debate in the United States. It outlines key events and perspectives from both supporters and opponents of net neutrality. These include the initial coining of the term in 2002, various FCC rulings and policy statements, lobbying efforts, and legal challenges around issues like the Comcast throttling case and FCC regulations. The debate remains ongoing with shifting positions of government agencies and industry groups.
Politics of competitiveness
Lecture on the Politics of International Competitiveness for Emeriti House, Indiana University, October 16, 2013
Isa12a
1) The PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) aimed to curb online piracy but faced strong opposition.
2) Internet companies mobilized users against the bills through website blackouts and petitions, convincing many in Congress the bills could damage the internet.
3) With bipartisan support eroding, both bills were shelved in January 2012 due to concerns they could undermine free speech, national security, and internet stability.
Ipe21
The document summarizes major global economic changes since 1989, including the end of the Cold War, increased globalization, financial crises, and the rise of China and India. It discusses issues related to the future of the Eurozone, austerity measures, and growing economic volatility. Finally, it briefly profiles several thinkers who have studied topics like globalization, poverty, property rights, and international governance.
Polinter12
This document discusses key questions around how the internet has impacted media concentration and power dynamics. It examines the extent to which online media has replicated traditional patterns of ownership concentration in print and broadcast. It also looks at how the internet has changed news production and distribution. Additionally, it explores the effects of file sharing, open-source software, and intellectual property disputes. The document then analyzes different definitions of power and how information and communication technologies have impacted capabilities-based power, relational power, structural power, and meta power.
Polinter11
This document contains summaries of several topics related to politics and control of the internet. It discusses protests in Poland against the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), China's structure for controlling internet access, a correlation between internet users and press freedom in China, concerns about how the internet may impact diversity of political views and comparisons to traditional media, types of user-generated content on the internet, and questions about how certain groups may be helped or hurt by an open internet model.
Ipe19
Economic globalization involves the integration of markets for goods, services, and factors of production across national borders. It has increased the importance of international supply chains. ICTs like the internet have reduced the costs of coordinating activities globally, similar to past infrastructure innovations. National governments employ various coping strategies to deal with globalization, such as promoting inward investment, workforce skills development, and R&D spending.
Ipe20
This document summarizes several criticisms of corporate capitalism, including too much power, insufficient public oversight, and short-term profit orientation. It also discusses concerns about corporate agriculture practices like monoculture farming and factory farms. The document then profiles several authors who have written critically about the food system, like Michael Pollan and Ruth Ozeki, and discusses the Slow Food movement. It also examines issues around intellectual property and bioprospecting as it relates to genetic resources and indigenous communities.
Ipe18
This document discusses technology and economic growth. It examines why some countries innovate and lead technological revolutions while others do not. Specifically, it analyzes how and why the US led the Fordist and ICT revolutions. The document also considers what may be the next major technological innovation and which country could take the lead. Finally, it reviews theories of economic growth and compares GDP and high-tech industries of various nations over time to understand patterns of leadership and decline.
Isa12b
Jeffrey A. Hart from Indiana University presented a paper at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association in San Diego, California in April 2012. The paper discussed how different international relations theories like realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism approach issues related to information and communication technologies (ICTs) and cybersecurity. It argued that theories need to better account for how ICTs impact the diffusion of information, empower non-state actors, and potentially transform power structures and identities. The paper also examined questions around how ICTs influence globalization processes and production networks.
Ipe17
The document discusses the challenges of transitioning to a green economy including obstacles related to ideas, implementation, politics, and international cooperation. It notes the negative externalities of fossil fuel consumption and analyzes potential solutions like a green new deal as well as debates around climate science and pricing carbon. Implementation problems, varying public support across countries, and challenges of past international agreements on climate change are also summarized.
Polinter10
The document discusses the history of net neutrality in the United States. It describes how (1) the issue first emerged in 2002; (2) supporters argued the open internet must be preserved while opponents said regulation was unnecessary; and (3) the policy debate continued through the 2000s with various laws and court rulings affecting the FCC's ability to enforce net neutrality principles.
Ipe16
The document discusses several topics related to globalization and a "flat world" including: America needing to produce knowledge workers to succeed; other countries racing to the top not the bottom; potential "races to the bottom" in areas like taxes and regulations; shortages of scientists and engineers in the US; the potential of green energy technology; criticisms of corporate capitalism; and examples of pro- and anti-corporate websites focused on large brands like McDonald's, Starbucks, and Nike.
Ipe15
The document summarizes the various groups that make up the anti-globalization movement, including organized labor, environmental groups, feminists, indigenous peoples, and anarchists. It discusses why each of these groups opposes aspects of economic globalization, such as fears over loss of jobs and wages for labor groups, concerns about the environment and indigenous groups' resources, and a belief that globalization supports patriarchal politics. Large anti-globalization demonstrations have taken place at forums like G8 summits and WTO meetings.
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Right-Wing Populism in Europe and the United States
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Ipe11
- 1. Y376 International Political Economy February 15, 2011
- 2. Petro-Dollar Recycling Oil-importing ICs Oil-exporting Countries International Banks Third World borrowers $ $ $ $
- 10. Example: Costa Rica Rain Forest
- 12. HIPC Countries as of 1999
- 13. Preliminary Results of HIPC
- 14. Bono and Bill Gates Campaign for Debt Relief
- 19. Global Inequality Remains a Serious Problem