1) The PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) and Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) aimed to curb online piracy but faced strong opposition.
2) Internet companies mobilized users against the bills through website blackouts and petitions, convincing many in Congress the bills could damage the internet.
3) With bipartisan support eroding, both bills were shelved in January 2012 due to concerns they could undermine free speech, national security, and internet stability.
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
lecture on the politics of net neutrality, to be delivered in Noriko Hara's graduate seminar at Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, on November 12, 2013
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
lecture on the politics of net neutrality, to be delivered in Noriko Hara's graduate seminar at Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, on November 12, 2013
30 C o M M u n i C at i o n s o f t h e a C M j A.docxtamicawaysmith
30 C o M M u n i C at i o n s o f t h e a C M | j A n U A R Y 2 0 1 2 | V O L . 5 5 | n O . 1
V
viewpoints
T
He eMeRGence of the Internet
has put enormous pressure
on the rights model of U.S.
copyright law. That model
is premised on the notion
that copyright holders are entitled to
control the making of copies of their
works, but technology has made that
control somewhere between fragile
and nonexistent. Content creators
have struggled to restore the control
assumed by copyright law. Two recent
developments, one pending federal
legislation and the second an industry-
wide agreement between Internet ser-
vice providers and content distributors,
provide new looks at this ongoing issue.
Technology and copyright have a
complex relationship. New waves of
technology have created novel expres-
sive opportunities and dramatic im-
provements in the ability to distribute
copyrighted works. But new technol-
ogy rarely asks permission, and with
each technical advance, we have seen
new opportunities and new clashes.
Perforated rolls for player pianos in
the early 1900s came from sheet mu-
sic and roll producers were not eager
to write checks to copyright holders.
Radio saw recorded music as a way to
fill the airways even though disks came
with a legend stating that the music
was not licensed for radio broadcast.
And the VCR introduced a new vocabu-
lary—time shifting—and the chance to
watch TV on your schedule, not broad-
casters’ schedules. It did so without of-
fering any compensation to broadcast-
ers or show producers and even created
the risk that the financing model for
free broadcast TV would be put at risk
by viewers with nimble fingers who
fast-forwarded through commercials.
Since at least the advent of Napster,
the music industry has struggled to find
a strategy to control illegal downloads
of music. Technology made it very easy
to rip CDs and share the results with the
world. The music industry responded
with lawsuits, first against Napster,
Aimster, and Grokster, and then against
individual consumers, leading to prom-
inent examples such as the ongoing
saga of Jammie Thomas-Rasset. The
suits have been on the whole quite suc-
cessful, at least as measured by the stan-
dards that lawyers use. Grokster lost 9-0
on the question of whether it might be
liable for inducing copyright infringe-
ment (there was much more division
on the question of how the U.S. Su-
preme Court’s prior Sony case should
apply to this situation). Thomas-Rasset
has faced juries multiple times and
each time jurors have come back with
damage awards—the first time $1.92
million and second time $1.5 million—
that judges found too high.
Notwithstanding all of that, the
Law and Technology
The Yin and Yang of
copyright and Technology
Examining the recurring conflicts between copyright
and technology from piano rolls to domain-name filtering.
DOI:10.1145/2063176.2063190 Randal C. Picker
...
The Internet Blackout of 2012 - Protest Against SOPA and PIPAShanna Kurpe
In this presentation, Shanna Kurpe explains the Internet Blackout of 2012 and discussed the impact of house bill SOPA and senate bill PIPA with web design and web development students.
30 C o M M u n i C at i o n s o f t h e a C M j A.docxtamicawaysmith
30 C o M M u n i C at i o n s o f t h e a C M | j A n U A R Y 2 0 1 2 | V O L . 5 5 | n O . 1
V
viewpoints
T
He eMeRGence of the Internet
has put enormous pressure
on the rights model of U.S.
copyright law. That model
is premised on the notion
that copyright holders are entitled to
control the making of copies of their
works, but technology has made that
control somewhere between fragile
and nonexistent. Content creators
have struggled to restore the control
assumed by copyright law. Two recent
developments, one pending federal
legislation and the second an industry-
wide agreement between Internet ser-
vice providers and content distributors,
provide new looks at this ongoing issue.
Technology and copyright have a
complex relationship. New waves of
technology have created novel expres-
sive opportunities and dramatic im-
provements in the ability to distribute
copyrighted works. But new technol-
ogy rarely asks permission, and with
each technical advance, we have seen
new opportunities and new clashes.
Perforated rolls for player pianos in
the early 1900s came from sheet mu-
sic and roll producers were not eager
to write checks to copyright holders.
Radio saw recorded music as a way to
fill the airways even though disks came
with a legend stating that the music
was not licensed for radio broadcast.
And the VCR introduced a new vocabu-
lary—time shifting—and the chance to
watch TV on your schedule, not broad-
casters’ schedules. It did so without of-
fering any compensation to broadcast-
ers or show producers and even created
the risk that the financing model for
free broadcast TV would be put at risk
by viewers with nimble fingers who
fast-forwarded through commercials.
Since at least the advent of Napster,
the music industry has struggled to find
a strategy to control illegal downloads
of music. Technology made it very easy
to rip CDs and share the results with the
world. The music industry responded
with lawsuits, first against Napster,
Aimster, and Grokster, and then against
individual consumers, leading to prom-
inent examples such as the ongoing
saga of Jammie Thomas-Rasset. The
suits have been on the whole quite suc-
cessful, at least as measured by the stan-
dards that lawyers use. Grokster lost 9-0
on the question of whether it might be
liable for inducing copyright infringe-
ment (there was much more division
on the question of how the U.S. Su-
preme Court’s prior Sony case should
apply to this situation). Thomas-Rasset
has faced juries multiple times and
each time jurors have come back with
damage awards—the first time $1.92
million and second time $1.5 million—
that judges found too high.
Notwithstanding all of that, the
Law and Technology
The Yin and Yang of
copyright and Technology
Examining the recurring conflicts between copyright
and technology from piano rolls to domain-name filtering.
DOI:10.1145/2063176.2063190 Randal C. Picker
...
The Internet Blackout of 2012 - Protest Against SOPA and PIPAShanna Kurpe
In this presentation, Shanna Kurpe explains the Internet Blackout of 2012 and discussed the impact of house bill SOPA and senate bill PIPA with web design and web development students.
The Pirate Bay (TPB), a Swedish Web site (Piratebay.org), is one o.docxoreo10
The Pirate Bay (TPB), a Swedish Web site (Piratebay.org), is one of the world’s most popular pirated music and content sites, offering free access to millions of copyrighted songs and thousands of copyrighted Hollywood movies. In June 2011, The Pirate Bay reported that it had about 5 million registered users, and 25 million non-registered users (so-called “free riders”). To put that number in perspective, consider that it is nearly three times the population of Sweden itself (9 million). The Pirate Bay is regularly in the top 100 most popular Web sites in the world, and reaches 1% of the global Internet popula- tion, according to Internet analysts in 2011. In Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands, it often ranks as one of the top 10 sites. This despite the fact that TPB has been subjected to repeated legal efforts to shut it down. It bills itself as “the world’s most resilient bittorrent site.” But the battle is far from over. The Internet is becoming a tough place for music and video pirates to make a living in part because of enforce- ment actions, but more importantly because of new mobile and wireless technologies that enable high-quality content to be streamed for just a small fee.
First some background. The Pirate Bay is part of a European social and political movement that opposes copyrighted content and demands that music, videos, TV shows, and other digital content be free and unrestricted. In the words of the Pirate Party, “the Pirate Bay is a unique platform for distributing culture between regular people and independent artists, and that’s something we want to preserve.” In a unique twist on prior efforts to provide “free” music, The Pirate Bay does not operate a database of copyrighted content. Neither does it operate a network of computers owned by “members” who store the content, nor create, own, or distribute software (like BitTorrent and most other so-called P2P networks) that permit such networks to exist in the first place. These were the old techniques for ripping off music. Instead, The Pirate Bay simply provides a search engine that responds to user queries for music tracks, or specific movie titles, and generates a list of search results that include P2P networks around the world where the titles can be found. By click- ing on a selected link, users gain access to the copyrighted content, but only after downloading software and other files from that P2P network.
Voila! “No body, no crime.” The Pirate Bay just links its users to stolen media files. What could be illegal? The Pirate Bay claims it is merely a search engine provid- ing pointers to existing P2P networks that it does not itself control. It claims that it cannot control what content users ultimately find on those P2P networks, and that it is no different from any other search engine, such as Google or Bing, which are not held responsible for the content found on sites listed in search results. From a broader standpoint, The Pirate Bay’s founders also claim that ...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Jeffrey A. Hart
Professor
Department of Political Science
Indiana University
http:mypage.iu.edu~hartj
The Rise and Fall of SOPA and PIPA
THE POLITICS OF FILE
SHARING IN THE UNITED
STATES
2. Sequence of Events
PIPA (S. 969) introduced May 2011
SOPA (H.R. 3261) introduced October 2011
Copyright holders and their allies support the
two bills
Internet companies and their allies oppose
them
President Obama expresses opposition
Bills are shelved (mid January 2012)
3. Purpose of the Research
To explain the shelving of the bills given the
initially strong bipartisan support for them
To examine the role of financial contributions
to Senators and Representative
To analyze claims about the mobilization of
opponents by Internet companies via the
Internet (the Nerd Spring hypothesis)
To place these events into a broader
interpretive and theoretical context
4. History of Copyright Act
1790 Congress passes copyright act
1830 Act expanded to published music
1856 Act extended to published plays
1870 Act extended to works of art. Library of
Congress become clearing house.
1897 Act extended to public performances
1909 Act extended to reproductions (piano rolls)
1912 Motion pictures added
1976 Sound recordings and unpublished works
1980 Computer programs
1988 Copyright Term Extension Act
5. Copyright Term Extension Act
of 1988
The Copyright Act of 1976 set the term of copy as
the life of the author plus 50 years for individuals and
for the life of the author plus 70 years for
corporations or 95 years after publication.
The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1988
(sponsored by Sonny Bono) extended copyright
terms in the US by 20 years to 95 years after
publication.
Also called “The Mickey Mouse Protection Act.”
Rep. Sonny Bono (of Sonny and Cher fame)
7. Increased Focus on Protecting
Intellectual Property
RIAA, MPAA attacks on file sharing
Counterarguments by scholars about the
negative aspects of overly ambitious “digital
rights management”
8. More Recent Intellectual
Property Rights Legislation
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of
1998 (safe harbor provisions connected with
notice and takedown practices)
Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act of 2004
reflects the U.S. Supreme Court Betamax
decision establishing the criterion of “fair use”
and the idea that technologies should not be
banned if there are significant non-infringing
uses (SNIU) – tightens previous laws
9. Napster shuts down
In November 1999, the RIAA filed suit against Napster for
copyright infringement.
By 2001, Napster had 26.4 Million users.
The RIAA’s suit was successful and Napster had to close
down in July 2001.
People interested in sharing copyrighted material turned
to gnutella networks and then to BitTorrents
10. The Pirate Bay and the
Pirate Party
2006 Seizure of The Pirate Bay servers
by Swedish police.
The Pirate Party was founded in
Sweden in 2006. It has become a
model for the global International
Pirate Movement. The party’s main
goal is to reform patent and copyright
laws.
Founders of The Pirate Bay in Sweden
found guilty of inducing the
infringement of copyrights and
sentenced to serve prison terms in
2009.
11. Supporters
Chris Dodd (former
Senator (D-CT)
Reprentative
Lamar Smith Senator
(R-TX) Patrick Leahy
(D-VT)
12. Arguments by Supporters
File sharing of copyrighted content constitutes theft or
piracy and is therefore illegal.
Illegal file sharing (piracy) is extremely damaging not just to
the copyright holders but to the economy as a whole.
Current laws have reduced illegal file sharing in the United
States but not in many foreign countries.
There are still U.S.-based companies and organizations that
facilitate illegal file sharing activities.
Since the U.S. government does not have jurisdiction over
foreign web operators, it must use its jurisdiction over U.S.
web operators to stop illegal file sharing abroad.
SOPA/PIPA have adequate safeguards to prevent the
possible negative effects of the legislation on U.S. firms and
the U.S. economy.
13. Opponents
Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR)
netCoalition
Umbrella organization for Google, eBay, Yahoo,
Expedia, Bloomberg, Amazon, and Wikipedia
14. Arguments by Opponents
Most agree that illegal file sharing is damaging to copyright holders but
some opponents disagree strongly about the extent of the damage.
They question the estimates provided by the MPAA and RIAA in
particular.
There are many legal uses of file sharing technologies and many users
in the United States and abroad engage in legal file sharing.
Thus, under the “fair use” criteria established in the Betamax decision
of the U.S. Supreme Court, restrictions on technology which has
substantial non-infringing uses (SNIU) should be avoided at all
costs, especially when that technology may be used for creative and
innovative purposes.
The proposed legislation overturns current statutory “safe harbors” for
U.S. Internet service providers established under the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act of 1998.
Monitoring requirements for U.S. web sites could potentially
undermine free speech by forcing them to use “deep packet inspection”
technologies commonly used in authoritarian political systems.
15. More Arguments of Opponents
Restricting access to entire domains may damage the
Domain Name System (DNS) and undermine the
security of the entire Internet.
SOPA and PIPA place too much of a burden on the
Department of Justice to initiate actions against
foreign infringing websites. The Department of
Justice does not have enough expertise in intellectual
property law to do the job adequately.
Giving private firms (copyright holders and others) the
power to initiate actions against foreign infringing
websites that can financially harm U.S.-based search
engines, advertising services, and/or payments web
sites without adequate procedural safeguards is
unwise and can hurt the overall economy.
16. Salman Khan explains why he
opposes SOPA/PIPA
Khan Academy video on SOPA and PIPA
17. Internet-based Mobilization
of Opponents
November 16, 2011:
Tumblr, Mozilla, Techdirt, and the Center for
Democracy and Technology put black barriers
over their site logos for American Censorship
Day
January 18, 2012: the following companies
“black out” their sites as an anti-SOPA/PIPA
protest:
Reddit, Wikipedia, Cheezburger, Mojang, and
The Oatmeal.
Google links to an online petition against the
bills (7 million signatures)
18. The White House comes out
against SOPA and PIPA
On January 14, 2012, the White House issued
a formal statement saying they were
concerned about the possible damage to an
“Open Internet.”
They focused on the need to protect
intellectual property rights without damaging
free speech and national security interests
(the integrity of the DNS system was a
particular concern).
19. The Bills are Shelved
21 Senators who initially co-sponsored PIPA
withdrew their support
In the House, influential Representatives
announced their opposition (e.g. Darrell Issa)
Both SOPA and PIPA were withdrawn from
the legislative docket
Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) and
Representative Darrell Issa (R-CA) introduce
an alternative bill called OPEN
20. What Happened and Why?
The RIAA, the MPAA and their allies were lulled
into a sense of complacency after a long series of
legislative and judicial victories
Smith, Leahy and Dodd were not sufficiently net
savvy to predict the firestorm of protests over
the proposed bills – the bills were poorly drafted
Internet firms and their allies were able to rapidly
mobilize opponents and convince members of
Congress that their support of the bills would
damage their electoral prospects