The document discusses the history of net neutrality in the United States. It describes how (1) the issue first emerged in 2002; (2) supporters argued the open internet must be preserved while opponents said regulation was unnecessary; and (3) the policy debate continued through the 2000s with various laws and court rulings affecting the FCC's ability to enforce net neutrality principles.
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
lecture on the politics of net neutrality, to be delivered in Noriko Hara's graduate seminar at Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, on November 12, 2013
Talk delivered on March 23, 2011, as part of the Speaker Series of the Rob Kling Center for Social Informatics at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
lecture on the politics of net neutrality, to be delivered in Noriko Hara's graduate seminar at Indiana University, School of Library and Information Science, on November 12, 2013
Clyde Wayne Crews Jr., VP for Policy and Director of Technology Studies at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, wrote about the splinternets concept for Forbes in 2001, calling splinternets multiple Internets “where prespecified ground rules regarding privacy and other governance issues replace regulation and central planning.”
Clyde Wayne Crews Jr., VP for Policy and Director of Technology Studies at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, wrote about the splinternets concept for Forbes in 2001, calling splinternets multiple Internets “where prespecified ground rules regarding privacy and other governance issues replace regulation and central planning.”
NEWSWHAT’S NEW NOWWhy 2015 May Be the Year We Solve Ne.docxcurwenmichaela
NEWS
WHAT’S NEW NOW
Why 2015 May Be the Year
We Solve Net Neutrality
BY CHLOE ALBANESIUS
T
he Internet is an amazing innovation that has transformed the world as
we know it. But how do we keep it open and accessible to all? Can
Internet service providers be trusted to police themselves and let
competition guide the way? Or should regulators step in and set up rules of the
road to ensure equal access to the Web?
These questions have been plaguing regulators and ISPs alike for years now,
but it’s looking as though there’s the possibility that in 2015 the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) will finally issue rules that actually stick.
And the agency might get there by taking a very controversial route.
OPEN
NET NEUTRALITY?
You’ve probably heard the term “net neutrality.”
Perhaps your eyes glazed over as politicians droned on
about “Internet fast lanes” or “protecting the Internet.”
But what are they talking about? The Internet seems to
be working just fine, right?
Therein lies the dilemma. The Internet does indeed
work quite well, but there are those who are concerned
that that might not always be the case. Net neutrality,
therefore, is the idea that everyone should have equal
access to the Internet. Amazon, for example, should not
be able to pay for Amazon.com to load faster than
eBay.com or Etsy.com. ISPs, meanwhile, are at liberty
to speed up (or slow down) their entire networks, but
they cannot cut off access to one particular website or
platform (such as Netflix) because those sites are eating
up a ton of bandwidth.
In theory, all parties in the net neutrality debate are in
agreement about those basic tenets. But they disagree
over whether the government needs to step in and
monitor the situation. If you ask the ISPs, they are fully
capable of policing themselves and would never actively
break the rules of net neutrality because they would lose
customers. They also argue that requiring them to
follow onerous rules would make them less inclined to
invest in new technologies—like gigabit Internet—for
fear that they would not be able to run their networks as
they please.
On the other side, though, are consumer groups and
certain lawmakers who point to examples of ISPs
behaving badly. In fact, the modern-day net neutrality
debate started with accusations that Comcast was
cutting off access to peer-to-peer networks such as
BitTorrent during peak times in order to better manage
its network. Meanwhile, consumers in many cities do
not have multiple options when it comes to high-speed
Internet providers, meaning if they don’t like their
Internet speeds or service, they’re stuck.
The Internet
does indeed
work quite
well, but there
are those who
are concerned
that that
might not
always be
the case.
COMCAST VS. THE FCC
The net neutrality battle royal dates back to 2007, when
Comcast was accused of cutting off access to P2P
networks. Comcast admitted to delaying traffic durin ...
Read the Case Study Below. Answer the questions. Paper must be a pag.docxapatrick3
Read the Case Study Below. Answer the questions. Paper must be a page and a half
Interactive Session: Organizations The Battle Over Net Neutrality What kind of Internet user are you? Do you primarily use the Net to do a little e-mail and online banking? Or are you online all day, watching YouTube videos, downloading music files, or playing online games? Do you use your iPhone to stream TV shows and movies on a regular basis? If you’re a power Internet or smartphone user, you are consuming a great deal of bandwidth. Could hundreds of millions of people like you start to slow the Internet down? Video streaming on Netflix accounts for 32 percent of all bandwidth use in the United States, and Google’s YouTube for 19 percent of Web traffic at peak hours. If user demand overwhelms network capacity, the Internet might not come to a screeching halt, but users could face sluggish download speeds and video transmission. Heavy use of iPhones in urban areas such as New York and San Francisco has already degraded service on the AT&T wireless network. AT&T reported that 3 percent of its subscriber base accounted for 40 percent of its data traffic. Internet service providers (ISPs) assert that network congestion is a serious problem and that expanding their networks would require passing on burdensome costs to consumers. These companies believe differential pricing methods, which include data caps and metered use—charging based on the amount of bandwidth consumed—are the fairest way to finance necessary investments in their network infrastructures. But metering Internet use is not widely accepted, because of an ongoing debate about net neutrality. Net neutrality is the idea that Internet service providers must allow customers equal access to content and applications, regardless of the source or nature of the content. Presently, the Internet is neutral: all Internet traffic is treated equally on a first-come, first-served basis by Internet backbone owners. However, this arrangement prevents telecommunications and cable companies from charging differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by the content being delivered over the Internet. The strange alliance of net neutrality advocates includes MoveOn.org; the Christian Coalition; the American Library Association; data-intensive Web businesses such as Netflix, Amazon, and Google; major consumer groups; and a host of bloggers and small businesses. Net neutrality advocates argue that differentiated pricing would impose heavy costs on heavy bandwidth users such as YouTube, Skype, and other innovative services, preventing high-bandwidth startup companies from gaining traction. Net neutrality supporters also argue that without net neutrality, ISPs that are also cable companies, such as Comcast, might block online streaming video from Netflix or Hulu in order to force customers to use the cable company’s on-demand movie rental services. Network owners believe regulation to enforce net neutralit.
THIS IS AN ARTICLE PLEASE GIVE ANSWERS FOR THE QUESTIONS (THE PROBLE.pdfinfo824691
THIS IS AN ARTICLE PLEASE GIVE ANSWERS FOR THE QUESTIONS (THE
PROBLEM)
Closing Case Network Neutrality Wars
The explosive growth of streaming video and mobile technologies is creating bandwidth
problems over the Internet. The Internet was designed to transmit content such as e-mails and
Web pages. However, media items being transmitted across the Internet today, such as high-
definition movies, are vastly larger in size. To compound this problem, there are (in early 2015)
over 180 million smartphone users in the United States, many of whom use the Internet to stream
video content to their phones. The Internet bandwidth issue is as much about economics as it is
about technology. Currently, consumers can send 1-kilobyte e-mails or watch the latest 30-
gigabyte movie on their large-screen televisions for the same monthly broadband fee. Unlike the
system used for power and water bills where higher usage results in higher fees, monthly
broadband fees are not tied to consumer usage. A study from Juniper Networks
(www.juniper.net) highlights this “revenue-per-bit” problem. The report predicts that Internet
revenue for carriers such as AT&T (www.att.com) and Comcast (www.comcast.com) will grow
by 5 percent per year through 2020. At the same time, Internet traffic will increase by 27 percent
annually, meaning that carriers will have to increase their bandwidth investment by 20 percent
per year just to keep up with demand. Under this model, the carrier’s business models will face
pressures, because their total necessary investment will exceed revenue growth. Few industry
analysts expect carriers to stop investing in new capacity. Nevertheless, analysts agree that a
financial crunch is coming. As Internet traffic soars, analysts expect revenue per megabit to
decrease. These figures translate into a far lower return on investment (ROI). Although carriers
can find ways to increase their capacity, it will be difficult for them to reap any revenue benefits
from doing so. The heart of the problem is that, even if the technology is equal to the task of
transmitting huge amounts of data, no one is sure how to pay for these technologies. One
proposed solution is to eliminate network neutrality. (A POSSIBLE SOLUTION)Network
neutrality is an operating model under which Internet service providers (ISPs) must allow
customers equal access to content and applications, regardless of the source or nature of the
content. That is, Internet backbone carriers must treat all Web traffic equally, not charging
different rates by user, content, site, platform, or application. Telecommunications and cable
companies want to replace network neutrality with an arrangement in which they can charge
differentiated prices based on the amount of bandwidth consumed by the content that is being
delivered over the Internet. These companies believe that differentiated pricing is the most
equitable method by which they can finance the necessary investments in their network
infrastructures. .
Now its our turn to implement Net Neutrality In India ... Join the fight for Net Neutrality
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D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 8E D I T E D B Y D L A P I P E R.docxalanrgibson41217
D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 8
E D I T E D B Y D L A P I P E R
Sascha D. Meinrath and Victor
W. Pickard
T
he past few years have witnessed a once-obscure issue
known as “net neutrality” blow up into arguably
the most publicized policy debate in US telecom-
munications history. An untold story is how this
relatively technical debate spilled outside the rarefied
airs of Congressional Committees and the Federal
Communications Commission’s (FCC’s) eighth floor to
rage across the blogosphere, major newspapers, YouTube
clips, and episodes of The Daily Show to become, if not
a household phrase, a topic of popular debate involving
millions of Americans. One explanation is that, at its
root, the net neutrality debate is far more significant
than a squabble among technocrats. Rather, it is first
and foremost a normative debate, one that will deter-
mine the role of the Internet in a democratic society,
with profound implications for the daily welfare of mil-
lions of citizens who rely on the Internet as a critical
resource. Unfortunately, it is such normative concerns,
along with related political and historical contexts, that
have been least explored in much of the net neutrality
scholarship to date. This article aims to address these
gaps while expanding the parameters of the existing
debate.
“Network neutrality,” defined broadly, is non-
discriminatory interconnectedness among data commu-
nication networks that allows users to access the content
and to run the services, applications, and devices of their
choice. In essence, network neutrality forbids preferen-
tial treatment of specific content, services, applications,
and devices that can be integrated into the network
infrastructure. This principle has been the foundation
for rapid innovation and the Internet’s relative open-
ness. As Congress debates whether network neutrality
protections should be written into current legislation,
the battle lines have been drawn between large tele-
communications companies that own the pipes, on one
side, and Internet content companies and public interest
groups on the other. Although scholarship has begun to
catch up with the net neutrality debate, the majority
of this work has failed to connect this issue with larger
Sascha D. Meinrath is the Research Director for the New America
Foundation’s Wireless Future Program. Additionally, he coordinates
the Open Source Wireless Coalition, a global partnership of open
source wireless integrators, researchers, implementers, and companies
dedicated to the development of open source, interoperable, low-cost
wireless technologies. He can be reached at [email protected]
com and (202) 986-2700 x226. Victor W. Pickard recently finished his
PhD at the Institute of Communications Research at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Currently, he works on telecommunications
policy as a Research Fellow for the New America Foundation.
Transcending Net Neutrality: Ten St.
Net Neutrality PPT presentation in MIS 3305 on Oct. 13, 2015. Explanation is needed for various slides. However, this slide show presents an overview of what net neutrality is, how the internet works, how ISPs have throttled content providers data traveling through their networks, and the FCC's ruling over the issue.
All the q about net neutrality.1. Who is in favor of net neutralit.pdfakashborakhede
All the q about net neutrality.
1. Who is in favor of net neutrality? What reasons do they offer for this position?
2. What legal challenges are critics making against the FCC\'s rules? What three approaches are
they taking? Which is likely to succeed?
3. What affect could the FCC\'s decision have on the government, consumers, and various
internet-related companies? Are conditions expected to change drastically for any of these
groups?
Solution
1. Net neutrality is the principle that Internet service providers and governments should treat all
data on the Internet equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site,
platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. Nearly anyone
and any business not involved with the cable and phone companies supports keeping the Internet
as the open marketplace that it is today. Consumer groups, small businesses, innovators, family
and religious groups, financial services, retailers as well as major Internet brands such as Google,
Yahoo!, Amazon.com, Earthlink, eBay, Intel, Microsoft, Skype, Vonage are fighting to keep the
Internet open.
2.The FCC just voted in favor of a strong net neutrality rule to keep the Internet open and free.A
legal fight against the Federal Communications Commission\'s new Internet traffic rules has
begun with a suit by the United States Telecom Association, an industry group that represents
companies including AT&T and Verizon. The FCC is honing in on three areas of oversight: the
blocking of access to any content, the \'throttling\' of Internet traffic (slowing it down for reasons
other than what may be technically necessary to maintain a network\'s operations), and paid
prioritization (in which providers may favor some Internet traffic over others by creating \'fast
lanes\' for websites and services that can pay for them). One of the key legal arguments to expect
in the months to come, according to Werbach, is that the FCC previously said a company can
either be a telecommunications service or an information service, but not both. ISPs may argue
that they are elements of both and that the FCC must prove that they are not information
companies before it can reclassify them, says Werbach.
3.It will be a long time before anything materialises. Netflix won\'t stream any faster for you and
ISPs won\'t stop investing in their networks or high speed fiber cables as a result. Internet service
providers say they back the concept. But they don\'t want to face more, costly regulation and
claim it would hurt the economy.
Their argument is the internet has been progressing just fine the way it is currently set up, thanks
in parts to their expensive investments in network upgrades that have improved the quality of
high-speed service and expanded its availability.
More regulation will cost them more money - money they would otherwise spend on expanding
and improving their networks, they say. That would have the trickle-down effect of hurting
b.
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2. Critical Political Economy
“Traditionally, this type of analysis focuses
on how economic inequalities based upon
ownership and control serve to narrow the
range of media content available in market-
based societies.”
Source: Chadwick, p. 290.
3. Three Schools of Thought
Strong political economy approach
Media should be seen as directly servicing a wider
system of material production (e.g. Theodor Adorno
-- consumer capitalism)
Weak political economy approach
Greater role for individual leadership in the media
industries (e.g. Benjamin Bagdikian)
Instrumental approach
How owners and political elites use the media as
instruments of ideological mobilization (e.g.
Noam Chomsky)
4. Decline of Newspapers?
Readership is down relative to other media use.
Last year was the worst on record for the U.S.
newspaper industry advertising. Total advertising
revenues (both print and online) declined to $25.84
billion in 2010, according to the latest figures from the
Newspaper Association of America. That is down from
$48 billion in 2004.
On-line newspaper advertising was up to $3 billion in
2010 from $1.2 billion in 2003 but that clearly does not
make up from the decline in other areas.
Newspaper Death Watch
13. Closing of Newspapers
At least 120 newspapers in the U.S. have
shut down since January 2008,
according to Paper Cuts, a Web site
tracking the newspaper industry. More
than 21,000 jobs at 67 newspapers have
vaporized in that time, according to the
site.
Source: http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/03/19/newspaper.decline.layoff/index.html
14. Origins of the Net Neutrality Debate
Coalition of Broadband Users and
Innovators (CBUI) sent a letter to FCC
Chairman Michael Powell in November
2002
It included the phrase “net neutrality”
coined by Tim Wu in an article written in
2002 and published in 2003
CBUI called for “nondiscrimination
safeguards” to guarantee net neutrality
15. What is Net Neutrality?
“Net neutrality simply means that all like Internet
content must be treated alike and move at the
same speed over the network. The owners of
the Internet’s wires cannot discriminate. This is
the simple but brilliant “end-to-end” design of
the Internet that has made it such a powerful
force for economic and social good.”
Lawrence Lessig and Robert W. McChesney, “No Tolls on the Internet,”
Washington Post, June 8, 2006.
Ask a Ninja’s “What is Net Neutrality?” video
16. Eli Noam’s Possible Meanings
No different quality grades for service
No price discrimination among Internet providers
No monopoly price charged to content and
application providers
No discrimination against content providers who
compete with carrier’s own content
No selectivity by the carriers over the content that
they transmit
No blocking of the access of users to some
websites
17. Arguments of Proponents
End-to-end architecture of the Internet
must be preserved
This means preventing discrimination by
conduit companies against content and
services that they do not control
Conduit companies will reserve lots of
bandwidth for services like cable TV
which will degrade Internet performance
for everyone else
Vint Cerf
18. Congress and the FCC Encourage
Telephone and Cable to Compete
Telecom Act of 1996
FCC decisions to permit telephone
companies to buy cable networks and cable
operators to compete in telephone markets
FCC wanted telcos and cable companies to
compete in high-speed Internet and cable TV
services via new fiber optic networks built
without government subsidies
19. Top ISPs in the USA (2011)
Comcast
Time Warner
Cable operators
AT&T
Cox
Optimum
Charter Telephone companies
Verizon
Source: http://isp-review.toptenreviews.com/
20. Top Global Web Sites (2011)
Google
Facebook
YouTube
Yahoo!
Wikipedia
Baidu
Blogspot
Twitter
21. Michael Powell’s Internet
Freedoms, 2004
freedom to access content
freedom to use applications
freedom to attach personal devices
freedom to obtain service plan
information
22. FCC Policy Statement 2005
consumers are entitled to access the lawful
Internet content of their choice
consumers are entitled to run applications and
services of their choice, subject to the needs of
law enforcement
consumers are entitled to connect their choice of
legal devices that do not harm the network
consumers are entitled to competition among
network providers, application and service
providers, and content providers
23. More Arguments of
Proponents
There is insufficient competition between
cable operators and telcos to guarantee
non-discrimination
There is a potential for violations of
freedom of speech in the absence of net
neutrality guarantees
Gigi Sohn Larry Tim
Lessig Berners-Lee
24. Organizations that Support Net
Neutrality
ACLU
ALA
Christian Coalition
Gun Owners of America
Consumers Union
Google, Amazon, Yahoo!
American Electronics Association
25. The Opponents’ Perspective on
Net Neutrality
NCTA anti-NN ad
Fox News coverage
Glenn Beck
David Farber
26. Arguments of Opponents
Net neutrality guarantees constitute
unnecessary regulation
The threat of discrimination is overblown
Cable and telephone companies need
new revenues to build out the network
Need to have “intelligent networks” to
obtain “quality of service”
Competition is sufficient to prevent
abuses
27. The Video Franchise Bill, 2006
Attempts by Democrats led by Ed
Markey in the House to add net neutrality
amendments failed in committee and on
the floor
Net neutrality amendment proposed by
Senator Olympia Snowe (R-ME) failed to
pass in an 11-11 committee vote
Senator Ted Stevens (R-AK) voted
against the amendment
28. Ted Stevens’ Tubes Statement
And again, the Internet is not something you just dump
something on. It's not a big truck. It's a series of tubes.
And if you don't understand those tubes can be filled and
if they are filled, when you put your message in, it gets in
line and it's going to be delayed by anyone that puts into
that tube enormous amounts of material, enormous
amounts of material.
June 28, 2006
Video by Y490 class memb
30. Telecom Lobbying Money Spent in
the First Half of 2006
Category Specific Firms and Amount in $
Organization millions
Telephone AT&T, Verizon, BellSouth, 30.3
Interests and USTA
Cable Interests Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, 12.2
and NCTA
Internet Google, Yahoo!, eBay, 8.8
Interests Microsoft, Amazon.com
Total 51.3
31. Wyden Saves the Day
Ron Wyden used his Senatorial privilege to
place a hold on the Video Franchise bill
because of the lack of net neutrality
guarantees. Since Ted Stevens did not have
the 60 votes needed to override Wyden’s hold,
the bill was not put up for a vote on the Senate
floor.
32. Barack Obama Supports Net
Neutrality
Speech on net neutrality at Google in 2007
Net neutrality becomes part of the official
Democratic party platform in 2008
Obama appoints Julius Genachowski as head
of the FCC in 2009
American Recovery and Investment Act of
2009 provides $7.2 billion for broadband
infrastructure and mandates that the FCC
prepare a National Broadband Plan
33. Genachowski Adds Two Items to
FCC Policy Statement of 2005
“broadband providers cannot discriminate
against particular Internet content or
applications”
• “providers of broadband Internet access
must be transparent about their network
management processes.”
Video of Genachowski
34. Comcast Throttling of Bit-
Torrent Traffic in 2007
Robb Topolski discovers delays in delivery of
Bit-Torrent files for his barber shop quartet
Topolski publishes this on TorrentFreak blog
EFF and AP verify independently
Comcast eventually admits that it was “traffic
shaping” using an application called Sandvine
that prevents “seeding”
The FCC told Comcast to stop doing this
Comcast complied but appealed to courts
35. The Comcast Ruling
US Circuit Court of Appeals of DC ruled
on April 6, 2010, that the FCC did not
have the authority to regulate ISPs under
the Telecom Act of 1996 (therefore
Comcast was not bound to obey FCC
rules regarding traffic management)
Ruling was based on FCC decision to
reclassify cable modems and DSL as
information services
36. The National Broadband Plan
FCC announced intention to guarantee
net neutrality in spite of Comcast ruling
Genachowski spoke of a “third way”
between “heavy-handed prescriptive
regulation” and the “light-touch approach”
of the past
FCC would attempt to reclassify
transmission component of broadband as
a “telecommunication service”
37. Conclusions
Net neutrality was framed by Republicans as a
regulatory issue.
Republicans and their supporters carried the day until
June 2006 when the political tide began turn against
them.
The 2006 and 2008 election results meant that
Democrats and their allies would attempt to pass
legislation guaranteeing net neutrality.
However, the Comcast ruling and strong Republican
opposition to net neutrality made legislative action very
unlikely. It was not clear whether the FCC strategy to
reclassify broadband transmission would work.