The document discusses ionic bonding between metals and non-metals. Ionic bonding occurs when metals give up electrons to form positive ions and non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions. The positive and negative ions are then attracted to each other, forming an ionic compound. Metals are usually found on the left side of the periodic table and easily give up valence electrons. Non-metals are usually on the right side and readily gain electrons to achieve a full valence shell. When ions form, they arrange in a crystalline lattice structure with positive and negative ions alternating. Ionic compounds have properties like being crystalline solids, having high melting points, and being able to conduct electricity when melted or

1. IONIC BONDING
Subject: Science
Chapter 3: Metal and Non-Metals
Class: X
Archana Singh
Amity International School, Saket
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2.  Ionicbondingtakesplacebetweenmetalsandnon-metals
 Metal atomstrytoattainnoblegasstrucure(fulloutershells)bylosingelectronsto
formpositiveions
 Non-metal atomstrytoattainnoblegasstrucure(fulloutershells)bygainingelectrons
toformnegativeions
 Thepositiveandnegativeionsformedattracteachothertogiveanionicbond.
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3. Ionic bonding is the combining of two or more ions to form an electrically-
neutral compound
How Ionic Bonding is formed?
1) The giving atom loses a valence electron (or 2 or 3) so that it has a full
valence shell, but a positive charge
2) The gaining atom gains a valence electron (or 2 or 3) so that it has a full
valence shell, but a negative charge
3) The negative and positively-charged ions are attracted to each other (like a
magnet) based on their opposite charge
If you look at your periodic table, you will see that ionic bonding usually
occurs in compounds formed between one metal and one nonmetal
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4. VIDEO
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5. Metals in Ionic Bonds
In ionic bonds, metals are always the cation
-- metals are on the left side of the periodic table and only have 1,
2, or 3 valence electrons
-- it is very easy to lose these electrons and become positively
charged
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6. Nonmetals in Ionic Bonds
Nonmetals (with the exception of hydrogen) are always the anion in ionic bonds
-- nonmetals all have 4 or more valence electrons, so it is very
easy for them to gain electrons to get a full valence shell
-- when nonmetals gain electrons, they get a negative charge
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7. Sodium has atomic number 11
It therefore has 11 protons in its nucleus
+ + + + + +
++ + + +
It also has 11 electrons
2 in the K shell
8 in the L shell
1 in the M shell
SODIUM
Sodium has 11 protons = 11 + charges
Sodium has 11 electrons = 11 - charges
Total = 0. It is a neutral atom
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8. Chlorine has atomic number 17
The number of protons in its nucleus is
+ + + + + +
++ + + +
The number of electrons is
In the K shell
In the L shell
In the M shell
17
17
2
8
7
+
+ + +
+ +
Chlorine has 17 protons = 17 + charges
It also has 17 electrons = 17 - charges
TOTAL = 0. It is a neutral atom
CHLORINE
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9. So Chorine Atom
Sodium loses one electron
to gain noble gas structure
(complete outer shell)
Chlorine gains the electron and
also gets a complete outer
shell of 8 electrons
Now the sodium has
11protons (still) = 11+
charges
But only 10 electrons = 10- charges
Total = +1 which is the charge
on the SODIUM ION
+
The chlorine has
17protons (still) = 17+ charges
But only 18 electrons = 18- charges
Total = -1 which is the charge
on the CHLORIDE ION
-
Both Atoms want complete outer shells of electrons
Sodium Ion
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11. MAGNESIUM
Magnesium has atomic Number 12
It therefore has 12 protons in the nucleus
And 12 electrons arranged 2.8.2
12p
OXYGEN
Oxygen has atomic Number 8
It therefore has 8 protons in the nucleus
And 8 electrons arranged 2.6
8p
Magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons
to get a complete outer shell
Oxygen needs to gain 2 electrons to
get a complete outer shell
Magnesium still has 12 protons = 12+
But only 10 electrons = 10 –
So overall charge = 2+
The ion is written Mg2+
2+
Oxygen still has 8 protons = 8+
But now 10 electrons = 10 –
So overall charge = 2-
The ion is written O2-
2-
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13. MAGNESIUM
Magnesium has atomic Number 12
It therefore has 12 protons in the nucleus
And 12 electrons arranged 2.8.2
12p
FLUORINE
Fluorine has atomic Number 9
It therefore has 9 protons in the nucleus
And 8 electrons arranged 2.7
Magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons
to get a complete outer shell
But Fluorine needs to gain only 1
electrons to get a complete outer shell
8p
Therefore another fluorine is needed
8p
This gives us the Mg2+
ion
And two F-
ions
The formula is MgF2 13Archana Singh

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15. POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION
Now opposite charges
attract!
Positive ions and negative
ions form a lattice .
Every positive ion is
surrounded by negative ions
and every negative ion is
surrounded by positive ions.
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16. PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
Salt Crystals
(sodium chloride)
Copper Sulphate
crystals
They are crystalline solids
They have high melting points
Many dissolve in water
If melted or dissolved in water,
they conduct electricity.
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