4. Planning the teaching: didactical view
• Herbart’s (1776-1841) 4-phase spiral model of
planning the instruction:
– Overview: Presentation of new material
– Assimilation: Comparison of material with what is
already known
– Systematization: Integration of old and new into a
unified whole
– Application: Application of new systematic insight
to a concrete example
5. Herbart’s maxims
• Foundation of Teaching Is Psychology . "There is only one
correct method for education: its foundation is psychology.”
• Information Is Not Learning . "Mere information does not
suffice.”
• Learning Should Be Enjoyable . "To be wearisome is the
cardinal sin of instruction.”
• Theory and Practice . "In education, theory and practice go
hand in hand.”
• Sequencing and Linking Are Keys to Creative Design .
"Sequencing, arrangement, and coordination of what is to
be learned—these create the real impact in the
instructional process."
6. R.Gagne (1916-2002)
• Internal and external conditions of learning
• Nine events of instruction:
– Gain attention
– Inform learners of objectives
– Stimulate recall of prior learning
– Present the content
– Provide “learning guidance”
– Elicit performance (practice).
– Provide feedback
– Assess performance
– Enhance retention and transfer to the job
7. Instructional design
• Instructional design (ID):
– The process by which instruction is improved through
the analysis of learning needs and systematic
development of learning materials. Instructional
designers often use technology and multimedia as
tools to enhance instruction.
• Instructional systems design (ISD):
– a means for sound decision making in order to
determine the who, what, when, where, why, and
how of a learning program, based on systemic view of
the teaching and learning process.
8. Brief history of ID
• 1940: military training materials, assessment
• 1946: instructional media (Dale’s cone)
• 1958: programmed instruction (Skinner)
• 1960: standardised testing (Bloom’s taxonomy)
• 1965: hierarchical analysis (Gagne)
• 1970: ISD in military and corporate training
• 1990: constructivist movement, paradigm war
• 2005: Learning Design
9. ADDIE model
• A – analysis of needs, requirements etc
• D – Design of instructional process
• D – Development of learning resources
• I – Implementation of planned instruction
• E – Evaluation
