Introduction to WAN
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Wireless Networking
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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
Mobile users continue to demand higher data rates. With the continued growth in cellular services, laptop computer use and the Internet, wireless network providers are beginning to pay an increasing amount of attention to packet data networks. Enhanced Global Packet Radio Service (EGPRS) offers a substantial improvement in performance and capacity over existing GPRS services, in return for a relatively minimal additional investment. EGPRS, commonly called EDGE, achieves these enhancements to the GPRS system primarily by implementing changes to the Physical layer and to the Medium Access Control/Radio Link Control (MAC/RLC) layer. The significant improvements are a new modulation technique, additional modulation coding schemes, a combined Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy technique, re-segmentation of erroneously received packets, and a larger transmission window size.
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The document discusses the differences between packets and frames, and provides details on the transport layer. It explains that the transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery and uses port numbers for addressing. Connection-oriented protocols like TCP use three-way handshaking for connection establishment and termination, and implement flow and error control using mechanisms like sliding windows. Connectionless protocols like UDP are simpler but unreliable, treating each packet independently.
Dsl
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology that provides high-speed internet access over ordinary copper telephone lines. It allows digital data transmission and voice calls to occur simultaneously. There are different types of DSL that provide varying speeds depending on distance from the telephone exchange. DSL works by using a separate frequency spectrum from voice calls to transmit digital data at speeds much faster than a dial-up modem.
W-LAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use radio waves to connect devices in a building or campus wirelessly. They integrate with wired networks through access points that bridge wireless and wired traffic. WLANs operate similarly to wired LANs but have some differences like lower security, limited bandwidth, and variable performance depending on location within the network coverage area. Common devices that use WLANs include tablets, smartphones and laptops.
Wireless application protocol
WAP is a standard for accessing the internet from mobile devices such as phones. It was created in 1998 by major phone companies to allow browsing on small screens. WAP uses protocols like WSP, WTP, and WTLS to securely transfer data. At the top level is WAE, which defines the user interface. Below this are layers like WSP for sessions and WDP for transport. WML is used to author pages for mobile screens. WAP allows functions like checking schedules, purchasing tickets, and getting weather/stock updates from internet-enabled mobile phones.
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Wireless communication technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMAX allow devices to connect to networks without cables. Wireless LANs use radio signals to enable connectivity within small areas like buildings or campuses. They can operate with or without a central base station and provide mobility as users move around. However, wireless networks face challenges including interference between nearby transmissions and ensuring connectivity as users move between different base station signals. Standards use techniques like spread spectrum transmission and handoff processes to mitigate these issues.
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The document discusses different methods of wireless transmission across the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers radio transmission, which can travel long distances but power falls off with distance; microwave transmission, which travels in straight lines and is used for long-distance communication; and infrared transmission, which is used for short-range communication like TV remotes but does not pass through objects well. It also mentions lightwave transmission using lasers offers high bandwidth but requires precise aiming over distance.
Cellular mobile communication
Cellular mobile communication uses multiple access methods like TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA to allow many users to access the network simultaneously over a limited wireless spectrum. It works by dividing geographic areas into cells served by base transceiver stations and switching centers, with cellular phones communicating with the nearest base station. When users move between cells, their communication is handed off seamlessly to the new base station through the switching network to maintain the connection.
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advanced computer architecture:
wireless communication basics,Architecture
various types of services (DSS,ES)
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The document discusses various medium access control protocols for local area networks:
1. Static channel allocation protocols like Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) can waste bandwidth if the number of users is not exactly equal to the number of allocated channels.
2. Dynamic channel allocation protocols do not pre-allocate channels. The ALOHA and CSMA protocols allow nodes to transmit whenever the channel is sensed to be idle, which can still result in collisions.
3. Slotted ALOHA improves on pure ALOHA by only allowing transmissions to start at discrete time slots, doubling its maximum throughput. Carrier sensing in CSMA helps reduce but does not eliminate the possibility of collisions.
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The document is a course outline for a Digital Networks course at Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT). The outline covers the following topics: SDH Network, IP Networks, MPLS Fundamentals, IMS, GSM Network, UMTS/HSPA Networks, LTE Network, and WLAN Network.
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ALSO THIS SLIDE IS JUST FOR KNOWLEDGE.
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Hub, Router, Repeater, Bridge, Brouter, Gateway, NIC etc. It is very helpful for B.tech, BCA, MCA, M.Tech students and for those who is interested in networking.
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HiperLAN was developed as a wireless local area network standard by ETSI to provide higher data rates than early 802.11 standards. HiperLAN Type 1 achieved data rates up to 2 Mbps for ad hoc networking. HiperLAN Type 2 was later developed to provide connection-oriented service up to 54 Mbps, with quality of service guarantees, security, and flexibility. It uses OFDM in the 5 GHz spectrum for robust transmission. While early products only achieved 25 Mbps, the standard provides a framework for higher speeds as technologies advance. HiperLAN is intended to complement wired networks by providing wireless connectivity in hotspot areas like offices, homes, and public places.
Multiplexing
All Necessary information about Multiplexing is provided in this. Full Class of Analog and Digital Multiplexing. And also Include
FDM, WDM, TDM.
First generation network
First generation cellular networks used frequency division multiple access (FDMA) to operate over analog signals in the 900MHz frequency range. The network consisted of base stations that communicated with mobile devices and switching centers that managed calls and handovers between base stations. As users moved between cells, their calls were handed off between base stations using different frequencies to avoid interference. However, 1G networks had limitations such as a lack of roaming compatibility across countries and standards, low capacity, and dropped calls during handovers.
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This document discusses data and signals used in data communication. It defines analog and digital data, as well as continuous and discrete signals. Signals can be transformed into electromagnetic waves for transmission. Both signals and data can be either analog or digital. The key properties of signals, including amplitude, period, frequency, phase, and wavelength are described. The document also discusses how signals can be impaired by attenuation, distortion, and noise during transmission. The Nyquist sampling theorem and Shannon capacity theorem place important limits on maximum data transmission rates based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate transmission rates, signal levels, amplification, and bandwidth.
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This document provides an overview of wide area networks (WANs) including what they are, how they have evolved, common connection technologies and options. A WAN connects devices over a broader geographic area than a local area network (LAN) using carriers. As networks grow, hierarchical designs must also grow to aggregate WAN traffic and provide scalability, availability and user access. Common WAN connection technologies include dedicated leased lines, circuit-switched options like ISDN, and packet-switched options like Frame Relay, ATM, DSL, cable broadband and wireless. Virtual private networks (VPNs) provide secure, encrypted connections between private networks over public networks like the Internet.
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The document discusses different types of computer networks - local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs connect computers within a small area like a building or campus. MANs connect LANs within a city. WANs span larger geographical areas, from several hundred miles to globally. The networks allow for resource and information sharing between connected computers and improved communication methods.
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This document discusses various WAN technologies and protocols. It covers circuit switching, message switching, packet switching, connection-oriented and connectionless services. Specific technologies covered include X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, broadband ISDN, FDDI, satellite communication, polling, and ALOHA.
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Wide Area Network (WAN) adalah jaringan komputer yang menggunakan media seperti satelit atau serat optik untuk berkomunikasi jarak jauh antarkota atau negara. WAN menghubungkan LAN di berbagai lokasi dengan kecepatan hingga 2.4 Gbps dan jarak ratusan kilometer. Komponen utama WAN adalah router, switch, modem, dan perangkat lain yang menghubungkan kabel transmisi.
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This document discusses different types of computer networks including LANs (local area networks spanning a single building or campus), MANs (metropolitan area networks spanning a single city), and WANs (wide area networks spanning multiple cities, countries, or continents). It provides details on the history and development of WANs, how they are constructed using switches, and how they can connect more sites than LANs or MANs. The document also compares key characteristics of LANs, MANs, and WANs such as cost, speed, and management.
Wide area network (wan)
A wide area network (WAN) connects multiple local area networks (LANs) over a large geographical area like a country or continent. The hosts on the LANs are connected through communication lines and routers that make up the WAN subnet. The subnet carries messages between hosts, allowing computers in different locations to communicate. The objectives of building a WAN include consolidating data, voice and video services, reducing network costs, and improving performance through optimization. However, WANs are difficult for businesses to manage as traffic increases with cloud computing and emerging technologies. Cost effectiveness and reliability can also be challenges with WAN upgrades.
Computer network ppt
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Ppt of routing protocols
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
Network ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
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The document discusses different types of computer network topologies. It defines network topology as the physical configuration of cables, computers, and other devices on a network. The key network topologies covered are bus, ring, star, and mesh. Advantages and disadvantages of each topology are summarized.
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This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
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This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
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Routers connect different computer networks and forward data packets between them by reading the address information in each packet to determine the ultimate destination. A router contains a routing table with information about connected networks and uses this to determine the best path for packets to travel through multiple networks to reach their destination. There are two main types of routers: core routers connect different cities while edge routers connect users and hosts to networks.
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The document discusses the history and key features of constitutions in the Philippines. It explains that a constitution is the supreme law that establishes the framework of government and protects fundamental rights. It then summarizes the main constitutions in Philippine history, including the Malolos Constitution of 1899, the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the 1943 Japanese-sponsored constitution, the 1973 martial law constitution, and the 1987 post-People Power Constitution. The 1987 Constitution divided government power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and recognized sovereignty as residing in the Filipino people.
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The document outlines 22 sections that constitute the Bill of Rights in the Philippines constitution. The sections protect various civil liberties and establish rights such as due process, equal protection, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, rights of the accused, prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, and protection from double jeopardy and ex post facto laws.
Philippine Constitution 1987 (Article 2)
The document outlines the principles and policies of the Philippine state. It establishes the Philippines as a democratic republic where sovereignty resides with the people. It recognizes key principles like civilian supremacy over the military and separation of church and state. It also outlines various economic, social, environmental and cultural policies aimed at promoting social justice, human rights, national development and welfare.
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The document discusses several issues related to democracy and governance in the Philippines. It notes that after independence, the Philippines modeled its political system after the US but struggles with problems like poverty, corruption, and unequal power structures. It recommends strengthening civil society groups and discourse around democracy to improve the government. The Filipino people must understand democracy, equality, and cooperation to properly handle problems and build a better democratic system through knowledge, respect, and collective effort between the government and society.
Recommendations
The document discusses barriers to democracy in the Philippines and possible solutions. It notes that while the Philippines is a democracy, democratic principles have been disregarded. It asks three questions about improving the government and identifies issues like poverty, corruption, and patrimonialism that affect the Philippines. The document argues that cooperation between government officials and citizens, respecting each other, and knowing how to address problems could help lead to a better democratic system in the Philippines.
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The document discusses several topics related to Filipino culture and history, including:
1) It is argued that returning to indigenous Filipino culture could help strengthen democracy by reviving the communal spirit said to have been lost to Western individualism.
2) In 16th century Luzon and the Visayas, the major source of wealth was slavery rather than land ownership, due to the low population density.
3) Different forms of land technology and production, such as swidden cultivation, wet rice cultivation, and mechanized wet rice cultivation, influenced property relations in different ways, ranging from usufruct to private or communal ownership.
Bridges
The document discusses several aspects of democracy in the Philippines:
1) Self-help groups at the local level and numerous NGOs encourage citizen participation and consensus-building.
2) While economic and political power remain concentrated, competition between powerful families and diversifying sources of wealth create opportunities for democracy.
3) The Philippines has a long history of upholding liberal democratic freedoms like open criticism of government and right to protest, despite periods of authoritarian rule.
Growth of A Democratic Culture
The document discusses the evolution of civil, political, economic, and social rights from the 18th century revolutions through modern times. It began with the rights to participate in government through voting, freedom of speech and assembly in the American and French Revolutions. Later revolutions expanded rights to include economic rights and social responsibility as well as self-determination. An authentic democratic culture requires respect for individuals, recognition of human dignity, and concern for the public good through open communication.
Chapter 21
1) Rizal returned to Manila on June 26, 1892 and was met by Spanish authorities. He had meetings with Governor General Despujol to discuss pardoning his family but was not fully successful.
2) Rizal visited friends in Central Luzon and was shadowed by government spies. His friends' homes were later raided.
3) On July 3, Rizal founded the Liga Filipina civic league to unite Filipinos and promote reforms.
4) During a subsequent meeting, Despujol unexpectedly accused Rizal of subversive activities and had him arrested and deported to Dapitan, where he remained in exile until 1896.
Chapter 20
Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong in 1891, where he lived with his family and worked as an ophthalmic surgeon. While in Hong Kong, he continued writing works advocating for reforms in the Philippines and conceived of a project to establish a Filipino colony in Borneo. Despite warnings that it was dangerous to return to Manila, Rizal decided to do so in 1892 in order to discuss his colony project with the governor and establish the Liga Filipina secret society. Before departing, he wrote letters to be opened after his death predicting his fate.
Chapter 19
Rizal spent three years writing his second novel El Filibusterismo, revising chapters in different cities. He finished the manuscript in 1891 in Biarritz, France. Rizal then moved to Ghent, Belgium to have it printed more cheaply. He lived frugally in Ghent from July to September 1891 to save money. The printing had to be suspended due to lack of funds, but was completed thanks to a donation from Valentin Ventura. El Filibusterismo was published on September 18, 1891.
Chapter 16 and 17 in belgian brussels (new1)
Rizal conducted extensive research at the British Museum in London and the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, enriching his knowledge of history. He read historical documents in their original languages including Italian and Spanish. In Paris, he planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong and an association of Filipinologists, though both efforts failed. He also wrote articles criticizing Spanish colonization in the Philippines and the concept of Filipino indolence. While in Brussels, he focused on writing his second novel El Filibusterismo and continued contributing articles under a pen name.
Chapter 22
The document summarizes Rizal's exile in Dapitan from 1892 to 1896 through various pictures and biographical details. It describes pictures of people important to Rizal during this time like Father Sanchez, his family members, and Josephine Bracken. It also mentions pictures related to Rizal's work as a physician, farmer, teacher and inventor in Dapitan, as well as portraits of him conducting these activities. The document lists contributors to Rizal's biography and concludes with pictures from Cuba and Manila related to events after Rizal's exile.
Chapter 18
Rizal spent time in Biarritz, France where he befriended the Boustead family and fell in love with their daughter Nellie. While staying with them, he finished writing his novel El Filibusterismo. However, his romance with Nellie did not result in marriage due to religious differences. After finishing his novel, Rizal left Biarritz and traveled to Paris and Brussels, where he focused on revising and publishing El Filibusterismo.
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Introduction to WAN
- 1. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 2. Network Classification โข Geographical coverage โข Size ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 3. LAN vs WAN Local Area Network โข Restricted to a single geographical location โข Main function is to interconnect workstation computer for sharing of files and network resources โข Compared to WAN, it is cheaper and easier to set up. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 4. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 5. LAN vs WAN Wide Area Network โข A network that spans more than one geographical location โข Connects several LANs โข Slower than a LAN โข Requires additional software: router, etc. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 6. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 7. LAN vs WAN โข A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond the geographic scope of a LAN. โข WAN allows the transmission of data across greater geographic distances โข WANs use facilities provided by a service provider, or carrier. โข WANs use serial connections. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 8. Evolving Enterprise ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 9. Key WAN Technology Concept WAN access standards typically describe both physical layer delivery method and data link layer requirements. Physical addressing Encapsulation ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 10. Physical Layer ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 11. Data Link Layer ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 12. Advantages & Disadvantages ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 13. Prepared by: Cifra, Jan Carlos B. Camilo, Charmaine S. BSCS 4A ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.
- 14. ยฉ 2013 C. Camilo. All rights reserved.