The document presents a study of semantics and its key concepts, such as meaning, ambiguity, entailment, and contradiction, along with discussions on semotics and the relationship between signs and their meanings. It highlights the issues in definition theory, including circularity and the distinction between linguistic and encyclopedic knowledge. Additionally, it explores the differences between cognitive and generative grammar, as well as the importance of context in understanding language.

1. Presentedto
Ma’amRahatCh.
Semantics Presnted by
Abdul Rehman
Bsf1703714
BS English 8th

2. Semantics
1. Study of meaning
2. Study of the meaning of
word and sentences.
phonology
↓
Syntax
↓
Semantics

3. Ambiguity
He stood on the bank
I saw a boy with the
telescope
The chicken is ready to eat
He stood on the bank

4. Entailment
Relationship between
sentences
A automatically know B
Example:
A- Henry murdered his bank
manager
B- Henry bank manager is
dead.

5. Contradiction
1- Multan is the capital of
pakistan
Multan is not the capital of
pakistan
2- Jack is alive
Jack is dead

6. Semotics
the study of signs and symbols and their
use or interpretation.
Example:
1. Vulture → death
2. Red flag→ danger

7. Signifier
&
Signified

9. Icon
 Similarity between sign and what is
represent
 For example:

10. MyIcon

11. Index
Sign is closely related with
its signified
For example: Somke→ fire
Cloud → Rain

12. Symbol
Conventional link between
sign and it’s signified
black is the symbol of death

13. Definition
Theory
To give the meaning of
linguistics expression we
shoul establish definitions of
the meaning of words.

14. Problem of
definition
theory
1. Circularity : how can we state
the meaning of a word except
in other words either in same
or different language?
→Circularity in semantics is an issue that
occurs when trying to define a word. In order to
understand a definition of a word or term, you
must understand all of the words in the definition
and you must understand all of the words in their
definitions.

17. 2_Whetherlinguistics
knowledgeisdifferent
fromencyclopedic
knowledge?

18. 3-Context
1. He is dying
2. I have millions of bottles in
my car.

19. Metalanguage
Language use to define other
languages.
Best policy is to use ordinary
language to describe meaning

20. Cognitive
grammar
Vs
Generative
Grammar

21. ModuleorModularized

22. Lexicon
Dictionary in mind

23. Compositional
Meaning of an object is
determined by meaning of its
components parts and the
way in which they are
combined.

24. Examples
S and S
S and S and S
S and S and S...
I bought a book
 I bought a book and
magazines.
I bought a book and
magazines and pen etc

25. Referenceand
Sense
1.The language they are part
of &
2.The world they desribe

26. Utterance,
Sentenceand
propositions
1. Utterance is created by
speaking or writing
2. Sentences are organized
3. propositions : grammatical
structure is not important.
Conveying the meaning is
important

27. Literalandnon-
literalmeaning
I’m hungry Vs Rats are
jumping in my tummy.
Queen Victoria was an iron
lady.

28. Literal
Language
theory

29. Sentencemeaning
VsSpeaker
meaning