This document discusses various concepts in semantics, including the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It defines terms like lexeme, lexical items, reference, sense relations, polysemy, homonymy, homophony, paraphrase, entailment, contradiction, extension and intension, inference, metaphor, and semantic feature analysis. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept in semantics.

1. NABHILA SHINTA PASU PUTRI (17202244031)
CLARA STRAORDINARIA (17202244032)
ANNISAAK SALMA (17202244033)
YUSRINA QURROTA’AYUN (17202244037)
SYIFA INDRASWARI DEWANTY (17202244042)
SEMANTICS
INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS
P E N D I D I K A N B A H A S A I N G G R I S
F A K U L T A S B A H A S A D A N S E N I
U N I V E R S I T A S N E G E R I Y O G Y A K A R T A
Dosen Pengampu : Siti Mukminatun S.S., M.Hum

2. What is semantics?
Words
Phrases
Sentences
Rahman, 2010:62
We need to learn semantic to understand the meaning of words,
because every languages have their own meaning.

3. DIE • He died.
TO LOSE
LIFE
• He lost his
life.
TO PASS
AWAY
• He passed
away.
The concept
of die
Linguistics use the term ‘lexeme’ to mean a unit of meaning.
Some people use term lexical items for the same concept.
Rahman 2010:62

4. Is simply the meaning or meanings of that expression in the language.
Example :
Procrastinate means “to put off doing something”
Akmajian:2010

5. The speaker is speaking literally or non-literally. Two nonliteral uses of
language are sarcasm and irony.
THE DOOR IS RIGHT BEHIND YOU!
Literally : indicate the location of the door.
Non-literally : the speaker means that you are to leave.
Akmajian:2010

6. Content word and Function word
Content word
Open class word
Major part of speech
*Noun, Verb, adj, adv
Ex: Brother, run, tall, quickly.
Function word
Closed class word
*conjunctions, articles,
demonstratives, quantifiers,
prepositions
Ex : and, the, this, some, to
Fromkin: 2009

7. Descriptive And Connotative
Descriptive meaning
Is a meaning that describe by its word
or sentence or phrase.
Ex : This crocodile bag.
Connotative
A word may mean one thing literally but
have negative implication
Positive Negative
Chick You are such a chick!!
There is a chick
behind my house
Handke : 2012

8. Reference is a relation between expressions and entities, situations or
properties in the outside world.
Examples :
America  refers to a real appearance (continent).
 refers to the expression or other words.
Finegan: 1992

9. Deals with the relationships between a word with other words in the
language.
Example :
Sheep  Lamb, ram, animal.
Finegan: 1992

10. Representative
concept
Language Symbol
(Ogdan and Richard)
Rahman : 2010

11. Rahman : 2010

12. .
Rahman : 2010

13. Rahman : 2010

14. (Poly : many)
Refers to a lexeme having more than one meaning.
Examples :
The term bank, can denote either the institution or the building in
which the institution resides. Both meanings are associated with the
same word, making bank polysemous. By contrast, a river bank is not a
different meaning of the same term, but a different word entirely.
Rahman : 2010

15. Two or more lexemes having the same shape. Note that homonyms are
characterized by the fact that they look the same superficially, but are
actually unrelated. Usually the etymology of a word is key in
determining whether it is a homonym.
Example :
I bank upon the Habib Bank situated on the left bank of the river Ravi
to give me a loan.
Rahman : 2010

16. Words having the same sound but different meaning.
Example :
Bear /beər/ : a large wild mammal
Bare /beər/ : wearing no clothes or without adornment
Rahman : 2010

17. These are words that have single spelling but very differrent uses or
meanings.
Example :
Invalid /ɪnvəlɪd/ : someone who has disability
Invalid /ɪnvælɪd/ : not valid or acceptable
Jeffries : 2006

18. Paraphrase is saying the same thing in that the first describe exactly
what the second describes.
• His pants were too small.
• His pants were not big enough.
Finegan : 1992

19. The relation between two sentences, where the truth of one
neccesitates the truth of the other. If one proposition entails another,
this works in the same way as a logical condition of the form IF X THEN
Y.
Example :
Corday assasinated Marat and Marat is dead.
Akmajian : 2010

20. Describes a sentence that is false by virtue of its meaning alone,
irrespective of context.
Example:
- Kings are female.
Akmajian : 2010

21. Extension indicates its range of applicability by naming the particular
objects that it denotes.
Intension indicates the internal content of a term or concept that
constitutes its formal definition.
Example :
Ship extension : passenger ship, cargo ship, battleship
intension : vehicle for conveyance on water
Akmajian : 2010

22. A relation between sequences of sentences .
Example :
Sally arrives at home at 4.30 and knows that her mother does not get
off of work until 5. Sally also sees that the lights are off in their house.
So Sally can infer that her mother is not yet home.
Yule : 2010

23. Metaphores are a form of figurative language which refers to words or
expressions that mean something different from their literal definition.
Examples :
-Nabhila is a couch potato.
-Baby, you are a fireworks.
Fromkin : 2009

24. The analysis of the set of related liguistic items, especially word
meanings, into combinations of features in terms of which each item
may be compared with every other.
Example:
- Man – male – mature – human
- Boy – male – immature – human
Rahman : 2010