This document provides details about a course on parallel and distributed computing systems. It discusses why studying parallel computing is important due to technological shifts toward multi-core processors. The course will cover foundations of parallel algorithms and programming, and provide hands-on experience using parallel hardware. Students will need basic knowledge of computer architecture and programming to succeed in the course.
Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime. In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.
This slides will provide viewers a complete understanding of all the different virtualization techniques.
The main reference for the presentation is taken from Mastering cloud computing By Rajkumar Buyya.
Distributed computing deals with hardware and software systems containing more than one processing element or storage element, concurrent processes, or multiple programs, running under a loosely or tightly controlled regime. In distributed computing a program is split up into parts that run simultaneously on multiple computers communicating over a network. Distributed computing is a form of parallel computing, but parallel computing is most commonly used to describe program parts running simultaneously on multiple processors in the same computer. Both types of processing require dividing a program into parts that can run simultaneously, but distributed programs often must deal with heterogeneous environments, network links of varying latencies, and unpredictable failures in the network or the computers.
This slides will provide viewers a complete understanding of all the different virtualization techniques.
The main reference for the presentation is taken from Mastering cloud computing By Rajkumar Buyya.
This Presentation was prepared by Abdussamad Muntahi for the Seminar on High Performance Computing on 11/7/13 (Thursday) Organized by BRAC University Computer Club (BUCC) in collaboration with BRAC University Electronics and Electrical Club (BUEEC).
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
Windows Architecture Explained by StacksolStacksol
Now here we explained the windows architecture. The inside view of Microsoft Windows. The architecture of Windows NT, a line of operating systems produced and sold by Microsoft, is a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode.
Cloud computing is used to define a new class of computing that is based on the network technology. Cloud computing takes place over the internet. It comprises of a collection of integrated and networked hardware, software and internet infrastructures. These infrastructures are used to provide various services to the users. Distributed computing comprises of multiple software components that belong to multiple computers. The system works or runs as a single system. Cloud computing can be referred to as a form that originated from distributed computing and virtualization.
A Distributed computing architeture consists of very lightweight software agents installed on a number of client systems , and one or more dedicated distributed computing managment servers.
A multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs), with each one sharing the common main memory as well as the peripherals. This helps in simultaneous processing of programs.
The key objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
A good illustration of a multiprocessor is a single central tower attached to two computer systems. A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to improve computing speeds, performance and cost-effectiveness, as well as to provide enhanced availability and reliability.
This presentation will highlight the key legal issues associated with cloud computing and some implementation methods for minimizing or mitigating those risks.
There are numerous legal issues in cloud computing like operational, legislative or regulatory, security, third party contractual limitations, risk allocation or mitigation, and jurisdictional issues. Security, privacy and confidentiality remain the biggest concern for the data owner, as when the data is stored on the cloud the same might be accessible to multiple users. There is concern for its safety and protection of valuable data and trade secrets. Then there are intellectual property issues regarding ownership of and rights in information and services placed in the cloud.
This Presentation was prepared by Abdussamad Muntahi for the Seminar on High Performance Computing on 11/7/13 (Thursday) Organized by BRAC University Computer Club (BUCC) in collaboration with BRAC University Electronics and Electrical Club (BUEEC).
In the given presentation, process overview,process management scheduling typesand some more basic concepts were explained.
Kindly refere the presentation.
Gives an overview about Process, PCB, Process States, Process Operations, Scheduling, Schedulers, Interprocess communication, shared memory and message passing systems
Windows Architecture Explained by StacksolStacksol
Now here we explained the windows architecture. The inside view of Microsoft Windows. The architecture of Windows NT, a line of operating systems produced and sold by Microsoft, is a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode.
Cloud computing is used to define a new class of computing that is based on the network technology. Cloud computing takes place over the internet. It comprises of a collection of integrated and networked hardware, software and internet infrastructures. These infrastructures are used to provide various services to the users. Distributed computing comprises of multiple software components that belong to multiple computers. The system works or runs as a single system. Cloud computing can be referred to as a form that originated from distributed computing and virtualization.
A Distributed computing architeture consists of very lightweight software agents installed on a number of client systems , and one or more dedicated distributed computing managment servers.
A multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs), with each one sharing the common main memory as well as the peripherals. This helps in simultaneous processing of programs.
The key objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
A good illustration of a multiprocessor is a single central tower attached to two computer systems. A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to improve computing speeds, performance and cost-effectiveness, as well as to provide enhanced availability and reliability.
This presentation will highlight the key legal issues associated with cloud computing and some implementation methods for minimizing or mitigating those risks.
There are numerous legal issues in cloud computing like operational, legislative or regulatory, security, third party contractual limitations, risk allocation or mitigation, and jurisdictional issues. Security, privacy and confidentiality remain the biggest concern for the data owner, as when the data is stored on the cloud the same might be accessible to multiple users. There is concern for its safety and protection of valuable data and trade secrets. Then there are intellectual property issues regarding ownership of and rights in information and services placed in the cloud.
IT Engineer are high-level IT personnel who design, install, and maintain a company's computer systems. They are responsible for testing, configuring, and troubleshooting hardware, software, and networking systems to meet the needs of the employer.
I have introduced developments in multi-core computers along with their architectural developments. Also, I have explained about high performance computing, where these are used. At the end, openMP is introduced with many ready to run parallel programs.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Course Details
Delivery
◦ Lectures/discussions: English
◦ Assessments: English
◦ Ask questions in class if you don’t understand
◦ Email me after class if you do not want to ask in
class
◦ DO NOT LEAVE QUESTIONS TILL THE DAY BEFORE THE
EXAM!!!
Assessments (this may change)
◦ Homework (~1 per week): 10%
◦ Midterm: 20%
◦ 1 project + final exam OR 2 projects: 35%+35%
3. Course Details
Textbook
◦ Principles of Parallel Programming, Lin & Snyder
Other sources of information:
◦ COMP 322, Rice University
◦ CS 194, UC Berkeley
◦ Cilk lectures, MIT
Many sources of information on the
internet for writing parallelized code
4. Teaching Materials & Assignments
Everything is on Jusur
◦ Lectures
◦ Homeworks
Submit homework through Jusur
Homework is given out on Saturday
Homework due following Saturday
You lose 10% for each day late
No homework this week!
5. Outline
This lecture:
◦ Why study parallel computing?
◦ Topics covered on this course
Next lecture:
◦ Discuss an example problem
6. Why study parallel computing?
First, WHAT is parallel computing?
◦ Using multiple processors (in parallel) to solve a
problem faster than a single processor
Why is this important?
◦ Science/research is usually has two parts.
Theory, and experimentation.
◦ Some experiments just take too long on a single
processor (days, months, or even years)
◦ We do not want to wait for so long
◦ Need to execute experiments faster
7. Why study parallel computing
BUT, parallel computing very
specialized
◦ Few computers in the world with many procs.
◦ Most software not (very) parallelized
◦ Typically parallel programming is hard
◦ Result: parallel computing taught at Masters
level
Why study it during undergraduate?
◦ The entire computing industry has shifted to
parallel computing. Intel, AMD, IBM, Sun, …
8. Why study parallel computing?
Today:
◦ All computers are multi-core, even laptops
◦ Mobile phones will also be multi-core
◦ Number of cores keeps going up
◦ Intel/AMD:
~2004: 2 cores per processor
~2006: 4 cores per processor
~2009: 6 cores per processor
If you want your software to use all
those cores, you need to parallelize it.
BUT, why did this happen?
9. Why did this happen?
We need to look at history of
processor architectures
All processors made of transistors
◦ Moore’s Law: number of transistors per chip
doubles every 18-24 months
◦ Fabrication process (manufacture of chips)
improvements made transistors smaller
◦ Allows more transistors to be placed in the
same space (transistor density increasing).
11. Why did this happen?
What did engineers do with so many
transistors?
◦ Added advanced hardware that made your code
faster automatically
MMX, SSE, superscalar, out-of-order execution
Smaller transistors change state faster
◦ Smaller transistors enables higher speeds
Old view:
◦ “Want more performance? Get new processor.”
◦ New processor more advanced, and higher speed.
◦ Makes your software run faster.
◦ No effort from programmer for this extra speed.
Don’t have to change the software.
12. Why did this happen?
But now, there are problems
◦ Engineers have run out of ideas for advanced
hardware.
◦ Cannot use extra transistors to automatically
improve performance of code
OK, but we can still increase the
speed, right?
13. Why did this happen?
But now, there are problems
◦ Engineers have run out of ideas for advanced
hardware.
◦ Cannot use extra transistors to automatically
improve performance of code
OK, but we can still increase the
speed, right? WRONG!
14. Why did this happen?
But now, there are problems
◦ Higher speed processors consume more power
Big problem for large servers: need their own
power plant
◦ Higher speed processors generate more heat
Dissipating (removing) the heat is requiring
more and more sophisticated equipment, heat
sinks cannot do it anymore
◦ Result: not possible to keep increasing speed
Let’s look at some heat sinks
15. Intel 386 (25 MHz) Heatsink
The 386 had no heatsink!
It did not generate much heat
Because it has very slow speed
20. Why study parallel computing?
Old view:
◦ “Want more performance? Get new processor.”
◦ New processor will have higher speed, more
advanced. Makes your software run faster.
◦ No effort from programmer for this extra speed.
New view:
◦ Processors will not be more advanced
◦ Processors will not have higher speed
◦ Industry/academia: Use extra transistors for
multiple processors (cores) on the same chip
◦ This is called a multi-core processor
E.g., Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Athlon X2, X4
21. Quotes
◦ “We are dedicating all of our future product
development to multicore designs. … This is a
sea change in computing”
Paul Otellini, President, Intel (2005)
◦ Number of cores will ~double every 2 years
22. Why study parallel computing?
What are the benefits of multi-core?
◦ Continue to increase theoretical performance:
Quad-core processor, with each core at 2GHz
is like 4x2GHz = 8GHz processor
◦ Decrease speed to reduce temperature, power
16-core at 0.5GHz = 16*0.5 = 8GHz
8GHz, but at lower temperature, lower power
Multi-core is attractive, because it
removes existing problems
No limit (yet) to number of cores
23. Affects on Programming
Before:
◦ Write sequential (non-parallel) program.
◦ It becomes faster with newer processor
Higher speed, more advanced
Now:
◦ New processor has more cores, but each is slower
◦ Sequential programs will run slower on new proc
They can only use one core
◦ What will run faster?
Parallel program that can use all the cores!!!
24. Why study parallel computing?
You need knowledge of parallelism
◦ Future processors will have many cores
◦ Each core will become slower (speed)
◦ Your software will only achieve high
performance if it is parallelized
Parallel programming is not easy
◦ Many factors affect performance
◦ Not easy to find source of bad performance
◦ Usually requires deeper understanding of
processor architectures
◦ This is why there is a whole course for it
25. Course Topics
Foundations of parallel algorithms
◦ How do we make a parallel algorithm?
◦ How do we measure its performance?
Foundations of parallel programming
◦ Parallel processor architectures
◦ Threads/tasks, synchronization, performance
◦ What are the trade-offs, and overheads?
Experiment with real hardware
◦ 8-way distributed supercomputer
◦ 24-core shared memory supercomputer
If we have time:
◦ GPGPUs / CUDA
26. Skills You Need
Basic understanding of processor
architectures
◦ Pipelines, registers, caches, memory
Programming in C and/or Java
27. Summary
Processor technology cannot continue
as before. Changed to multi-cores.
Multi-cores require programs to be
parallelized for high performance
This course will cover core theory
and practice of parallel computing