This document provides definitions and objectives related to forensic medicine. It defines forensic medicine as applying medical sciences to law and justice. It lists the objectives as introducing forensic medicine and the medico-legal system in Saudi Arabia, defining medico-legal autopsies, preserving evidence, determining cause and manner of death, writing death certificates, defining death, and documenting post-mortem changes and their importance. It then provides more details on some of these topics in subsequent sections.
Medical Jurisprudence is the study of medical principles in solving criminal cases.
To know more about medical jurisprudence, click on the link- https://youtu.be/r6OX6xlXOBo
Medical Jurisprudence is the study of medical principles in solving criminal cases.
To know more about medical jurisprudence, click on the link- https://youtu.be/r6OX6xlXOBo
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
"Deadman speaks always" to solve a case police required cause and time of death of an unknown body.
By analyzing the insects it would be easy and Breakthrough for a case as concerned.
An observational descriptive study of pattern of pathological changes in live...AI Publications
Background- Autopsy finding in liver with pathological changes are studied. Aim and Objectives- To correlate histopathological findings in the liver with gross examination in routine medicolegal practice of autopsy. To find out the type of liver diseases in relation to age and sex of the studied autopsy cases from the local population. To assess and compare histopathology of liver among accidental deaths, sudden natural deaths and deaths due to poisonings. To compare results of this study with other studies. Suggestion of authenticity of diagnosis from the histopathology findings of liver. Material and Methods- This observational cross section study will be carried out in the department of forensic medicine and toxicology on 100 cases in JLN Medical college and attached hospitals with cooperation from the department of pathology after obtaining due permission from the institutional ethical committee. Conclusion- hepatic lesion can present in various forms at autopsy. Non-neoplastic Lesions should be given equal importance as neoplastic. An enlarged liver does not always indicate malignancy. There are many clinical conditions in which liver are affected as secondary phenomenon. Gross and histo-morphological examination of the tissue can diagnose the liver lesions with great accuracy and is beneficial for patient’s further survival, in setups where facilities to perform liver biopsies are available. Liver should be investigated as a part of routine autopsy procedure in all post-mortem cases.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Objectives
1) Introduction and Definition of Forensic Medicine
2) Medico-legal system in Saudi Arabia
3) Definitions of medico-legal autopsies
4) Preserve and dispatch specimens in medico-legal/post-
mortem cases.
5) Cause, manner, and mechanism of death
6) Writing death certificate.
7) Definition of death & Types of death
8) Post-mortem changes & their medico-legal importance
9) Writing the medico-legal reports.
4. Forensic Medicine
• The term Forensic Medicine is the knowledge of all
the branches of medical sciences (including
laboratory examinations applied) for the administration
of law and justice.
• Forensic medicine influenced by a wide variety of
factors including culture, religion and politics.
5. Forensic sciences
Clinical Forensic
Medicine
• Involves an
interaction
among law,
judiciary, and
police officials,
generally
involving living
persons.
Forensic
Pathology
• Determining the
cause of death
by examination
of a corpse.
Forensic
Odontology
• Helps in identify
the cause of
death.
Forensic
Toxicology
• For biological
and non-
biological
samples.
Forensic DNA
• Biology,
matching
samples like
semen or saliva.
Forensic
Chemistry
• Scientists work
in forensic
laboratories,
examine paint,
fire source etc.
Forensic
Psychiatry
• Is the criminal
psychic and
unaware of his
crime
Forensic Nursing
• Abuse and
sexual causes
6. • The Doctors, because they have the professional skills,
experience and broad knowledge of medical facts, may be
required to give evidence about a criminal act in
court.
• • May have one of two roles, either as a professional or as
an expert witness, which can sometimes overlap.
• • A professional witness: is one who gives factual
evidence equivalent to a simple witness of an event, deals
solely with the relevant medical findings.
• • An expert witness: is one who expresses an opinion
about medical facts.
7. • • There are often situations of overlap between these
professional and expert witness roles.
• For example a forensic physician may have documented
a series of injuries having been asked by the police and
then express an opinion about causation.
• A forensic pathologist will produce a report on their
post-mortem examination (professional aspect) and
then form conclusions and interpretation based upon
their findings (expert aspect).
8. Role of forensic pathologist
1. Visit crime scenes
2. Postmortem examination (external examination and
autopsy) x ray to the whole body.
3. Document injuries, time of injury and how injuries occurred.
4. Identification of the dead person.
5. Collecting evidences from the body (fingerprint, knife, hair,
semen, blood, urine ,tissue.)
6. Cause of death.
7. Time of death (postmortem changes)
8. Forensic report
10. Medico-legal system in Saudi Arabia
Unique medico-legal system
Derived from Islamic judiciary and based on Shari'ah law.
Applied on Saudi citizens as well as foreigners.
The forensic medicine centers in Saudi Arabia are related administratively
to Ministry Of Health (MOH) and other ministries and governments.
11. Development of forensic medicine in
Saudi Arabia
• In June 1962, the forensic medicine centers were established in affiliation with
MOH, with its head office in Riyadh, and other branches across major cities in
KSA.
• The first view was: determination, estimation, and evaluation of aggression
against health and life of a human being to the Islamic Shari'ah judiciary
about the extent and level of aggression.
• Two main sections were included in each forensic medicine center:
1. Chemical labs.
2. X-ray section.
12. Staff members of forensic medicine in
Saudi Arabia
Forensic medical examiner.
Forensic medical nurse staff.
Radiology technician.
• Requirements ??
13. The roles of forensic medical examiners
Death investigation
Clinical forensic medicine
14. Cooperation with other MOH
departments
• The forensic chemistry laboratories:
Examination and detection of clandestine drugs and other substances of abuse held by police
authorities.
Clinical forensic toxicology screening.
Drug monitoring and assessment in clinical departments in the MOH hospitals.
Processing biological materials and tissue samples received from forensic medicine centers.
• The histopathology laboratories:
Examination and reporting clinical cases from clinical departments in MOH hospitals.
Examination and reporting of tissue samples received rom forensic medicine departments from
medico-legal autopsies.
15. Cooperation with laboratories of
Ministry Of Interior
Assisting laboratories such as DNA fingerprinting, counterfeiting and forgery units
are all related administervely to Ministry Of Interior (MOI), represented by
Administration of Criminal Evidence (ACE), assessed by the General Directorate of
Public Security in MOI.
Case reports are exchanged with confidentiality between ACE and forensic
medicine experts in MOH, to finalize reports independently or in a shared
committee including both parties.
16. 3) Definitions of medico-
legal autopsies
Turki Ibrahim Alaudah
438011308
17. Definitions of medico-legal autopsies
A medico-legal autopsy is an autopsy performed as part of an inquest
procedure.
Medico-legal autopsies should be performed by pathologists who have had the
necessary training and experience in forensic pathology.
Medicolegal autopsies differ from hospital autopsies in that they are under
jurisdiction of a local governmental death investigation office.
18. Aim of medico-legal autopsy
• identify the body • estimate the time of
death
• identify and document
the nature and number
of injuries
• interpret the significance
and effect of the injuries
• identify the presence of
any natural disease
• interpret the significance
and effect of the natural
disease present
• identify the presence of
poisons
• interpret the effect of
any medical or surgical
treatment.
19. 4) Preserve and dispatch
specimens in medico-
legal/post-mortem cases.
Tariq Saleh Dabil
438010122
21. Collection of Forensic Evidences
Blood Urine Tissues
• Histopathology
• Toxicology
• Dna
22. General Procedures of Evidence
collection
• Perssonal Protective Equipment.
• Collection Basics.
23. General Procedures of Evidence
collection
• Drying
• Labelling
• Sealing
• processing
• Storage and security
Farwarding
24. Documintation
• Physical Examination
Types of Injury
Dimensions
Site
Number in order
• Body Diagram
• Photography:
• ID of the patient.
• Photo with scale.
• Different angle shots.
• Close range shot with scale.
25. 5) Cause, Manner, and
Mechanism of Death
Abdulmalik Sultan Alawam
438020478
26. Cause of Death
• The disease or injury that intiated the train of morbid events
leading directly to death or the cirumstances of the accident
or violence that produced the injury.
• Examples:
• Blunt force trauma
• Injury from gun shot
• Myocardial infarction
• COPD
• ِExternal examination + Internal examination +
Investigations (Imaging, toxicology, and histopathology)
27. Mechanism of Death
• The mechanism of death is the
physiological derangement that
results in the death.
• The main interest are the effects
on the Heart or the Brain.
• Example:
• electrocution and the electrical
distrurbances of the heart and central
nervous system
• exsanguination (extreme blood loss)
due to a gunshot wound.
28. Manner of Death
• Manner of death is the way to categorize death as
required by law, how the cause of death came about?
• The classifications are:
• Natural: aging/illness/disease
• Accident: unintentiontional
• Suicide: self-inflicted act of harm that caused death
• Homicide: harm that led to death due to another person
intentionaly
• Undetermined: when the infromation pointing toward one
manner of death is no more compelling than any others.
29. • Being ran over by a truck may CAUSE blunt force
trauma to the torso. The MECHANISM of death could
be cardiac and pulomanry contusions with rib
fracturers. The MANNER of death could be any except
Natural.
30. 6) How to write a Death
Certificate
Abdulmalik Sultan Alawam
438020478
31. Death Certificate
The death certificate is a
permanent legal record of
the fact of death, it
provides important
personal information about
the deceased and MOST
IMPORTANTLY about the
cause of death.
32. 1)Direct cause that led to the death:
• 1a) caused by or consequence of b
• Immediate cause final
disease/condition that cuased death
• 1b) caused by or consequence of c
• 1c) last subsection is the primiary
pathological condition in the chain of
events leading to death.
• Underlying cause that intiated the
events leading to death
• 2) describes the other conditons not
related to those listed in part one
that may have contributed to the
death.
33. Case History Example:
• A 68-year-old male was admitted to the hospital
with progressive right lower quadrant pain of 3-
week duration. The patient had lost
approximately 20 Kg, with progressive weakness
and malaise. On physical examination, the
patient had an enlarged liver span that was four
finger breadths below the right costal margin.
Rectal examination was normal, and stool was
negative for occult blood. Routine laboratory
studies were within normal limits. A chest x ray
and barium enema were negative. CT scan
showed masses within both lobes of the liver. A
needle biopsy of the liver was diagnostic of
moderately differentiated hepatocellular
carcinoma, and the patient was started on
chemotherapy. Three months after the diagnosis,
the patient developed decrease in liver function
as well as a deep venous thrombosis on his left
thigh, and he was admitted to the hospital. On
his third day, the patient developed a pulmonary
embolism and died 30 minutes later.
• 1a) pulmonary embolism
• 1b) deep venous thrombosis in left thigh
• 1c) acute hepatic failure due to hepatocellular
carcinoma
• 2) no other signifcant conditions that
contrubuted to the death
34. 7) Definition of death &
Types of death
Saleh Hassan Alorainy
438020973
35. Definition of Death
• Cessation of life in a previously living organism.
• Medically and scientifically, death is not an event, it is a
process
• in which the more complex and more specialized
internal organs have different functions with different
cellular metabolic processes which cease to function at
different rates.
36. Types of Death: (Somatic death)
• The person irreversibly loses its sentient personality,
being unconscious, unable to be aware of (or to
communicate with) its environment.
• Unable to appreciate any sensory stimuli or to initiate
any voluntary movement.
• Neural reflexes may still be present after death.
37. Types of Death: (Cellular death)
• The cells no longer function or have metabolic activity, primarily
aerobic respiration.
• Anoxia Ischemia Autolysis Decay.
• The differences in cellular metabolism determine the rate with
which cells die and this can be very variable.
• Connective tissue can survive for many hours.
• On the other hand, cortical neurons die between 3-7 minutes
after oxygen deprivation.
38.
39. Brain Death
• irreversible cessation of the function of the entire brain,
including the brain stem.
• Criteria for Diagnosis:
• Unresponsiveness
• Absence of cerebral and brain stem function
• Nature of coma must be known
• Rule out any other causes
• Persistence of brain dysfunction
40. Brain Death
Criteria for Diagnosis:
• Persistence of brain dysfunction:
• Six hours with a confirmatory
isoelectric EEG or electrocerebral
silence
• Twelve hours without a
confirmatory EEG
• Twenty-four hours for anoxic brain
injury without a confirmatory
isoelectric EEG
41. When to say that the patient is dead?
• The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) in
1980 established 2 criteria to determine death :
• Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
• Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain,
including the brain stem.
43. Medico-legal importance of PM changes
• To know the normal progression of decomposition and
not misunderstand those normal changes for un-natural
causes
• Ability to estimate for how long has the individual been
dead
45. Rapid/Early PM changes
• Initially, these changes can only be detected biochemically
due to alteration of metabolism in cells to autolytic pathways
• Immediate fall in BP Pale skin, conjunctivae and mucous
membranes
• Oxygen supply to the cells ceases
• Loss of neuronal activity Absent reflexes and breathing
46. Rapid/Early PM changes
• Eye changes
• Corneal reflex ceases
• Pupils stop reacting to light
• Break-up or fragmentation of retinal vessels
• Rapid flaccidity of muscles (primary flaccidity) and
mostly with complete loss of tone
• Regurgitation of gastric contents
• Voiding of urine
• Emission of semen
48. Cooling of the body after death
• Many variables and factors also
affect the rate of cooling of a
body
• Temperature will fall gradually but not evenly, because each
body will lie in its own unique environment. Therefore, will cool
at a different speed
49. Cooling of the body after death
• A body tempressure can be used as an indicator of time
of death under three assumptions
• Body temperature was 37°C at the time of death
• One (or few) PM body temperature readings for a reliable
estimation
• That the body has lain in a thermally static environment
• Hence why the forensic pathologists don’t determine
the time of death based only on body temperature
50. PM hypostasis (lividity)
• Cessation of the circulation and the relaxation of the muscular
tone of the vascular bed allow simple fluid movement to occur
within the blood vessels
• With this movement, red blood cells will settle due to gravity in
blood vessels in the lowest areas of the body
• This process leads to the formation of a pink or bluish color to
these lowest areas, usually 4 hours after death
• Compression of skin in contact with a firm surface, prevents such
distension to BVs and results in areas of pallor
51.
52. PM hypostasis (lividity)
• Cases where hypostasis may not be found or masked
• Clinically anemic individuals
• Those who have died from severe blood loss
• Dark skin colors
• Jaundice
• Dermatological conditions
• Color of hypostasis is variable and may indicate certain causes of
death
• Cherry-pink color Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Dark red Cyanide poisoning and C. perfringens infection
• Blue Hypoxic conditions
53. PM hypostasis (lividity)
• Hypostasis can aid in determinig
• Cause of death
• Time of death
• Whether the body was moved or not
54. Rigor mortis
• It is a temperature-dependent physicochemical change that
occurs within muscle cells as a result of lack of oxygen
• Lack of oxygen will lead to diminished ATP production and
high acidity due to lactic acid formation, ultimately causing
the actin and myosin fibers to bind resulting in muscle
stiffness
• It is first detectable in the smaller muscle groups (around
the eyes and mouth, the jaw and the fingers), then advance
down the body from the head to the legs affecting larger
muscle groups
55. Rigor mortis
• It is temperature-dependent in that “the colder the environment the slower
the reactions and vice versa”
• When the post-mortem cooling of a body is extreme, the stiffening of may
result from the physical effects of cooling or freezing rather than rigor
• Rigor mortis can aid in determining the time of death
• Facial involvement Approximately 1-4 hours
• Limbs involvement approximately 3-6 hours and reach maximum within 18 hours
• Rigor will remain for up to approximately 50 hours after then muscles
become flaccid again
56. Putrefaction/Decomposition
• As post-mortem interval increase body
undergo more changes affecting tissues
and causing breakdown
• Appearance of early changes of
decomposition may confuse the police or
members of the public with the signs of
violence or trauma
• It results in liquefaction of the soft tissues
over a period of time
57. Putrefaction/Decomposition
• Similar to rigor mortis, temperature also affect the
process of decomposition
• the warmer, the earlier the process starts and progresses
• Usually, first visible to the naked eye at about 3–4
days as an area of green discoloration of the right iliac
fossa
• Early bacterial passage through superficial BVs leads
to decomposition of hemoglobin and causing a linear
branching patterns of discoloration “marbling“
• Also, can aid in determining the time of death
58.
59. 9) Writing the medico-
legal reports.
Moath Abdullah Alkeaid
438009612
60. What is the medicolegal report?
• It is documents that are prepared by a medicolegal
practitoner on the request of legal authorities (police or
investigating agencies) in criminal cases, poisoning or
unexplained death.
• The reports contain all data related to the examined
case in the form of:
1. Facts observed on examination (subject)
2. Opinion drawen from the facts (conclusion)
61. How to write a medicolegal report
• It consist of three parts:
1. introduction (preamble)
2. Body (subject)
3. Results (conclusion)
62. Introduction:
• Name, job and address of both medicolegal
practitiones who writes the report and the authority
ordering the examination
• The number of sign, type, date and time
• A summary about the case must be mentioned
63. The body (subject):
• Police report (including death circumstance)
• Report of crime scene
• External examination (الظاهري )الكشف
• Internal examination ()التشريح
• Further investigation including (including x-ray,
toxicology, histopathology, urin sample and blood work)
64. Conclusion (results)
• This part contains:
• Discussion (opinon) cause of death (الشرعي الطبيب )رأي
• Name and signature of the examiner
65. Refrences
• SIMPSON’S FORENSIC MEDICINE
• KNIGHT’S Forensic Pathology
• Uniform Determination of Death Act.Available at:
http://www.law.upenn.edu/
• Al Madani OM, Kharoshah MA, Zaki MK, Galeb SS, Al
Moghannam SA, Moulana AA. Origin and development of
forensic medicine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Am J
Forensic Med Pathol. 2012 Jun;33(2):147-51. doi:
10.1097/PAF.0b013e318221b895. PMID: 21725228.
• https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/forensic-
investigation/cause-mechanism-and-manner-of-death/