Digital mapping involves converting traditional paper maps into digital formats. Etak was a pioneer in digital mapping and automotive navigation systems. It was founded in 1983 and created the first digital maps and navigation system for cars called the Etak Navigator in 1985. Over time, digital mapping has expanded and improved, allowing for applications like tracking diseases and monitoring natural disasters. Issues remain around data sharing and costs, but digital mapping provides important benefits for research, emergency response, and more. Google Earth further advanced digital mapping by providing satellite imagery and street views of locations around the world, though it also raised privacy and security concerns for some.

2. WHAT IS DIGITAL MAPPING?
introduction
Digital mapping is a branch of
geology which deals with digitalizing
of different kind of maps.

3. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
ETAK
Vendor of automotive navigation system equipment,
digital maps, and mapping software.
It was founded in 1983.
It was a pioneer in automotive navigation systems and
digital mapping, technologies.

4. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Founding of the Company
Etak's initial start-up funding came from Nolan Bushnell
Bushnell was impressed with Honey's navigational
electronics and asked whether he had any other ideas.
Honey suggested a car navigation system and digital-
mapping and firm Etak was born.
Named after a Polynesian term for navigation.
ETAK

5. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Etak Navigator
The Navigator,was introduced in 1985.
This system was the precursor to
today's GPS-based automotive navigation
systems.
It was a specially-packaged Intel 8088-
based system with 256K RAM, 32K
EPROM, 2K SRAM, and a cassette tape
drive on which digital maps and some of
the operating system were stored.
The map moved on the screen as the
car was driven it had a green vector
display.

6. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Contd…..
The Navigator had address geocoding.
It worked by using a digital compass mounted in
the car and two wheel sensors mounted on the non-
driven wheels.
The system used map-matching augmented dead
reckoning.

7. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
The Move to Digital
Mapping
Etak stopped making its own hardware and focused more on
digital mapping technology with its Etak Maps and EtakGuide
products.
As early as 1987, Etak was mapping Japanese cities.
Japan had gotten an earlier start in car navigation efforts
with Honda's Electro Gyrocator.
Sony Corporation in 1995 announced the Sony NVX-F160
system using Etak's digital mapping software

8. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Digital Cadastral Data Base
Database of cadastral
data covering Queensland.
In 1992, the digital
capture of Queensland was
completed.
The first hard copy maps
using DCDB data were
produced in 1985.

9. The Computer Inventory of Survey Plans (CISP) was
developed between 1987 and 1991. This was to provide an
electronic tool for reliable cadastral searching of survey
plans in Queensland.
The system held the information shown on plans in a
database. Therefore, survey plans became static documents
and were no longer continuously updated with new
information, as had been the practice.
Digital acquisition at a rapid rate
Survey plandatabase

10. BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
BIRTH OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Merging of land related datasets
In 1996, a working model of
BLIN (Basic Land Information
Network) was released within
the Department of Natural
Resources and Mines.
This was to be the forerunner
of the present SMIS
(SmartMap Information
Systems).
This current system offers the
public and clients the ability to
access many land related
databases and produce
customised maps through a
single interface.
A customised SmartMap

11. Components of a GIS
GIS can be divided into five components:
A.People,
B. Data,
C.Hardware,
D.Software, and
E.Procedures.

12. What is GIS?
 SPATIAL DATA
NON SPATIAL DATA

13. Are these
spatial data?

14. Spatial reference
Attributes
Yes!

15. Spatial data - examples
• Digital map data
– e.g. Ordnance Survey, Bartholomew
• Aerial photographs
• Field data
– GPS readings, field surveys
• Remotely sensed images
– e.g. Landsat, SPOT
• Paper maps and plans
– AA road maps,
• Socio-economic data
– e.g. census data, marketing surveys

16. Spatial data - analogue vs. digital
• Analogue
– paper maps
– printed aerial
photographs
– tables of statistics
• Fixed scale
• Need to be
converted to digital
format
• Digital
– digital data files
– remotely sensed
images
– GPS output files
• Scale ‘free’/flexible
• File format
predetermined
• Download or copy

17. How to make the data into something useful…

18. Vector data - points, lines and
areas
Points - x,y co-ordinates
representing individual
points e.g. trees
Lines - sets of points
representing linear
features e.g. roads,
rivers
Areas - closed set of lines
such as woodlands or a city
boundary
Area
[x1,y1]
[x2,y2]
[x3,y3]
Line
[x1,y1]
[x2,y2]
[x3,y3]
[x4,y4]
[x5,y5]
[x6,y6]
Point
[x1,y1]

19. Rasters and Vectors

20. Three Views of a GIS
A GIS can be viewed in three ways:
The Database View
The Map View
The Model View

21. Advantages
This saves tremendous time and money.
GIS improves the speed and accuracy with
which you act by uncovering trends and patterns
hidden in your data.
During the last 30 years companies, agencies,
academic institutions, and governments
worldwide have implemented GIS programs to
take advantage of these benefits

22. NEED OF DIGITAL MAPPING
Managing disease
Health officials in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh have
been frustrated for years by difficulties in tracking outbreaks of Japanese
encephalitis. It took 16 days, at best, for news of a case in a small
village to reach government officials in the state capital, Hyderabad. By
the time the health ministry had collated the relevant data and confirmed
the cases, an epidemic was upon them.
Today, health services can receive information within a few hours. The
National Informatics Centre (NIC) in Hyderabad receives information on
disease cases directly from health workers through the Internet, which
can then be mapped quickly using GIS.
GIS helps us to quickly map and identify areas of high incidence, and
even update the maps with each new data entry,"

23. In 2006, the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok
launched a project to map and track fatal strains of the virus,
identifying risk zones and the trajectory of any potential
outbreak.
At a gathering of international GIS experts in Hyderabad in
January, the AIT presented preliminary data showing that
countries with temperatures of 25–30 degrees Celsius that get
around 50 millimetres of rainfall each year reported most
outbreaks.
Managing disease

24. Monitoring disasters
GIS is increasingly employed for environmental and disaster
management, with satellite images used to monitor floods,
hurricanes, droughts, landslides, fires and oil spills. Emergency
workers can use GIS to prepare maps of disaster zones, visualise
disaster scenarios, and develop advanced spatial models and
management plans.
the Prabhani district of central India, remote sensing and GIS are
helping officials prepare updated erosion maps. These detail
slopes, soil type, drainage patterns and areas where ground water
could potentially be replenished, either naturally through rainwater
or artificially through aquifers.
many issues of mountain development such as environmental
degradation, deforestation, floods and sharing of water resources,
have a strong geographical component.

25. SOCIAL PROBLEMS
GIS is being used to tackle social problems. In
Afghanistan, which provides 92 per cent of the
world's illicit supply of opium, the UN Office of Drugs
and Crime is using GIS technology to monitor opium
crops.

26. Stumbling blocks
satellite images alone cannot be relied
upon and need to be verified with ground
surveys. In 2006, for example, Malaysia
found that only 10 per cent of 6000 thermal
hotspots indicated in satellite images were
real fires. Multiple detection systems are
needed to eliminate false signals.

27. Stumbling blocks
Even with better software and skilled database specialists, GIS
faces further problems. With private companies, non-governmental
organisations and other international players as potential users,
governments still hesitate to make GIS information available in the
public domain, citing security reasons.
But even if GIS maps are shared more widely, there remains the
problem of standardising the data. The same set of data often cannot
be used by different agencies with different needs.
Equally important is the cost.
the price of hardware has come down but the software is still
expensive. He says the poorest countries will be able to afford the
technology if the price is halved.
"There are still grey areas [regarding] governments' national security
concerns, right to privacy of individuals and ethical use of GIS data."

28. GOOGLE EARTH
Overview
Google Earth displays satellite images of varying resolution of
the Earth's surface, allowing users to visually see things like
houses and cars from a bird's eye view. The degree of resolution
available is based somewhat on the points of interest, but most
land (except for some islands) is covered in at least 15 meters of
resolution. Melbourne, Australia, Las Vegas, Nevada and
Cambridge, Massachusetts include examples of the highest
resolution, at 15 cm (6 inches).
Google Earth allows users to search for addresses for some
countries, enter coordinates, or simply use the mouse to browse to
a location.

29. GOOGLE EARTH
Overview
Google Earth also uses digital elevation model (DEM)
data collected by NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission (SRTM). This means one can view the Grand
Canyon or Mount Everest in three dimensions, instead
of 2D like other map programs/sites

30. GOOGLE EARTH
Google Street View
Google Street View provides 360° panoramic street-
level views and allows users to view parts of selected
cities and their surrounding metropolitan areas at
ground level. When it was launched on May 25, 2007
for Google Maps, only five cities were included. It has
since expanded to more than 40 U.S. cities, and
includes the suburbs of many, and in some cases, other
nearby cities.

31. GOOGLE EARTH
National security and privacy issues
The software has been criticized by a number of
special interest groups, including national officials,
as being an invasion of privacy and even posing a
threat to national security. The typical argument is
that the software provides information about military
or other critical installations that could be used by
terrorists.

32. GOOGLE EARTH
Google Earth Flight Simulator Controls
It is possible to control the simulator with a mouse
or joystick, although not all models are currently
supported.
The Google Earth flight simulator features the
ability to fly to any supported locations of the world.
The pilot can choose any location to start a flight or
attempt to land a flight in the world.

33. GOOGLE EARTH
Google Sky
Google Sky is a feature for Google's Google Earth and
an online sky/outer space viewer at
http://www.google.com/sky. It shows the sky view made
up of a collaboration of Hubble Telescope space
photographs. It was created on August 27, 2007.

34. GOOGLE EARTH
Here are some ideas for using Google Earth in our classroom:
Biology: Track routes of chimpanzees in Tanzania's
Forest.
Ecology: Create a short quiz.
Environmental Science: Have students check Alaska's
global warming problems.
Geology: Find images, links, and descriptions, with
information about thousands of volcanoes around the
globe,
Math: Explore distance, velocity, and wave properties of
tsunamis.

36. Presented By
FAIZAN KHAN
DAYAWAN
UDAY
PRASAD
PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY,PUNE