2. Course Objectives:
• basic concepts of computer
• word document, presentation, spreadsheet
• Basic understanding of networks, internet and world wide web
Course Outcomes:
• Develop a vocabulary of key terms related to the computer and to software program menus
• To identify the components of a personal computer system
• To demonstrate mouse and keyboard functions
• To demonstrate window and menu commands and how they are used
• To demonstrate how to organize files and documents on a USB/hard drive
• To compose, format and edit a word document, presentation, spreadsheet
• To send email messages (with or without attachments)
• To navigate and search through the internet
3. CONTENTS
BPCM/BZBC/BMB/BSCBT
Semester- 3
rd
Paper Code –BPCM301/BZBC301/BMB302/BSCBT301
Fundamentals of Information Technology
S.No. Unit Name /Topic
1 System software
2
Assemblers, compilers, interpreters, linkers Elementary
3
Operating System
4
Data Transmission mode
Data transmission media
5
What is computer Network?
Network types
Network Topologies
4. REFERENCES/TEXT BOOKS
Text Books:
• Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, “Fundamentals of Information
Technology”, LeonTechworld, 1999.
• Vikas Gupta, “Comdex Computer Kit”, Wiley Dreamtech, Delhi, 2004
• P. K. Sinha & Priti Sinha , “Computer Fundamentals”, BPB
Publications, 1992.
Reference Books:
• V. Raja Raman, “Introduction to Computers”, PHI, 1998.
• Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, “Introduction to Computers”, Vikas
Publishing House, 1999.
• Norton Peter, “Introduction to computers”, 4th Ed., TMH, 2001.
5. LECTURE PLAN
UNIT – III Lecture Plan
Lecture Number Topics to be covered Slide No.
L1 Introduction to Computer
Software
6-9
L2 Operating System 10-20
L3 Virus, Utilities, Device driver 21-23
L4 assemblers, compilers,
interpreters, linkers
24-27
L5 Application Software 28
L6 Data Communication 29-48
L7 Network 49-58
Quiz 59-79
6. Computer Software
• Computer hardware is useless without software.
• Software is the set of instructions and associated
data that direct the computer to do a task.
• Software can be divided into two categories:
• system software and application software.
• System software helps the computer to carry out
its basic operating tasks.
• Application software helps the user carry out a
variety of tasks.
7. The major types of software
Application software
Hardware
System software
System Software
Operating Systems
Schedules computer events
Allocates computer
resources
Monitor events
Application Software
Programming languages
Assembly language
FORTRAN, BASIC, PL/1
PASCAL, C
“4th generation “
languages
Users
Language translators
Interpreters
Compilers
Utility programs
Routine operations (e.g. sort,
list, print)
Manage data (e.g. create files,
merge files
8. System Software
• Manages the fundamental operations of the
computer, such as
- loading programs and data into memory,
executing programs, saving data to disks,
displaying information on the monitor, and
transmitting data through a port to a
peripheral device.
• System software: operating systems, utilities,
device drivers.
9.
10. Operating System
• Collection of computer programs that control
the interaction of the user and the computer
hardware.
• Responsible for directing all computer
operations and managing all computer
resources.
• Controls basic input and output, allocates system
resources, manages storage space, maintains
security, and detects equipment failure.
• A part of the operating system code is stored in a
ROM and the rest of it resides on a disk.
• Loading the operating system into memory is
called booting the computer.
11. Responsibilities of an Operating
System
• Communicate with user, receive and execute
commands, show error messages.
• Manage allocation of memory, processor time and other
resources.
• Collect input from keyboard, mouse, and provide data
to running programs.
• Convey program output to screen, printer, or other
output device.
• Access data from secondary storage.
• Write data to secondary storage.
• Maintains security (checks user-name , password, virus
infection)
12. Operating System: Multiprogramming
• The most important operating system capability for sharing
computer resources is multiprogramming.
• Multiprogramming permits multiple programs to share a
computer system’s resources at any time through concurrent use
of CPU.
• By concurrent use, we mean that only one program is actually
using the CPU at any given moment.
• However, at the same time other programs can collect inputs and
display outputs.
• Two or more programs are active at the same time, but they do
not use the same computer resources simultaneously.
• With multiprogramming, a group of programs takes turns using
the processor
13. Operating System:
Multiprogramming
Operating
System
Unused memory
Program 1
Operating
System
Unused memory
Program 1
Program 3
Program 2
Traditional system with
no multiprogramming
Multiprogramming
environment
The first operating systems executed only one program at a time.When a
program read data from a tape or disk or wrote data to a printer, the entire CPU
came to a stop. This was a very inefficient way to use the computer.
14. Multiprogramming
•In a multiprogramming environment, three
programs were stored in primary storage.
•The first program executes until an input/output
statement occurs.
• Then the operating system directs a channel to read
the input and move the output to output device.
•The CPU moves to the second program until an
input/output statement occurs.
•At this point, the CPU switches to the execution of
the third program.
15. Operating System: Multitasking
• Multitasking => The multiprogramming capability of
primarily single-user operating systems (PC).
• One person can run two or more programs concurrently
on a single computer.
• When you are writing a report using MS Word, you can
also search on the Internet.
• Multitasking allows you to display both programs on the
computer screen and work with them at the same time.
16. Operating System:Virtual Storage
• Virtual storage => a way of handling programs
more efficiently
• Virtual storage breaks a program into a number
fixed- length portions called pages or into
variable-length portions called segments.
• Only this small portion (2 to 4 kilobytes) of the
program is stored in primary memory at one
time.
• All other program pages are stored on a
peripheral disk until they are ready for execution.
17. Virtual storage provides a number of advantages:
- the central processor is utilized more fully.
- Many more programs can be in primary
storage because only one page of each
program actually resides there.
- Programmers no longer have to worry about
the size of the primary storage. Programs
can be of infinite length and small machines
can execute a program of any size.
18. Operating System: Virtual Storage
Program A
Lines 1, 2, 3
Program C
Lines 52-80
Program B
Lines 7, 8, 9
Program A
Program B
Program C
Primary memory Secondary storage (disk)
Virtual storage is based on the fact that. In general, only a few
statements in a program can be actually utilized at any given moment
19. Operating System: Time Sharing
• Time sharing => an operating system capability that allows many
users to share computer processing resources simultaneously.
• It differs from multiprogramming in that the CPU spends a fixed
amount of time on one program before moving to another .
• In time sharing environment, thousands of users are each allocated a
tiny slice of computer time (2 milliseconds).
• In this time slot, each user is free to perform any required
operations.
• At the end of this period, another user is given a 2-millisecond time
slice of the CPU.
• This arrangement permits many users to be connected to a CPU
simultaneously.
• Because the CPU is operating at the nanosecond level, a CPU can
accomplish a great deal of work in 2 millisecond.
20. Operating System: Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessing => an operating system capability that links
together two or more CPU to work in parallel in a single computer
system.
• The operating system can assign multiple CPUs to execute
different instructions from the same program or from different
programs simultaneously, dividing the work between the CPUs.
• Multiprogramming uses concurrent processing with one CPU.
• Multiprocessing uses simultaneous processing with multiple
CPUs.
21. Virus
• Virus => unscrupulous programmers deliberately
construct harmful programs (called viruses) that
instruct your program to perform destructive
activities, such as erasing a disk drive.
• Virus protection software => Computer users can
protect their computers by using virus protection
software.
• How it protects? Virus protection software searches
executable files for the sequences of characters that
may cause harm and disinfects the files by erasing or
disabling those commands.
22. Utilities
• Another category of system software.
• Augments the OS by taking over some of its
responsibility for allocating hardware resources.
• Utility Program => System software consisting of
programs for routine, repetitive tasks ( e.g. copying,
clearing primary storage, computing a square root, or
sorting), which can be shared by many users.
• Many utilities come with OS.
• Some independent software developers offer utilities
for sale separately.
E.g. Norton Utilities by Symantec.
23. Device driver
• A computer program that can establish
communication because it contains
information about the characteristics of
your computer and of the device.
• Each peripheral device requires a device
driver.
• Helps the computer communicate with that
particular device.
• When we add a device to an existing
computer, part of its installation includes
adding its device driver to the
configuration.
25. Compiler
• Software that translates a high-level
language program into machine language.
• Input to the compiler is a source file
(created by word processor or editor)
containing the text of a high-level language
program.
• If it is syntactically correct, compiler will
save in an object file which is a machine
language instructions for the same job.
26. Linker
• All machine instructions are not complete.
• High-level language programs use at least one
of the function that reside in other object files
available to the system.
• Linker combines several object files, resolving
cross references between the files, into one
executable file (machine language program).
27. Loader
• To run an executable file, the loader must
copy all the instructions into memory and
direct the CPU to begin execution with the
first instruction.
• As the program executes, it takes input data
from source(s) and sends results to output
devices.
28. Application software
• Developed for a specific task , such as word
processing( MS Word/ WordPerfect),
accounting (Lotus 1-2-3/ Excel), or database
management (Access/ dBASE).
• We also use graphics and presentation
software.
• Most applications are purchased on
diskette or CD-ROM.
• They are installed by copying the programs
from the diskettes/CD-ROM to the hard
disk.
29. Data & Signals
• Data can be analog or digital
• Analog data refers to information that is continuous
• Analog data take on continuous values
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete states
30. Data Communication
• Data Communications is the transfer of data or information
between a source and a receiver.
• The source transmits the data and the receiver receives it.
• The purpose of data communications is to provide the rules
and regulations that allow computers with different disk
operating systems, languages, cabling and locations to share
resources.
• The rules and regulations are called protocols and standards
in data communications.
32. Simplex
• data flows in only one direction on the data
communication line (medium). Examples are
radio and television broadcasts.
33. Half-Duplex
• data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time
on the data communication line.
• For example, a conversation on walkie-talkies is a half-duplex
data flow.
• Each person takes turns talking. If both talk at once - nothing
occurs!
34. Full Duplex
• Data flows in both directions simultaneously.
• Modems are configured to flow data in both
directions.
• Bi-directional both directions simultaneously!
35. Transmission Media
There are 2 basic categories of transmission
media: guided and unguided.
• Guided transmission media uses a cabling
system that guides the data signals along a
specific path.
• Unguided transmission media consists of a
means for the data signals to travel but
nothing to guide them along a specific path.
37. Open wire
• Open wire is traditionally used to describe the
electrical wire strung along power poles.
• There is a single wire strung between poles.
• No shielding or protection from noise
interference is used.
38. Twisted Pair
• The wires in twisted pair cabling are twisted together in pairs.
• Each pair consists of a wire used for the +ve data signal and a
wire used for the -ve data signal.
• Any noise that appears on 1 wire of the pair will also occur on
the other wire.
• When the noise appears on both wires, it cancels or nulls
itself out at the receiving end.
39. Unshielded Twisted Pair
• The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined specifically by
the number of turns per foot.
• Increasing the number of turns per foot reduces the noise interference.
• To further improve noise rejection, a foil or wire braid "shield" is woven
around the twisted pairs.
• Cables with a shield are called shielded twisted pair and are commonly
abbreviated STP.
• Cables without a shield are called unshielded twisted pair or UTP.
40. Coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable consists of two conductors.
• The inner conductor is held inside an insulator with the other
conductor woven around it providing a shield.
• An insulating protective coating called a jacket covers the
outer conductor.
41. Coaxial cable
• The outer shield protects the inner conductor
from outside electrical signals.
• The distance between the outer conductor
(shield) and inner conductor plus the type of
material used for insulating the inner conductor
determine the cable properties or impedance.
• Typical impedances for coaxial cables are 75
ohms for Cable TV, 50 ohms for Ethernet Thinnet
and Thicknet.
42. Optical fiber
• Optical fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can carry information at
frequencies in the visible light spectrum and beyond.
• The typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow strand of glass called the
core.
• Around the core is a concentric layer of glass called the cladding.
• Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting of plastic, it is
called the Jacket.
43. Optical fiber
• An important characteristic of fiber optics is refraction.
• Refraction is the characteristic of a material to either pass or reflect light.
• When light passes through a medium, it "bends" as it passes from one
medium to the other.
• If the angle of incidence is small, the light rays are reflected and do not
pass into the water.
• If the angle of incident is great, light passes through the media but is bent
or refracted.
44. Transmission Media - Unguided
• Unguided transmission media is data signals that
flow through the air.
• They are not guided or bound to a channel to
follow.
• They are classified by the type of wave
propagation.
– RF (Radio Frequency) Propagation
– Microwave Propagation
– Satellite Propagation
45. RF Propagation
There are three types of RF (radio frequency)
propagation:
1.Ground Wave
2.Ionospheric
3.Line of Sight (LOS)
46. Microwave
• Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission.
• The transmit station must be in visible contact with the
receive station.
• Typically the line of sight due to the Earth's curvature is only
50 km to the horizon! Repeater stations must be placed so the
data signal can hop, skip and jump across the country.
47. Satellite
• Satellites are transponders (units that receive on one
frequency and retransmit on another) that are set in
geostationary orbits directly over the equator.
48. Satellite Cont…
• These geostationary orbits are 36,000 km from the Earth's
surface.
• At this point, the gravitational pull of the Earth and the
centrifugal force of Earth's rotation are balanced and cancel
each other out.
49. What is a network?
• A network can consist of two computers
connected together on a desk or it can consist of
many Local Area Networks (LANs) connected
together to form a Wide Area Network (WAN)
across a continent.
• The key is that two or more computers are
connected together by a medium and are sharing
resource.
• These resources can be files, printers, hard-
drives, or CPU number-crunching power.
51. Local loops
• The Local Loop is often called "the last mile"
• It refers to the last mile of analog phone line
that goes from the telephone company's
central office (CO) to your house.
52. Local Area Networks (LANs)
• LANs (local area networks) are networks that connect
computers and resources together in a building or buildings
that are close together.
• The components used by LANs can be divided into cabling
standards, hardware, and protocols.
53. Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) are networks
that connect LANs together within a city.
• The main criterion for a MAN is that the connection
between LANs is through a local exchange carrier
(the local phone company).
54. Wide Area Networks(WANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect LANs together between
cities.
• The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the
WAN uses Long Distance Carriers. Otherwise the same
protocols and equipment are used as a MAN.
55. Network Topology
• The physical topology of a network refers to
the configuration of cables, computers, and
other peripherals.
Main types of physical topologies
1. Linear Bus
2. Star
3. Star-wired ring
4. Tree
56. Linear Bus
• A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable
with a terminator at each end (See figure). All nodes
(file server, workstations, and peripherals) are
connected to the linear cable. Ethernet and local talk
networks use a linear bus topology.
57. Star
• A star topology is designed with each node (file
server, workstations, and peripherals) connected
directly to a central network hub or concentrator
(See figure).
• Data on a star network passes through the hub or
concentrator before continuing to its destination.a
58. Tree/Hybrid
• A tree topology combines
characteristics of linear bus
and star topologies.
• It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations
connected to a linear bus
backbone cable
• Tree topologies allow for
the expansion of an
existing network, and
enable schools to configure
a network to meet their
needs.
60. 1
The physical devices of a computer :
a) Software
b) Package
c) Hardware
d) System Software
Answer: c
61. 2
Which of the following is designed to control the
operations of a computer?
a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User
Answer: b
62. 3
Which of the following is not an example of
system software?
a) Language Translator
b) Utility Software
c) Communication Software
d) Word Processors
Answer: d
63. 4
A person who designs the programs in a
software package is called :
a) User
b) Software Manager
c) System Developer
d) System Programmer
Answer: d
64. 5
___________________ is designed to solve a
specific problem or to do a specific task.
a) Application Software
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) User
Answer: a
65. 6
The software designed to perform a specific
task:
a) Synchronous Software
b) Package Software
c) Application Software
d) System Software
Answer: c
66. 7
Set of programs which consist of full
documentation.
a) Software Package
b) System Software
c) Utility Software
d) File package
Answer: a
67. 8
They normally interact with the system via user
interface provided by the application software.
a) Programmers
b) Developers
c) Users
d) Testers
Answer: c
68. 9
The language made up of binary coded
instructions.
a) Machine
b) C
c) BASIC
d) High level
Answer: a
72. 13
A topology that involves Tokens.
a) Star
b) Ring
c) Bus
d) Daisy Chaining
Answer: b
73. 14
A serially connected system of all the hubs of
networks.
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Daisy chains
d) Star
Answer: c
74. 15
• A serially connected system of all the hubs of
networks.
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Daisy chains
d) Star
Answer: c
75. 16
How many OSI layers are there?
a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d)8
Answer: c
76. 17
At which layer do router devices operate?
a) Data Link Layer
b) Network Layer
c) Transport Layer
d)Physical Layer
Answer: b
77. 18
Which layer manages the reliable transfer of data
from host to host (or end to end)?
a) Network Layer
b) Data Link Layer
c) Session Layer
d) Transport Layer
Answer: d
78. 19
What devices operate at the Data Link Layer?
a) Hubs
b) Switches
c) Repeaters
d) Hubs and Repeaters
Answer: b
79. 20
What does the acronym OSI stand for?
a) Only Some Interest
b) Open System Interconnection
c) One Small Internet
d) Only Safe Internet
Answer: b
