The document discusses human intelligence and artificial intelligence (AI). It defines human intelligence as comprising abilities such as learning, understanding language, perceiving, reasoning, and feeling. AI is defined as the science and engineering of making machines intelligent, especially computer programs. It involves developing systems that exhibit traits associated with human intelligence such as reasoning, learning, interacting with the environment, and problem solving. The document outlines the history of AI and discusses approaches to developing systems that think like humans or rationally. It also covers applications of AI such as natural language processing, expert systems, robotics, and more.

1. Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 1

2. Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 2

3. What is Human intelligence?
• It’s a composi?on of abili?es like
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT
3
Learning
Understanding of
Language
PerceivingReasoning
Feeling

4. What is intelligence?
• The ability to learn or understand from experience
• The ability to acquire and retain knowledge
• The ability to respond quickly and successfully to a
new situa?on
• The ability to use reason to solve problems
If intelligence is learning, understanding, retaining,
responding, and using reason then what is AI?
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 4

5. Quick Answer from Academia
q Modeling human cogni8on using computers.
q Study of making computers do things which at the moment people
are beNer at..
q Making computers do things which require intelligence.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 5

6. Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 6
More Formal Definition of AI
q AI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with the study
and crea?on of computer systems that exhibit
Some form of intelligence.
Or
Those characteris?cs which we associate with intelligence in
human behavior.
q It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.

7. What’s Involved in Intelligence?
q Ability to interact with the real world
Ø To perceive, understand, and act
• e.g., speech recogni?on and understanding
q Searching the best solu?on - medical
q Reasoning and Planning
Ø Modeling the external world – delivery robot
Ø Solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
Ø Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertain?es
q Learning and Adapta?on
Ø We are con?nuously learning and adap?ng
Ø our internal models are always being “updated”
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 7

8. John McCarthy
• (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American
Computer Scien?st And Cogni?ve Scien?st.
• McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of
Ar?ficial Intelligence.
• He coined the term "Ar?ficial Intelligence" (AI)
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 8

9. Two dimensions
• Thinking/Reasoning vs. Behavior/Ac?on.
• Success according to human standards vs. success according to an ideal concept of intelligence ( ra?onality ):
Four Categories.
ü Systems that think like humans (focus on reasoning and human framework).
ü Systems that think ra?onally (focus on reasoning and a general concept of intelligence).
ü Systems that act like humans (focus on behavior and human framework).
ü Systems that act ra?onally (focus on behavior and a general concept of intelligence).
Views of AI fall into four categories in Two
dimensions:
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 9

10. Definition of AI
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 10
Systems that Think like Humans
“The exciting new effort to make computers
think…. Machine with minds,….” (Haugeland,
1985)
“[The automation of] activities that we
associated human thinking, activities such as
decision –making, problem solving,
learning…”(Bellman,1978)
Systems that Think Rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use
of computational models” (Charnaik and
McDermott,1985)
“The study of the computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason and act” (Wintson,
1992)
Systems that Act like Humans
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people” (Kurzwell, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do things
at which, at the moment, people are
better” (Rich and Knight,1991)
Systems that Act Rationally
“A field of study that seeks to explain and
emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes” (Schalkoff,1990)
“The branch of computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior” (Luger and Stubble field)

11. Acting Humanly : Turing Test
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 11
Alan Turing
Born: 23 JUN 1912, London
Died: 17 JUN 1954
computer scien?st, mathema?cian,
logician, cryptanalyst and theore?cal
biologist.
¨ “Can Machine think?” -> “Can Machines behave
intelligently”
¨ Opera?onal test for intelligent behavior: the Imita?on
Game.
¨ The computer would need to possess the following
capabili?es:
• Natural Language Processing
• Knowledge Representa<on
• Automated Reasoning
• Machine Learning

12. Place both a human and a machine mimicking human
responses outside the field of direct observation and use an
unbiased interface to interrogate them. If the responses are
distinguishable, the machine is not displaying intelligence.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 12

13. Thinking Humanly
q Cogni?ve Science approach
- Try to get “inside” our minds- Introspec?on- trying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by and through psychological experiments.
- E.g.. Conduct experiments with people to try to “reverse-engineer”
how we reason, learning, remember, predict.
q Problems
- Humans don’t behave ra?onally.
- The reverse engineering is very hard to do.
- The brain’s hardware is very different to a computer program.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 13

14. Thinking Rationally: The “laws of thought”
approach
q The Greek philosopher Aristotle was one of the first to aNempt to codify ``right
thinking,'' that is, irrefutable reasoning processes.
q He gave Syllogisms that always yielded correct conclusion when correct premises are given.
q These laws of thought were supposed to govern the opera?on of the mind, and ini?ated the field
of logic.
q The logicist tradi?on in AI hopes to create intelligent systems using logic programming.
q However there are two obstacles to this approach.
Ø First, It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state in the formal terms required by logical
nota?on, par?cularly when knowledge is not 100% certain.
Ø Second, solving problem principally is different from doing it in prac?ce.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 14

15. Acting Rationally: The rational agent approach
q What means “behave ra<onally” for a person/system:
Ø Take the right/ best ac?on to achieve the goals, based on his/its knowledge
and belief
q Example. Assume I don’t like to get wet (my goal), so I bring an umbrella (my
ac?on). Do I behave ra?onally?
Ø The answer is dependent on my knowledge and belief
Ø If I’ve heard the forecast for rain and I believe it, then bringing the umbrella is
ra?onal.
Ø If I’ve not heard the forecast for rain and I do not believe that it is going to rain, then
bringing the umbrella is not ra?onal.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 15

16. The rational agent approach
q An agent is en?ty that perceives its environment
and is able to execute ac?ons to change it.
q Agents have inherent goals that they want to
achieve.
q A Ra?onal agent acts in a way to maximize the
achievement of its goals
q True maximiza?ons of goals requires omniscience
and unlimited computa?onal abili?es
q Limited ra?onality involves maximizing goals within
the computa?onal and other resources available.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof, CSE,BMSIT 16

17. History
1943 Mc Culloch & PiNs: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing’s “Compu?ng Machinery and Intelligence”
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program, Newell & Simon’s
Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine.
1956 Dartmouth mee?ng : “Ar?ficial Intelligence” adopted
1965 Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning
1966-73 AI discovers computa?onal complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969-79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980 AI becomes an industry
1986 Neural networks return to popularity
1987 AI becomes a science
1995 The emergence of intelligent agents
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 17

18. Applications of AI:
q Natural Language Understanding
q Expert Systems
q Planning and Robo?cs
q Machine Learning
q Game Playing
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 18

19. Natural Language Processing
q To design and build soqware that will analyze understand and
generate languages that human use naturally.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 19

20. Modes of communication
q Text based.
q Dialogue based.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 20

21. Speech Recognition
q Process of conver?ng sound signal captured by microphone or
mobile/telephone to a set of words.
q 70-100 words / min with accuracy of 90%
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 21

22. Computer Vision
q Ability of a machine to extract informa?on from an image that is
necessary to solve a task
— Image Acquisi?on
— Image Processing
— Image Analysis
— Image understanding
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 22

23. Intelligent Robot
q Tend to mimic human sensing and decision
making abili?es so that they can adopt
themselves to certain condi?ons and
modify their ac?ons.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 23

24. Expert Systems
q These are Soqwares used for decision making .
q Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving.
q Troubleshoo?ng Expert Systems.
q Stock Market Expert System.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 24

25. Fields of AI
q Computer science:
— Graphical User Interface
— Automa?c Storage
management
— Object Oriented Programming
— Data miming
— computer gaming
q Telecommunica?on:
• Automated Online Assistants
• Voice dialing
• Speech Recogni?on
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 25

26. Fields of AI
Avia?on & Automa?on:
• NASA's fight research center.
• Voice recogni?on in fighter jets.
• Direc?ons to A.I pilots through air traffic
controllers.
• Automa?c Gearing System in Cars.
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 26

27. Fields of AI
Robo?cs:
• Assembling Robots
• Welding Robots
• Behavior based robo?cs
• Dancing Robots
• Robot naviga?on
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 27

28. Daily life applications
• Home Security
• Bank
• Post office
• Websites
• Digital cameras
• News and publishing
• Financial trades
• Health and medicine
• Games and toys
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 28

29. How AI is different????????
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 29
Ar?ficial Intelligence
Non Crea?ve
Precise
Consistency
Mul?tasking
Natural Intelligence
Crea?ve
May Contain Error
Non Consistent
Can’t Handle

30. Drawbacks of A.I
• Limited Ability
• Slow Real Time Response
• Can’t Handle Emergency Situa?on
• Difficult code
• High Cost
Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 30

31. Ravi Kumar B N, Asst.Prof,CSE,BMSIT 31
Many Hollywood movies come with the future technology, that technology we can see in our future. Have a look
some of them….
In this movie
people to
purchase
remote
controlled
humanoid
robots
through which
they interact
with society.
These fit, attractive, remotely controlled robots
ultimately assume their life roles, enabling
people to experience life vicariously from the
comfort and safety of their own homes.
Alex (Robocop) at first
rejects his current
condition upon seeing
that his original body
now consists of only
lungs, throat, head and
right hand when the
armor and
Cybernetic components
are fully removed, but
he is convinced by
Norton to be strong for
his wife and son.
He had loose his body parts in a car bomb blast.
Alex has him outfitted with the cybernetic body and
software.