The document discusses operating systems, including what they are, their structure and functions. It defines an operating system as software that enables computer programs to run by managing hardware resources. The key points covered are:
- Operating systems control and allocate memory, prioritize tasks, manage files and I/O devices.
- They consist of four layers - hardware, OS software, system programs and application programs.
- Types of OS include batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multi-user and real-time systems.
- Their main components are process management, memory management, file management and I/O management.
- OS provide services like resource allocation, protection and user interfaces to facilitate programming.
Unit I (8 Hrs)
Introduction to System Software , Overview of all system software’s: Operating system
I/O manager, Assembler, Compiler, Linker ,Loader.
Introductory Concepts: Operating system functions and characteristics, historical evolution
of operating systems, Real time systems, Distributed systems.
Unit II (8 Hrs)
Operating Systems: Methodologies for implementation of O/S service system calls,
system programs, Interrupt mechanisms.
Process - Concept of process and threads, Process states, Process management, Context
switching
Interaction between processes and OS Multithreading Process Control, Job schedulers,
Job Scheduling, scheduling criteria, scheduling algorithms
Unit III (8 Hrs)
Concurrency Control : Concurrency and Race Conditions, Mutual exclusion requirements
Software and hardware solutions, Semaphores, Monitors, Classical IPC problems and
solutions.
Deadlock : Characterization, Detection, Recovery, Avoidance and Prevention.
Unit IV (8 Hrs)
Memory management: Contiguous and non-contiguous, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation
and demand Paging, Virtual Memory, Management of Virtual memory: allocation, fetch and
replacement
Unit V (8 Hrs)
File Management: Concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Protection, File System
implementation, Directory Implementation, Allocation methods, Free Space management,
efficiency and performance
IO systems: disk structure, disk scheduling, disk management.
Unit VI (8 Hrs)
Case Study of Linux: Structure of LINUX, design principles, kernel, process management and
scheduling, file systems installing requirement, basic architecture of UNIX/Linux system, Kernel,
Shell Commands for files and directories cd, cp, mv, rm, mkdir, more, less, creating and viewing
files, using cat, file comparisons, View files, disk related commands, checking disk free spaces,
Essential linux commands.
Understanding shells, Processes in linux – process fundamentals, connecting processes with pipes,
Redirecting input output, manual help, Background processing, managing multiple processes,
changing process priority, scheduling of processes at command, batch commands, kill, ps, who,
sleep, Printing commands, grep, fgrep, find, sort, cal, banner, touch, file, file related commands – ws,sat, cut, grep, dd, etc. Mathematical commands – bc, expr, factor, units. Vi, joe, vim editor
Topic covers:
what is operating system?
need of operating system
Loading of operating system
types of operating system?
Functions of operating system?
System Security Plan?
Hardening of operating system
Unit I (8 Hrs)
Introduction to System Software , Overview of all system software’s: Operating system
I/O manager, Assembler, Compiler, Linker ,Loader.
Introductory Concepts: Operating system functions and characteristics, historical evolution
of operating systems, Real time systems, Distributed systems.
Unit II (8 Hrs)
Operating Systems: Methodologies for implementation of O/S service system calls,
system programs, Interrupt mechanisms.
Process - Concept of process and threads, Process states, Process management, Context
switching
Interaction between processes and OS Multithreading Process Control, Job schedulers,
Job Scheduling, scheduling criteria, scheduling algorithms
Unit III (8 Hrs)
Concurrency Control : Concurrency and Race Conditions, Mutual exclusion requirements
Software and hardware solutions, Semaphores, Monitors, Classical IPC problems and
solutions.
Deadlock : Characterization, Detection, Recovery, Avoidance and Prevention.
Unit IV (8 Hrs)
Memory management: Contiguous and non-contiguous, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation
and demand Paging, Virtual Memory, Management of Virtual memory: allocation, fetch and
replacement
Unit V (8 Hrs)
File Management: Concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Protection, File System
implementation, Directory Implementation, Allocation methods, Free Space management,
efficiency and performance
IO systems: disk structure, disk scheduling, disk management.
Unit VI (8 Hrs)
Case Study of Linux: Structure of LINUX, design principles, kernel, process management and
scheduling, file systems installing requirement, basic architecture of UNIX/Linux system, Kernel,
Shell Commands for files and directories cd, cp, mv, rm, mkdir, more, less, creating and viewing
files, using cat, file comparisons, View files, disk related commands, checking disk free spaces,
Essential linux commands.
Understanding shells, Processes in linux – process fundamentals, connecting processes with pipes,
Redirecting input output, manual help, Background processing, managing multiple processes,
changing process priority, scheduling of processes at command, batch commands, kill, ps, who,
sleep, Printing commands, grep, fgrep, find, sort, cal, banner, touch, file, file related commands – ws,sat, cut, grep, dd, etc. Mathematical commands – bc, expr, factor, units. Vi, joe, vim editor
Topic covers:
what is operating system?
need of operating system
Loading of operating system
types of operating system?
Functions of operating system?
System Security Plan?
Hardening of operating system
This is my sort note of operating system.In this note we describe our knowledge for B.Sc level. Student of B.Sc(H) Computer Science this note is good. We describe this note very easy language which the student easily understand.
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FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Definition of Computer
Classification of Computer
Applications of Computer
Block Diagram and Working of Computer System
Different Peripheral Devices
Main Storage and Auxiliary Storage Devices
Computer Hardware and Software
This is my sort note of operating system.In this note we describe our knowledge for B.Sc level. Student of B.Sc(H) Computer Science this note is good. We describe this note very easy language which the student easily understand.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Definition of Computer
Classification of Computer
Applications of Computer
Block Diagram and Working of Computer System
Different Peripheral Devices
Main Storage and Auxiliary Storage Devices
Computer Hardware and Software
Introduction to Operating Systems: Function, Evolution, Different Types, Desirable Characteristics and features of an O/S, Operating Systems Services: Types of Services, Different ways of providing these Services – Utility Programs, System Calls.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. What is OS?
Operating System is a software, which makes a
computer to actually work.
It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
OS acts as an interface between the application
programs and the machine hardware.
Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,
3. What OS does?
An operating system performs basic tasks such as,
controlling and allocating memory,
prioritizing system requests,
controlling input and output devices,
facilitating networking and
managing file systems.
4. Structure of Operating System:
Application Programs
System Programs
Software (Operating System)
HARDWARE
(Contd…)
5. Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):
The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,
2. Software (Operating System)
Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.
(Contd…)
6. Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):
3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.
4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
7. Types of Operating System
Operating System can be classified into
various categories on the basis of several
criteria
number of simultaneously active programs
number of users working simultaneously
number of processors in the computer system
Application Oriented
Etc.
8. Types of Operating System
Batch Operating System
Multiprogramming Operating System
Time-sharing/Multitasking Operating System
Multi Processing Operating System
Multi-user Operating System
Real-time Operating systems
Distributed Operating Systems
9. Batch Operating System:
Batch processing. Batch processing is the execution of a
series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without
manual intervention.
Jobs are set up so they can be run to completion without
human interaction.
All input parameters are predefined through scripts,
command line arguments, control files, or job control
language.
The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
11. Batch Operating System (Contd…):
Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
Example: Bank statements - At the end of month the
bank makes statements for each account holder. So
these bank statements can be made easily by batch
systems at the end of month.
OS
User
program
area
Memory:
The OS was
always resident
in memory
12. Batch Operating System (Contd…):
Questions:
Write a limitation of batch Processing with
respectively CPU time.
Any one real world example of batch processing
(other than subject teacher given)
13. Multiprogramming Operating System:
Main Limitation of Batch Processing:
CPU Idle time is more.
All Jobs in batch are executed in sequence manner only.
So required to more utilization of CPU
Multiprogramming is a technique
To execute number of programs simultaneously by a single
processor.
number of processes reside in main memory at a time.
Picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in the main memory.
If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from
that job to another job.
Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
14. Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS
Job 1
Job 2
Job 3
Job 4
Job 5
• Figure dipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
• The main memory consists of 5
jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Advantages:
•Efficient memory utilization
•Throughput increases
•CPU is never idle, so performance
increases.
16. Time Sharing Operating Systems:
Time sharing, or multitasking,
Logical extension of multiprogramming.
Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.
The CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is
called as “Time sharing Systems”.
Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
17. Time Sharing Operating Systems:
Advantages
Quick response.
Avoid duplication of software.
Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages
Reliability.
More security and integrity of user programs required.
18. Time Sharing Operating Systems:
Question:
Why Time Sharing Operating System is called as logical
extension of multiprogramming? Describe with example
and both objectives.
19. Multi Processing Operating System
Use of two or more central processing units (CPUs)
within a single computer system.
Ability of a system to support more than one processor.
Ability to allocate tasks between processors.
20. Multi-user Operating Systems:
Allow multiple user to use same computer at
time and/or different time.
Question:
Write at least five operating system names which
is multi-user supported operating system.
Multi processing Operating System and Multi-user
Operating System are similar. Comment on it.
21. Real-time Operating systems:
Ability to provide a required level of services
in bounded response time.
Quick Response
Task is completed within specific time delay.
Examples:
Controlling Traffic Signals, Aircraft
Two types - Hard Real Time and Soft Real Time
22. Real-time Operating systems:
Hard Real Time:
The Action must be taken within the specified
timeline.
Failure to meet deadlines is fatal
Example: Flight Control System
Soft Real Time:
Not mandatory to meet deadlines.
Late completion of jobs is undesirable but not
fatal.
Example- Online Database, Computer Games
23. Real-time Operating systems:
Questions:
Understand and write about any one of real time
operating system example with respective to CPU
utilization, Memory management and I/O
Operation.
24. Operating Systems Structure:
Need to understand Operating System from
various Viewpoints .
System Components – How connected and
their roles.
Services Offered and how provided
Interface
Etc.
25. Operating Systems Components:
Process Management
Main Memory Management
File Management
I/O-System Management
Secondary-Storage Management
Networking
Protection System
Command-Interpreter System
26. Operating Systems Components:
Process Management
A process is a program in execution
(A program is passive, a process active.)
Responsibilities Covered:
To create & delete processes (User & System)
Process suspension and resumption
Process Scheduling (priority, time management, . . . )
Provision of mechanisms for
process synchronization, communication
deadlock handling
27. Operating Systems Components:
Main Memory Management
Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its
own address.
It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the
CPU and I/O devices.
Responsibilities Covered:
Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
Decide which processes to be loaded when memory space
becomes available.
Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being
used and by whom.
28. Operating Systems Components:
File Management
A file is a collection of related information and defined a
logical storage unit.
Associated with its attributes like name, size, type, etc.
Responsibilities Covered:
File/Directory creation and deletion.
File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
Mapping with secondary storage.
Support of primitives for manipulating contents of files and
directories.
29. Operating Systems Components:
I/O-System Management
OS hides the peculiarities of specific hardware of I/O
devices from the user. (through Kernel to use device-driver)
Responsibilities Covered:
A memory-management component that includes
buffering, caching, and spooling.
A general device-driver interface.
Drivers for each device - translate read/write
requests into disk position commands.
30. Operating Systems Components:
Secondary-Storage Management
Secondary-storage devices are used to store data and
programs of the users. Hard Disks, tapes, optical, ...
OS uses optimal techniques for secondary-storage
management in order to increase its efficiency.
Responsibilities Covered:
Free space management.
Storage allocation.
Disk scheduling.
31. Operating Systems Components:
Networking
Communication system between distributed processors.
Getting information about files/processes/etc. on a remote
machine.
Can use either a message passing or a shared memory
model.
32. Operating Systems Components:
Protection System
Users must be protected during the concurrent execution of
multiple processes.
OS’s authorization is required to utilize the resources (i.e. files,
memory segments, CPU, plotters, printers, tapes).
Protection refers to a mechanism for controlling access by
programs, processes, or users to both system and user
resources.
Responsibilities Covered:
Authorized and unauthorized usage.
Improves reliability by detecting errors
35. Operating Systems Services:
Objective: Reduce the burden of programming
OS services for convenience of the users / programmers
User Interface
Program execution
I/O operations
File-system manipulation
Communications
Error detection
36. Operating Systems Services:
OS services for ensuring efficient system operations
Resource allocation
Accounting
Protection
37. System Call:
Provide the interface between a process and the OS.
Used to complete a specific task:
Reading input file name
Opening a file
Prompting a message
Reading data from the file or console
Writing data to the file or console
Etc.
Example: fork()
38. Operating System Structure:
How an Operating System is put together
everything?
Simple Structure
Monolithic kernel
Layer Structure
Microkernels
Modules