Compiler Design is quite important course from UGCNET /GATE point of view .This course clarifies different phases of language conversion.To have more insight refer http://tutorialfocus.net/
This document provides an overview of compiler design, including:
- The history and importance of compilers in translating high-level code to machine-level code.
- The main components of a compiler including the front-end (analysis), back-end (synthesis), and tools used in compiler construction.
- Key phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
- Types of translators like interpreters, assemblers, cross-compilers and their functions.
- Compiler construction tools that help generate scanners, parsers, translation engines, code generators, and data flow analysis.
The document discusses syntax analysis and parsing. It defines a syntax analyzer as creating the syntactic structure of a source program in the form of a parse tree. A syntax analyzer, also called a parser, checks if a program satisfies the rules of a context-free grammar and produces the parse tree if it does, or error messages otherwise. It describes top-down and bottom-up parsing methods and how parsers use grammars to analyze syntax.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
Syntax analysis is the second phase of compiler design after lexical analysis. The parser checks if the input string follows the rules and structure of the formal grammar. It builds a parse tree to represent the syntactic structure. If the input string can be derived from the parse tree using the grammar, it is syntactically correct. Otherwise, an error is reported. Parsers use various techniques like panic-mode, phrase-level, and global correction to handle syntax errors and attempt to continue parsing. Context-free grammars are commonly used with productions defining the syntax rules. Derivations show the step-by-step application of productions to generate the input string from the start symbol.
The document discusses the role and implementation of a lexical analyzer. It can be summarized as:
1. A lexical analyzer scans source code, groups characters into lexemes, and produces tokens which it returns to the parser upon request. It handles tasks like removing whitespace and expanding macros.
2. It implements buffering techniques to efficiently scan large inputs and uses transition diagrams to represent patterns for matching tokens.
3. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens, and flex is a common language for implementing lexical analyzers based on these specifications.
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and LR parsing. Bottom-up parsing starts from the leaf nodes of a parse tree and works upward to the root node by applying grammar rules in reverse. LR parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing that uses shift-reduce parsing with two steps: shifting input symbols onto a stack, and reducing grammar rules on the stack. The document describes LR parsers, types of LR parsers like SLR(1) and LALR(1), and the LR parsing algorithm. It also compares bottom-up LR parsing to top-down LL parsing.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
This document provides an overview of compiler design, including:
- The history and importance of compilers in translating high-level code to machine-level code.
- The main components of a compiler including the front-end (analysis), back-end (synthesis), and tools used in compiler construction.
- Key phases of compilation like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
- Types of translators like interpreters, assemblers, cross-compilers and their functions.
- Compiler construction tools that help generate scanners, parsers, translation engines, code generators, and data flow analysis.
The document discusses syntax analysis and parsing. It defines a syntax analyzer as creating the syntactic structure of a source program in the form of a parse tree. A syntax analyzer, also called a parser, checks if a program satisfies the rules of a context-free grammar and produces the parse tree if it does, or error messages otherwise. It describes top-down and bottom-up parsing methods and how parsers use grammars to analyze syntax.
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
Syntax analysis is the second phase of compiler design after lexical analysis. The parser checks if the input string follows the rules and structure of the formal grammar. It builds a parse tree to represent the syntactic structure. If the input string can be derived from the parse tree using the grammar, it is syntactically correct. Otherwise, an error is reported. Parsers use various techniques like panic-mode, phrase-level, and global correction to handle syntax errors and attempt to continue parsing. Context-free grammars are commonly used with productions defining the syntax rules. Derivations show the step-by-step application of productions to generate the input string from the start symbol.
The document discusses the role and implementation of a lexical analyzer. It can be summarized as:
1. A lexical analyzer scans source code, groups characters into lexemes, and produces tokens which it returns to the parser upon request. It handles tasks like removing whitespace and expanding macros.
2. It implements buffering techniques to efficiently scan large inputs and uses transition diagrams to represent patterns for matching tokens.
3. Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens, and flex is a common language for implementing lexical analyzers based on these specifications.
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and LR parsing. Bottom-up parsing starts from the leaf nodes of a parse tree and works upward to the root node by applying grammar rules in reverse. LR parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing that uses shift-reduce parsing with two steps: shifting input symbols onto a stack, and reducing grammar rules on the stack. The document describes LR parsers, types of LR parsers like SLR(1) and LALR(1), and the LR parsing algorithm. It also compares bottom-up LR parsing to top-down LL parsing.
This document provides information about the CS416 Compiler Design course, including the instructor details, prerequisites, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline, and an overview of the major parts and phases of a compiler. The course will cover topics such as lexical analysis, syntax analysis using top-down and bottom-up parsing, semantic analysis using attribute grammars, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation.
The document discusses different types of parsing including:
1) Top-down parsing which starts at the root node and builds the parse tree recursively, requiring backtracking for ambiguous grammars.
2) Bottom-up parsing which starts at the leaf nodes and applies grammar rules in reverse to reach the start symbol using shift-reduce parsing.
3) LL(1) and LR parsing which are predictive parsing techniques using parsing tables constructed from FIRST and FOLLOW sets to avoid backtracking.
The document discusses the role and process of a lexical analyzer in compiler design. A lexical analyzer groups input characters into lexemes and produces a sequence of tokens as output for the syntactic analyzer. It strips out comments and whitespace, correlates line numbers with errors, and interacts with the symbol table. Lexical analysis improves compiler efficiency, portability, and allows for simpler parser design by separating lexical and syntactic analysis.
The document discusses the design of an assembler. It begins by outlining the general design procedure, which includes specifying the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying data formats, and specifying algorithms. It then discusses the specific design of an assembler, including stating the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying table formats, and looking for modularity. Finally, it provides an example assembly language program and discusses how the assembler would process it using the defined data structures and tables during its first and second passes.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
Syntax directed translation allows semantic information to be associated with a formal language by attaching attributes to grammar symbols and defining semantic rules. There are several types of attributes including synthesized and inherited. Syntax directed definitions specify attribute values using semantic rules associated with grammar productions. Evaluation of attributes requires determining an order such as a topological sort of a dependency graph. Syntax directed translation schemes embed program fragments called semantic actions within grammar productions. Actions can be placed inside or at the ends of productions. Various parsing strategies like bottom-up can be used to execute the actions at appropriate times during parsing.
This document discusses syntax-directed translation, which refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser. The parsing process and parse trees are used to direct semantic analysis and translation of the source program. Attributes and semantic rules are associated with the grammar symbols and productions to control semantic analysis and translation. There are two main representations of semantic rules: syntax-directed definitions and syntax-directed translation schemes. Syntax-directed translation schemes embed program fragments called semantic actions within production bodies and are more efficient than syntax-directed definitions as they indicate the order of evaluation of semantic actions. Attribute grammars can be used to represent syntax-directed translations.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
This document discusses recursive descent parsing, which is a top-down parsing method that uses a set of recursive procedures to analyze the syntax of a program. Each nonterminal in a grammar is associated with a procedure. It attempts to construct a parse tree starting from the root node and creating child nodes in a preorder traversal. Recursive descent parsing can involve backtracking if the initial parsing path fails. An example grammar and parsing procedures using backtracking are provided to illustrate the technique.
It is on simple topic of compiler but first and foremost important topic of compiler. For Lexical Analyzing we coded in C language. So it is easy to understand .
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
This is a presentation on LALR parser. This presentation was created by 6th sem CSE student.
LALR parser is basically used to creating the LR parsing table. LALR parser is used because it is more powerful than SLR and the tables generated by LALR consumes less memory and disk space than CLR parser.
The document discusses macro language and macro processors. It defines macros as single line abbreviations for blocks of code that allow programmers to avoid repetitively writing the same code. It describes key aspects of macro processors including macro definition, macro calls, macro expansion, macro arguments, and conditional macro expansion. Implementation of macro processors involves recognizing macro definitions, saving the definitions, recognizing macro calls, and replacing the calls with the corresponding macro body.
This document discusses syntax analysis in compiler design. It begins by explaining that the lexer takes a string of characters as input and produces a string of tokens as output, which is then input to the parser. The parser takes the string of tokens and produces a parse tree of the program. Context-free grammars are introduced as a natural way to describe the recursive structure of programming languages. Derivations and parse trees are discussed as ways to parse strings based on a grammar. Issues like ambiguity and left recursion in grammars are covered, along with techniques like left factoring that can be used to transform grammars.
This document discusses parsing and syntax analysis. It provides three key points:
1. Parsing involves recognizing the structure of a program or document by constructing a parse tree. This tree represents the structure and is used to guide translation.
2. During compilation, the parser uses a grammar to check the structure of tokens produced by the lexical analyzer. It produces a parse tree and handles syntactic errors and recovery.
3. Parsers are responsible for identifying and handling syntax errors. They must detect errors efficiently and recover in a way that issues clear messages and allows processing to continue without significantly slowing down.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document provides an overview of common string functions in C including strcmp(), strcat(), strcpy(), and strlen(). It defines each function, explains what it is used for, provides the syntax, and includes examples of how each string function works in C code. Overall, the document is a tutorial on the most common string manipulation functions available in the standard C string library.
The document discusses different representations of intermediate code in compilers, including high-level and low-level intermediate languages. High-level representations like syntax trees and DAGs depict the structure of the source program, while low-level representations like three-address code are closer to the target machine. Common intermediate code representations discussed are postfix notation, three-address code using quadruples/triples, and syntax trees.
- The document outlines the goals, outcomes, prerequisites, topics covered, and grading for a compiler design course.
- The major goals are to provide an understanding of compiler phases like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis and code generation, and have students implement parts of a compiler for a small language.
- By the end of the course students will be familiar with compiler phases and be able to define the semantic rules of a programming language.
- Prerequisites include knowledge of programming languages, algorithms, and grammar theories.
- The course covers topics like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and optimization.
This document provides an overview of the key components and phases of a compiler. It discusses that a compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. The main phases of a compiler are lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and symbol table management. Each phase performs important processing that ultimately results in a program in the target language that is equivalent to the original source program.
The document discusses different types of parsing including:
1) Top-down parsing which starts at the root node and builds the parse tree recursively, requiring backtracking for ambiguous grammars.
2) Bottom-up parsing which starts at the leaf nodes and applies grammar rules in reverse to reach the start symbol using shift-reduce parsing.
3) LL(1) and LR parsing which are predictive parsing techniques using parsing tables constructed from FIRST and FOLLOW sets to avoid backtracking.
The document discusses the role and process of a lexical analyzer in compiler design. A lexical analyzer groups input characters into lexemes and produces a sequence of tokens as output for the syntactic analyzer. It strips out comments and whitespace, correlates line numbers with errors, and interacts with the symbol table. Lexical analysis improves compiler efficiency, portability, and allows for simpler parser design by separating lexical and syntactic analysis.
The document discusses the design of an assembler. It begins by outlining the general design procedure, which includes specifying the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying data formats, and specifying algorithms. It then discusses the specific design of an assembler, including stating the problem, defining data structures like symbol tables and opcode tables, specifying table formats, and looking for modularity. Finally, it provides an example assembly language program and discusses how the assembler would process it using the defined data structures and tables during its first and second passes.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
Syntax directed translation allows semantic information to be associated with a formal language by attaching attributes to grammar symbols and defining semantic rules. There are several types of attributes including synthesized and inherited. Syntax directed definitions specify attribute values using semantic rules associated with grammar productions. Evaluation of attributes requires determining an order such as a topological sort of a dependency graph. Syntax directed translation schemes embed program fragments called semantic actions within grammar productions. Actions can be placed inside or at the ends of productions. Various parsing strategies like bottom-up can be used to execute the actions at appropriate times during parsing.
This document discusses syntax-directed translation, which refers to a method of compiler implementation where the source language translation is completely driven by the parser. The parsing process and parse trees are used to direct semantic analysis and translation of the source program. Attributes and semantic rules are associated with the grammar symbols and productions to control semantic analysis and translation. There are two main representations of semantic rules: syntax-directed definitions and syntax-directed translation schemes. Syntax-directed translation schemes embed program fragments called semantic actions within production bodies and are more efficient than syntax-directed definitions as they indicate the order of evaluation of semantic actions. Attribute grammars can be used to represent syntax-directed translations.
The document provides an introduction to compiler construction including:
1. The objectives of understanding how to build a compiler, use compiler construction tools, understand assembly code and virtual machines, and define grammars.
2. An overview of compilers and interpreters including the analysis-synthesis model of compilation where analysis determines operations from the source program and synthesis translates those operations into the target program.
3. An outline of the phases of compilation including preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking source code into absolute machine code using tools like scanners, parsers, syntax-directed translation, and code generators.
The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and ... Note: This page does not list esoteric programming languages. .... Computer programming portal ...
This document discusses recursive descent parsing, which is a top-down parsing method that uses a set of recursive procedures to analyze the syntax of a program. Each nonterminal in a grammar is associated with a procedure. It attempts to construct a parse tree starting from the root node and creating child nodes in a preorder traversal. Recursive descent parsing can involve backtracking if the initial parsing path fails. An example grammar and parsing procedures using backtracking are provided to illustrate the technique.
It is on simple topic of compiler but first and foremost important topic of compiler. For Lexical Analyzing we coded in C language. So it is easy to understand .
An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine language code. It has two passes: in the first pass, it scans the program and builds a symbol table with label addresses; in the second pass, it converts instructions to machine language using the symbol table and builds the executable image. The assembler converts mnemonics to operation codes, symbolic operands to addresses, builds instructions, converts data, and writes the object program and listing. The linker then resolves symbols between object files before the loader copies the executable into memory and relocates it as needed. The assembler uses symbol tables from both passes and databases to perform its functions of translating and building the executable.
This is a presentation on LALR parser. This presentation was created by 6th sem CSE student.
LALR parser is basically used to creating the LR parsing table. LALR parser is used because it is more powerful than SLR and the tables generated by LALR consumes less memory and disk space than CLR parser.
The document discusses macro language and macro processors. It defines macros as single line abbreviations for blocks of code that allow programmers to avoid repetitively writing the same code. It describes key aspects of macro processors including macro definition, macro calls, macro expansion, macro arguments, and conditional macro expansion. Implementation of macro processors involves recognizing macro definitions, saving the definitions, recognizing macro calls, and replacing the calls with the corresponding macro body.
This document discusses syntax analysis in compiler design. It begins by explaining that the lexer takes a string of characters as input and produces a string of tokens as output, which is then input to the parser. The parser takes the string of tokens and produces a parse tree of the program. Context-free grammars are introduced as a natural way to describe the recursive structure of programming languages. Derivations and parse trees are discussed as ways to parse strings based on a grammar. Issues like ambiguity and left recursion in grammars are covered, along with techniques like left factoring that can be used to transform grammars.
This document discusses parsing and syntax analysis. It provides three key points:
1. Parsing involves recognizing the structure of a program or document by constructing a parse tree. This tree represents the structure and is used to guide translation.
2. During compilation, the parser uses a grammar to check the structure of tokens produced by the lexical analyzer. It produces a parse tree and handles syntactic errors and recovery.
3. Parsers are responsible for identifying and handling syntax errors. They must detect errors efficiently and recover in a way that issues clear messages and allows processing to continue without significantly slowing down.
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
This document provides an overview of common string functions in C including strcmp(), strcat(), strcpy(), and strlen(). It defines each function, explains what it is used for, provides the syntax, and includes examples of how each string function works in C code. Overall, the document is a tutorial on the most common string manipulation functions available in the standard C string library.
The document discusses different representations of intermediate code in compilers, including high-level and low-level intermediate languages. High-level representations like syntax trees and DAGs depict the structure of the source program, while low-level representations like three-address code are closer to the target machine. Common intermediate code representations discussed are postfix notation, three-address code using quadruples/triples, and syntax trees.
- The document outlines the goals, outcomes, prerequisites, topics covered, and grading for a compiler design course.
- The major goals are to provide an understanding of compiler phases like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis and code generation, and have students implement parts of a compiler for a small language.
- By the end of the course students will be familiar with compiler phases and be able to define the semantic rules of a programming language.
- Prerequisites include knowledge of programming languages, algorithms, and grammar theories.
- The course covers topics like scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation and optimization.
This document provides an overview of the key components and phases of a compiler. It discusses that a compiler translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. The main phases of a compiler are lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and symbol table management. Each phase performs important processing that ultimately results in a program in the target language that is equivalent to the original source program.
The document summarizes the key phases of a compiler:
1. The compiler takes source code as input and goes through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation to produce machine code as output.
2. Lexical analysis converts the source code into tokens, syntax analysis checks the grammar and produces a parse tree, and semantic analysis validates meanings.
3. Code optimization improves the intermediate code before code generation translates it into machine instructions.
Intermediate Representation in Compiler Constructiontheizm1
The document discusses intermediate representation (IR) in compiler construction. It defines IR as a language-independent representation of source code that is generated by the compiler frontend and used by the backend. The document outlines the benefits of IR, including machine independence, simplification of constructs, optimization, and modularity. It also describes common types of IR like abstract syntax trees, directed acyclic graphs, static single assignment form, and three-address code. Finally, it notes some limitations of using IR.
This document defines and describes compilers. It discusses that a compiler translates high-level programming languages into machine-level languages. The compiler process involves two main phases - analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase breaks down the source code and generates an intermediate representation through lexical, syntax and semantic analysis. The synthesis phase then generates target code from the intermediate representation, optimizing and outputting assembly code. The document also outlines the typical structure of a compiler into front-end, middle-end and back-end components and discusses native compilers, cross compilers and virtual machines.
The document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses that compilers translate high-level language instructions into machine language before execution. A compiler reads source code and translates it into an equivalent target program. The compilation process involves several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation. The front end analyzes the source program and produces intermediate code, while the back end synthesizes the target program from the intermediate code.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It describes the role of the lexical analyzer in translating source code into tokens. Key aspects covered include defining tokens and lexemes, using patterns and attributes to classify tokens, and strategies for error recovery in lexical analysis such as buffering input.
The document discusses code generation which involves mapping intermediate code to machine code. It describes three key issues in code generator design: instruction selection which determines the best machine instructions to use, register allocation which assigns variables to registers, and evaluation order which determines the order of instructions. The document outlines three algorithms for code generation that involve partitioning code into basic blocks, performing intra-block optimizations, and code selection and assignment.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in a source language into an equivalent program in a target language. It has two major phases: analysis and synthesis. The analysis phase creates an intermediate representation using tools like a lexical analyzer, syntax analyzer, and semantic analyzer. The synthesis phase creates the target program from this representation using tools like an intermediate code generator, code optimizer, and code generator. Techniques used in compiler design like lexical analysis, parsing, and code generation have applications in other areas like text editors, databases, and natural language processing.
The document discusses the different phases and passes of a compiler. It describes the analysis phase which includes lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. It then discusses the synthesis phase which includes intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. It explains how compilers use multiple passes to handle forward references and reduce memory usage. Finally, it briefly defines different types of compilers such as one pass, two pass, incremental, native code, and cross compilers.
The document discusses compiler design and the phases of compilation. It aims to help readers build a compiler, understand compiler construction tools, and be familiar with grammars and techniques like analysis and optimization. The key phases of a compiler discussed are scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. Preprocessors, compilers, assemblers and linkers are also explained in the document.
The document discusses compiler design and the phases of compilation. It aims to help readers build a compiler, understand compiler construction tools, and be familiar with grammars and techniques like analysis and optimization. The key phases of a compiler discussed are scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization. Preprocessors, compilers, assemblers and linkers are also explained in the compilation process.
This document discusses embedded systems and provides information on:
- The components of an embedded system including a processor, peripherals, and software.
- Major application areas such as consumer electronics, automation, and networking.
- The embedded system design process including determining requirements, designing architecture, selecting hardware and software, and testing.
- Recent trends in embedded systems including reduced size, cost and power consumption.
The document provides an introduction to compilers. It discusses that compilers are language translators that take source code as input and convert it to another language as output. The compilation process involves multiple phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and code optimization. It describes the different phases of compilation in detail and explains concepts like intermediate code representation, symbol tables, and grammars.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler and their functions. It describes:
1) Lexical analysis converts the source code to tokens by recognizing patterns in the input. It identifies tokens like identifiers, keywords, and numbers.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks that tokens are arranged according to grammar rules by constructing a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis validates the program semantics and performs type checking using the parse tree and symbol table.
The document discusses the phases of a compiler:
1) Lexical analysis scans the source code and converts it to tokens which are passed to the syntax analyzer.
2) Syntax analysis/parsing checks the token arrangements against the language grammar and generates a parse tree.
3) Semantic analysis checks that the parse tree follows the language rules by using the syntax tree and symbol table, performing type checking.
4) Intermediate code generation represents the program for an abstract machine in a machine-independent form like 3-address code.
This document outlines the course structure and content for UCS 802 Compiler Construction. It discusses the key components of a compiler including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, and code generation. Parsing techniques like top-down and bottom-up are also covered. The major parts of a compiler including analysis and synthesis phases are defined.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. MAIN REFERENCE BOOK:
• COMPILERS – PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS, SECOND EDITION BY
ALFRED V. AHO, RAVI SETHI, JEFFERY D. ULLMAN
• PRINCIPLES OF COMPILER DESIGN BY V R RAGHAVAN .
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3. COMPILER
• IT’S A SOFTWARE UTILITY THAT TRANSLATED HIGH LANGUAGE CODE INTO TARGET LANGUAGE
CODE ,AS COMPUTER DOESN’T UNDERSTAND HIGH LANGUAGE.
DATA
OUTPUT
• IMPORTANT ROLE OF COMPILER IS TO REPORT THE ERROR IN THE SOURCE PROGRAM BY
TRANSLATING THE PROGRAM IN ONE GO.
• STRUCTURE OF THE COMPILER IS OFFLINE, MEANING THAT WE PRE-PROCESS THE PROGRAM FIRST
AND CREATES AND EXECUTABLE CODE AND THIS CODE CAN RUN ON DIFFERENT INPUTS OR DATA .
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COMPILER
Source
Program
Target
Program
4. INTERPRETER
• IT’S ANOTHER SOFTWARE UTILITY THAT TRANSLATES HIGH LANGUAGE CODE INTO TARGET
LANGUAGE CODE LINE BY LINE UNLIKE COMPILER .
OUTPUT
• INTERPRETER IS ONLINE MODE, IN WHICH DATA AND SOURCE PROGRAM ARE EXECUTED
SIMULTANEOUSLY GIVING THE OUTPUT .NO PRE-PROCESSING IS DONE EARLIER.
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COMPILER
Source Program
Data
5. EXAMPLES
MOST LANGUAGES ARE USUALLY THOUGHT OF AS USING EITHER
ONE OR THE OTHER:
• COMPILERS: FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, PASCAL, PL/1
• INTERPRETERS: LISP, SCHEME, BASIC, APL, PERL, PYTHON,
SMALLTALK
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7. PHASES OF COMPILER
THE TRANSLATION OF INPUT FILE INTO TARGET CODE IS DIVIDED INTO 2 STAGES :
1. FRONT END (ANALYSIS): TRANSFORM SOURCE CODE INTO INTERMEDIATE CODE ALSO
CALLED INTERMEDIATE REPRESENTATION (IR) . IT’S A MACHINE-INDEPENDENT
REPRESENTATION.
2. BACK END (SYNTHESIS): IT TAKES IR AND GENERATES THE TARGET ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
PROGRAM.
FRONT END BACK END
1) LEXICAL ANALYZER (SCANNING) 5) CODE OPTIMIZATION
2) SYNTAX ANALYZER (PARSING) 6) MACHINE CODE GENERATION
3) SEMANTIC ANALYZER
4) INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATION
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9. LEXICAL ANALYSIS/SCANNING
READS THE STREAM OF CHARACTERS MAKING UP THE SOURCE PROGRAM AND GROUP THE
CHARACTERS INTO MEANINGFUL SEQUENCES CALLED LEXEMES.
LEXEME ---- TOKEN
< TOKEN-NAME, ATTRIBUTE-VALUE>
TOKEN NAME – IS AN ABSTRACT SYMBOL USED DURING SYNTAX ANALYSIS.
ATTRIBUTE VALUE – POINTS TO AN ENTRY IN THE SYMBOL TABLE FOR THIS TOKEN.
POSITION = INITIAL + RATE * 60
<ID,1> < = > <ID,2> < +> <ID,3> < *> <60>
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10. SYNTAX ANALYSIS/PARSING
• RECOGNIZES “SENTENCES” IN THE PROGRAM USING THE SYNTAX OF THE LANGUAGE
• CREATES TREE LIKE STRUCTURE FROM TOKENS (SYNTAX TREE)
• NODE REPRESENTS OPERATION
• CHILDREN REPRESENTS ARGUMENTS
• REPRESENTS THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM, HIDING A FEW DETAILS THAT ARE
IRRELEVENT TO LATER PHASES OF COMPILATION.
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11. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
• INFERS INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROGRAM USING THE SEMANTICS OF THE LANGUAGE
• USES SYNTAX TREE AND INFO. IN SYMBOL TABLE TO CHECK FOR SEMANTIC CONSISTENCY.
• GATHERS TYPE INFO. AND SAVES IT IN EITHER THE SYNTAX TREE OR SYMBOL TABLE FOR USE IN
ICG
• TYPE CHECKING – CHECKS THAT EACH OPERATOR HAS MATCHING OPERANDS. E.G ARRAY
INDEX SHOULD BE INTEGER.
• TYPE CONVERSIONS CALLED COERCIONS
• BINARY ARITHMETIC OPERATOR (INT OR FLOAT)
• IF 6+7.5, THEN CONVERT 6 TO 6.5
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12. INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATION
• GENERATES “ABSTRACT” CODE BASED ON THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM AND THE SEMANTIC
INFORMATION FROM PHASE 2.
SYNTAX TREE ARE ALSO IR
COMPILER MAY PRODUCE EXPLICIT IR
IR HAS TWO PROPERTIES:
EASY TO PRODUCE
EASY TO TRANSLATE INTO TARGET MACHINE
E.G IR – THREE ADDRESS CODE
T1 = INTTOFLOAT(60)
T2 = ID3 * T1
T3 = ID2 + T3
ID1 = T3
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13. CODE OPTIMIZATION
• REFINES THE GENERATED CODE USING A SERIES OF OPTIMIZING TRANSFORMATIONS.
• Eg: REMOVING DEAD CODE .
REDUCING ITERATIONS AND LOOPS ETC..
• APPLY A SERIES OF TRANSFORMATIONS TO IMPROVE THE TIME AND SPACE EFFICIENCY OF THE
GENERATED CODE.
• PEEPHOLE OPTIMIZATIONS: GENERATE NEW INSTRUCTIONS BY COMBINING/EXPANDING ON
A SMALL NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE INSTRUCTIONS.
• GLOBAL OPTIMIZATIONS: REORDER, REMOVE OR ADD INSTRUCTIONS TO CHANGE THE
STRUCTURE OF GENERATED CODE.
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14. CODE GENEARTION
• MAP INSTRUCTIONS IN THE INTERMEDIATE CODE TO SPECIFIC MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS.
• SUPPORTS STANDARD OBJECT FILE FORMATS.
• GENERATES SUFFICIENT INFORMATION TO ENABLE SYMBOLIC DEBUGGING.
IR -> CG -> TARGET LANGUAGE (E.G MACHINE CODE)
REGISTERS AND MEMORY LOCATIONS ARE SELECTED FOR EACH VARIABLE USED BY THE PROGRAM.
LDF R2, ID3
MULF R2, R2, #60.0
LDF R1, ID2
ADDF R1, R1, R2
STF ID1, R1
R1,R2 – REGISTERS F – FLOATING POINT NUMBERS # - IMMEDIATE CONST.
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15. SYMBOL TABLE
• SYMBOL TABLE – DATA STRUCTURE WITH A RECORD FOR EACH IDENTIFIER AND ITS ATTRIBUTES
• ALL THE PHASES ARE CONNECTED TO THE SYMBOL TABLE.
• ATTRIBUTES INCLUDE STORAGE ALLOCATION, TYPE, SCOPE, ETC
• ALL THE COMPILER PHASES INSERT AND MODIFY THE SYMBOL TABLE
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17. COMPILER CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
• DEVELOPER MAY USE MODERN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT CONTAINING
TOOLS Ex: LANGUAGE EDITORS, VERSION MANAGERS, TEC.
• SOME SPECIAL TOOLS CAN ALSO BE USED. THESE TOOLS ARE THOSE WHICH HIDE THE DETAILS
OF GENERATION ALGORITHM AND PRODUCE COMPONENTS THAT CAN BE EASILY INTEGRATED
TO REMAINDER OF THE COMPILER.
• PARSER GENERATOR: TAKES GRAMMAR DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCES SYNTAX ANALYSER.
• SCANNER GENERATOR: TAKES REGULAR EXPRESSION AND PRODUCES LEXICAL ANALYSER.
• AUTOMATIC CODE- GENERATOR : TAKES INTERMEDIATE AND CONVERT TO MACHINE
LANGUAGE)
• DATA FLOW ANALYSIS ENGINES (FOR OPTIMIZATION)
• COMPILER CONSTRUCTION TOOLKIT.
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18. APPLICATION OF COMPILER TECHNOLOGY
• IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
- CONCEPTS OF OOPS
• OPTIMIZATION FOR COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
- PARALLELISM
- MEMORY HIERARCHIES OF MACHINES(REG, ARRAYS ETC)
• DESIGN OF NEW COMPUTER ARCHITECURES
- RISC
- CISC
- SIMD ETC
• PROGRAM TRANSLATIONS
• SOFTWARE PRODUCTIVITY TOOLS
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