The document provides an overview of operating systems. It begins with definitions of an operating system and its roles in providing resources to users and applications and coordinating access to resources. It then discusses operating system concepts like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and protection systems. It outlines the evolution of operating systems from early batch systems to modern networked and distributed systems. It also discusses different operating system structures like kernel-based approaches, layered approaches, and virtual machine approaches.
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
Introduction to Information Technology- Operating systemTrinity Dwarka
Department of computer application- Introduction to Information Technology- Operating system
Operating System
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer Systems
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Enhancing an OS
A program that controls the execution of application programs
An interface between applications and hardware
Layers of Computer System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Program development
Editors and debuggers
Program execution
Access to I/O devices
Controlled access to files
System access
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer Systems
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Enhancing an OS
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Providing a User Interface
Managing Hardware
Organizing Files and Folders
Types of Operating Systems
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
Operating System definitions and about system calls
Operating System Services
User and Operating System-Interface
System Calls
Types of system calls
System Programs
C project presentation (sound system & children app )sheiblu
This is a system (software) for children where use 'C' (lang) and fast we use SOUND in c compiler . And this slide you found FEATURES , Stake Holder , System Requirement ,Use Case Diagram ,Specification , etc .
IF u need this System , you can knock me ...
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
Introduction to Information Technology- Operating systemTrinity Dwarka
Department of computer application- Introduction to Information Technology- Operating system
Operating System
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer Systems
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Enhancing an OS
A program that controls the execution of application programs
An interface between applications and hardware
Layers of Computer System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Program development
Editors and debuggers
Program execution
Access to I/O devices
Controlled access to files
System access
INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer Systems
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Types of Operating Systems
Enhancing an OS
Operating System Objectives
Layers of Computer System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Services Provided by the Operating System
Functions of Operating Systems
Providing a User Interface
Managing Hardware
Organizing Files and Folders
Types of Operating Systems
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
Operating System definitions and about system calls
Operating System Services
User and Operating System-Interface
System Calls
Types of system calls
System Programs
C project presentation (sound system & children app )sheiblu
This is a system (software) for children where use 'C' (lang) and fast we use SOUND in c compiler . And this slide you found FEATURES , Stake Holder , System Requirement ,Use Case Diagram ,Specification , etc .
IF u need this System , you can knock me ...
The calendar application presented here is a very simple console application developed using C programming language. It is compiled in Code::Blocks using GCC compiler.
It is built without using graphics properties; instead, it utilizes many windows properties to give the application a colorful look and feel.
This application utilizes file handling and various other basic aspects of the C language.
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
Mobile-First SEO - The Marketers Edition #3XEDigitalAleyda Solís
How to target your SEO process to a reality of more people searching on mobile devices than desktop and an upcoming mobile first Google index? Check it out.
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use
More on https://www.markjohn.cf/courses
This course will deliberate on the basics of an operating system, which may include Computer Memory, the Operating System, its Graphical User Interface, The Windows Operating System, and Desktop, Operating System Installation.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. What is an Operating System?
• Not easy to define precisely…
Users
Applications
Operating System
Hardware
• OS:
compilers
databases
word processors
CPU
memory
I/O devices
Everything in system that isn’t an application or hardware
• OS:
Software that converts hardware into a useful form for
applications
4. What is the role of the OS?
• Role #1: Resources provider
•
What is a resource?
– Anything valuable (e.g., CPU, memory, disk)
5. What is the role of the OS?
• Role #2: Resource coordinator (I.e.,
manager)
• Advantages of resource coordinator
– Virtualize resources so multiple users or
applications can share
– Protect applications from one another
– Provide efficient and fair access to resources
6. What Functionality belongs in
OS?
• No single right answer
• Desired functionality depends on outside
factors
– OS must adapt to both user expectations
and technology changes
12. An Operating system is
• An interface between users and hardware
- an environment "architecture”
• Allows convenient and efficient usage of
resources (Gives each user a slice of the
resources)
• Provides information protection
• Acts as a control program.
16. Evolution of Operating Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Early Systems (1950)
Simple Batch Systems (1960)
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems (1970)
Time-Sharing (1970)
Personal/Desktop Systems (1980)
Multiprocessor Systems (1980)
Networked/Distributed Systems (1980)
Real-Time (1970) and Handheld (1990)
17. Batch Processing
Batch: Group of jobs submitted together
– Operator collects jobs; orders efficiently; runs one at a
time
• Advantages
– Keep machine busy while programmer thinks
– Improves throughput and utilization
• Disadvantages
– User must wait until batch is done for results
– Machine idle when job is reading from cards and
writing to printers
18. Multiprogrammed Systems
• Goal of OS
– Improve performance by always running a job
– Keep multiple jobs resident in memory
– When job waits for disk I/O, OS switches to another
job
• OS Functionality
– Job scheduling policies
– Memory management and protection
• Advantage: Improves throughput and utilization
• Disadvantage: Machine not interactive
20. Time Sharing Systems (TSS)
• Batch multiprogramming does not support
interaction with users.
• In time sharing systems multiple users
simultaneously access the system through
terminals .
• Processor’s time is shared among multiple
users.
21. Why does Time-Sharing
work?
• Because of slow human reaction time, a
typical user needs 2 seconds of
processing time per minute.
• Then many users should be able to share
the same system without noticeable delay
in the computer reaction time.
• The user should get a good response
time.
22. Personal/Desktop Systems
• Personal computers –
dedicated to a single user.
computer
system
• I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens,
small printers.
• May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
24. Networked Systems
• Requires networking infrastructure.
• Local area networks (LAN) or Wide
area networks (WAN).
• May be either Centralized Sever or
Client-Server or Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
systems.
30. •
**Networked/Distributed
Systems computation
Distribute resources and the
among several physical processors.
• Loosely coupled system:
– each processor has its own local memory.
– processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines.
• Advantages:
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
32. Networked/Distributed Operating
Systems
• Network Operating System (NOS):
– provides mainly file sharing.
– Each computer runs independently from other
computers on the network.
• Distributed Operating System (DOS):
– gives the impression there is a single operating
system controlling the network.
– network is mostly transparent – it’s a powerful
virtual machine.
33. Real-Time Systems (RTS)
• Note that not all Operating Systems are
general-purpose systems.
• Real-Time (RT) systems are dedicated
systems that need to adhere to deadlines ,
i.e., time constraints.
• Correctness of the computation depends
not only on the logical result but also on
the time at which the results are produced.
34. Hard Real-Time Systems
• Hard real-time system:
– Must meet its deadline.
• Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application:
– Industrial control
– Robotics
• Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored
in short term memory, or read-only memory
(ROM).
35. Soft Real-Time Systems
• Soft real-time system:
– Deadline desirable but not mandatory.
– Limited utility in industrial control or
robotics.
– Useful in modern applications
(multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.
36. Handheld Systems
• Handheld systems are also dedicated.
– Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs).
– Cellular telephones.
• Issues:
– Limited memory
– Slow processors
– Small display screens
– Support for multimedia (images, video)
39. Functions of OS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Process Management
Main Memory Management
File Management
I/O System Management
Secondary Management
Networking
Protection System
Command-Interpreter System
40. Process Management
• A process is a program in execution. A process
needs certain resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices, to accomplish
its task.
• The operating system is responsible for the
following activities in connection with process
management.
– Process creation and deletion.
– process suspension and resumption.
– Provision of mechanisms for:
• process synchronization
• process communication
41. Main-Memory Management
• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its
own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data
shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its
contents in the case of system failure.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connections with memory management:
– Keep track of which parts of memory are currently
being used and by whom.
– Decide which processes to load when memory space
becomes available.
– Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.
42. File Management
• A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.
Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object forms)
and data.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with file management:
– File creation and deletion.
– Directory creation and deletion.
– Mapping files onto secondary storage.
– File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.
43. I/O System Management
• The I/O system consists of:
– A buffer-caching system
– A general device-driver interface
– Drivers for specific hardware devices
44. Secondary-Storage
Management
• Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too
small to accommodate all data and programs
permanently, the computer system must provide
secondary storage to back up main memory.
• Most modern computer systems use disks as the
principle on-line storage medium, for both programs and
data.
• The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with disk management:
– Free space management
– Storage allocation
– Disk scheduling
45. Networking (Distributed Systems)
• A distributed system is a collection processors that do not share
memory or a clock. Each processor has its own local memory.
• The processors in the system are connected through a
communication network.
• Communication takes place using a protocol.
• A distributed system provides user access to various system
resources.
• Access to a shared resource allows:
– Computation speed-up
– Increased data availability
– Enhanced reliability
46. Protection System
• Protection refers to a mechanism for
controlling
access
by
programs,
processes, or users to both system and
user resources.
• The protection mechanism must:
– distinguish between authorized and
unauthorized usage.
– specify the controls to be imposed.
– provide a means of enforcement.
47. Command-Interpreter System
• Many commands are given to the operating system by control
statements which deal with:
– process creation and management
– I/O handling
– secondary-storage management
– main-memory management
– file-system access
– protection
– networking
48. Command-Interpreter System
(Cont.)
• The program that reads and interprets
control statements is called variously:
– command-line interpreter
– shell (in UNIX)
Its function is to get and execute the next
command statement.
49. Additional Operating System
Functions
Additional functions exist not for helping the user, but rather for
ensuring efficient system operations.
• Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple
users or multiple jobs running at the same time.
• Accounting – keep track of and record which users
use how much and what kinds of computer resources
for account billing or for accumulating usage statistics.
• Protection – ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled.
51. Operating System Services
• Program execution – system capability to load a program
into memory and to run it.
• I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute I/O
operations directly, the operating system must provide
some means to perform I/O.
• File-system manipulation – program capability to read,
write, create, and delete files.
• Communications – exchange of information between
processes executing either on the same computer or on
different systems tied together by a network.
Implemented via shared memory or message passing.
• Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting
errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices,
or in user programs.
53. System Calls
• System calls provide the interface between a running
program and the operating system.
– Generally available as assembly-language
instructions.
– Languages defined to replace assembly language for
systems programming allow system calls to be made
directly (e.g., C, C++)
• Three general methods are used to pass parameters
between a running program and the operating system.
– Pass parameters in registers.
– Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the
table address is passed as a parameter in a register.
– Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
program, and pop off the stack by operating system.
57. The OS Shell
• Defines interface between OS and
users
– Windows GUI
– UNIX command line
– UNIX users can choose among a variety of
shells
• csh is the “C shell”
• tcsh is an enhanced “C shell”
59. The OS Kernel
• The internal part of the OS is often
called the kernel
• Kernel Components
– File Manager
– Device Drivers
– Memory Manager
– Scheduler
– Dispatcher
60. OS File Manager
• Maintains information about the
files that are available on the
system
• Where files are located in mass
storage, their size and type and
their protections, what part of
mass storage is available
• Files usually allowed to be
grouped in directories or
folders. Allows hierarchical
organization.
61. OS Device Drivers
• Software to communicate with peripheral
devices or controllers
• Each driver is unique
• Translates general requests into specific
steps for that device
62. OS Memory Manager
• Responsible for coordinating the
use of the machine’s main
memory
• Decides what area of memory is
to be allocated for a program
and its data
• Allocates and deallocates
memory for different programs
and always knows what areas
are free
63. OS Scheduler
• Maintains a record of processes that are
present, adds new processes, removes
completed processes
– memory area(s) assigned
– priority
– state of readiness to execute (ready/wait)
64. OS Dispatcher
• Ensures that processes that are
ready to run are actually
executed
• Time is divided into small (50
ms) segments called a time
slice
• When the time slice is over, the
dispatcher allows scheduler to
update process state for each
process, then selects the next
process to run
68. Kernel Based Approach
•
•
•
•
Kernel contains a collection of primitives which are used to build the OS
OS implements policy, Kernel implements mechanisms
The advantage is performance, the disadvantage are complexity and
maintainability
Why use this approach? If you have a relatively “small” kernel the gains in
performance and efficiency outweigh the disadvantages.
User Applications
User
Apps
Sys
Services
kernel-user interface
kernel-user interface
kernel (privileged)
kernel (privileged)
hw-sw interface
hw-sw interface
hardware
hardware
References:
1. Brinch Hansen, P., "The Nucleus of a Multiprogramming System", Communications of the ACM, Apr. 1970, pp. 238-241.
2. D. Ritchie, and K. Thompson, “The UNIX Time-Sharing System”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 17, No. 7, Jul. 1974, pp. 365-375.
3. Wulf, W., E. Cohen, W. Corwin, A. Jones, R. Levin, C. Pierson, and F. Pollack, "HYDRA: The Kernel of a Multiprocessor Operating
System", Communications of the ACM, June 1974, pp. 337-345.
70. MS-DOS System Structure
• MS-DOS – written to provide the most
functionality in the least space:
– not divided into modules (monolithic).
– Although MS-DOS has some structure, its
interfaces and levels of functionality are not
well separated.
72. UNIX System Structure
•
•
UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX OS
had limited structuring.
The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts:
1. Systems Programs:
2. The Kernel:
• Consists of everything below the system-call interface and
above the physical hardware
• Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory
management, and other operating-system functions; a
large number of functions for one level.
75. 2. Microkernel System Structure (1)
• Move as much functionality as possible from the kernel into “user”
space.
• Only a few essential functions in the kernel
– primitive memory management (address space)
– I/O and interrupt management
– Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
– basic scheduling
• Other OS services are provided by processes running in user mode
(vertical servers) – device drivers, file system, virtual memory…
76. 2. Microkernel System Structure (2)
• Communication takes place between user
modules using message passing.
• But a performance penalty caused by
replacing service calls with message
exchanges between process.
• More flexibility, extensibility, portability and
reliability (details in next 4 slides).
78. Benefits of a Microkernel Organization
(1)
• Extensibility/Reliability
– modular design.
– easy to add services.
– small microkernel can be rigorously tested.
• Portability
– changes needed to port the system to a new
processor is done in the microkernel in the other services.
not
79. Benefits of Microkernel Organization
(2)
• Distributed system support
– message are sent without knowing
what the target machine is.
• Object-oriented operating system
– components are objects with clearly
defined interfaces that can be
interconnected to form software.
84. 3. Exokernel
• Takes micro-kernel to the extreme
• Services implemented as user space library linked against
application.
• Only a minimum of functionality is implemented in the kernel,
such as context switching and MMU management.
• Export hardware resources that may be managed by user-level
applications while the kernel implements the protection
mechanism
• Apps may optimize to a given hardware platform or create new
resource abstractions
References:
• D. R. Engler M. F. Kaashoek J. O'Toole, Jr., “Exokernel: an operating system architecture for application-level resource management”,
Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, pp. 251-266, Copper Mountain, Colorado, 1995.
86. Layered Approach
• The operating system is divided into a
number of layers (levels), each built on top
of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer
0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is
the user interface.
• With modularity, layers are selected such
that each uses functions (operations) and
services of only lower layers.
92. Virtual Machine Approach
• Virtual software layer over hardware
• Illusion of multiple instances of hardware
• Supports multiple instances of OSs
VM1
VM2
VM3
VM4
Virtual machine software
Hardware
References:
• Seawright, L., and R. MacKinnon, "VM/370 - A Study of Multiplicity and Usefulness", IBM Systems Journal, 1979, pp. 4-17.
93. Virtual Machines
• A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical
conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as
though they were all hardware.
• A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the underlying
bare hardware.
• The operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes,
each executing on its own processor with its own (virtual) memory.
94. OS Summary
• Shell -- interface to user
• File Manager -- manages mass
memory
• Device Drivers -- communicate with
peripherals
• Memory Manager -- manages main
memory
• Scheduler & Dispatcher -- manage
processes
95. Different Operating Systems
on the Same Machine ?
• It is possible to have more than one
operating system available to be used
on a machine.
• Only one operating system is run at a
time, though.
• Examples:
– VAX -- VMS or Ultrix
– PCs -- DOS, Windows, or Linux
96. Utilities
• Operating systems usually come with
some associated utility programs
• UNIX usually has the text editors emacs
and vi (and sometimes pico)
• UNIX has its own sort utility
• UNIX has its own mail utility