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1. “Three Circles of English”
Braj Kachru Inner-Circle
UK, USA, AU, NZ, etc.
380 million speakers
Outer-Circle
India, Nigeria, Philippines, Ba
ngladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia
, Tanzania, Kenya, non-
Anglophone South Africa
and Canada, etc.
150–300 million speakers
Expanding Circle
China, Russia, Japan, most of
Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indone
sia, etc.
Up to one billion speakers.

2. “Three Circles of English”
Braj Kachru
Inner circle: 'norm-providing'.
English language norms are developed in these
countries.
Outer circle: 'norm-developing'.
Expanding circle: 'norm-dependent’
These countries rely on standards set by native
speakers in the inner circle.

3. Numerically speaking, English is increasingly
becoming the language of non-native speakers.
The language’s center of gravity is likely to shift in the
direction of the non-native speakers.

4. A paradigm shift on the way?
Language distribution
Native speaker-coded forms
and meanings transmitted into
new environments.
 adoption & conformity
Language spread
the language spreads on its
own, and changes along the way.
 adaptation & nonconformity

5. Throughout history, most people have learned a foreign
language because they have been interested in the
associated culture, and/or have lived in a society
dominated by its native speakers.
This no longer holds true for the vast majority of people
learning English. Their main purpose is to make themselves
understood internationally. Most interactions in which
English is used as a foreign or second language take place
without the presence of native speakers.

7. American EnglishGlobal English
Want to study in USA; Want to communicate
assimilate American accent with people all over the
world, not only Americans
Now living in America; mainly
interested in communicating In home country, many
with American people Englishes are spoken; no
particular emphasis is
Easy to learn, thanks to: given to American English.
- movies & other media
- straightforward speaking English a means to certain
style information that bears no
specific relationship to its
America is #1 native speakers or their
culture.

8. English as a “means language”
Example from 17th – 19th
century Japan
Dutch was studied as a means
of gaining knowledge in
technology and science.
Description of a microscope
the 1787 book, Sayings ofthe
Dutch,Japan’s first treatise on
Western anatomy

9. When examining Global English, we see great heterogeneity
because speakers are strongly influenced by the
grammatical, lexical and pronunciation patterns of their
respective mother tongues.
How much should we seek to homogenize that
heterogeneity according to American standards?
Should the global shift away from native speaker standards
and toward a more functional and international one
influence the way we teach?
Do native speakers still ‘own’ English?