This document discusses phonetics and phonology, specifically focusing on prosody, intonation, pitch, tone, stress, rhythm, and speech tempo. It defines these linguistic concepts and explains their functions and significance in speech. Intonation is described as a prosodic feature involving variations in pitch, tone, stress, tempo, and rhythm. The document outlines different intonation patterns (rising, falling, rising-falling) and their uses to express attitudes, emotions, questions versus statements, and focus meaning. Psychological, indexical, and grammatical functions of intonation are also summarized.

2. Phonetics
and
Phonology

3. Contents
 Prosody.
 Intonation.
 Pitch .
 Tone.
 Stress.
 Rhythm.
 Speech Tempo.

4. Prosody
 It is the study of linguistic functions such
as intonation, pitch, tone, speech tempo
,stress, and rhythm.
 It may reflect various features of the
speaker or utterance.

5. Intonation
 Intonation is referred to as a prosodic
feature of English.
It is used to describe variations in pitch,
tone , stress , tempo,
and rhythm.

6. History
Early in the 20th century the dominant approach in
the description of English and French intonation
was based on a small number of basic "tunes"
associated with intonation units.in a typical
description, Tune 1 is falling,while Tune 2 has a final
rise.
This "Standard British" treatment of intonation in
its present-day form is explained in detail by
Wells and in a simplified version by Roach.

7. Form of english intonation
 The form of English intonation is
often said to be based on three aspects:
The division of speech into units
The highlighting of particular words and
syllables
The choice of pitch movement.

8. Pitch :
 The degree of highness and lowness of the
voice.
 The pitch of a word often used to express
differences of meaning.
e.g ; “ You are coming.”
“ You are coming?”

9. Stress :
 Stress functions as the means of making a
syllable prominent.
Speech tempo :
 The pace of speech is called tempo.
 Fast speech can convey urgency.
 Slow speech can be used for emphasis.

10. Tone
 The emotions or attitude express by the
words that is used by the speaker.(
varying between rise and fall of tone )
Rhythm
 The measured flow of words
determined by the relation of stressed or
unstressed syllables.

11. Significance of Intonation.
 Indicating the attitudes and emotions of the
speaker,
 Define the difference between statements ,
commands and questions,
 Focusing on important elements of the
spoken message.

12. Functions of Intonation
 Psychological function.
 Indexical function
 Grammatical function

13. Psychological function:
 To organise speech into units that are easier
to perceive and memorize.
Indexical function :
(associated an individual speaker)
 To serve as a social identity; Lawyers, Army
sergeants, preachers and sports commentators
are readily identified through their distinctive
prosody

14. Grammatical function
Sentences which when written are
ambiguous, and ambiguity can only be
removed by different intonation: e.g.
• Those who sold quickly | made profit.
(A profit was made by those who sold quickly)
• Those who sold |quickly made profit.
(A profit was quickly made by those who sold)

15. Patterns of Intonation
 Rising intonation pattern.
 Falling intonation pattern.
Rising- falling intonation pattern.

16. Rising intonation pattern.
 Rising intonation describes how the voice
rises at the end of a sentence.
 It can express a various no. of emotions such
as ; ambiguity, surprise,politeness,interest,
lack of confidence etc.
e.g ; What a beautiful weather !

17. Falling intonation pattern.
 In this pattern at the end of sentence the
tone is falling.
 The most common type of intonation.
 Used for asking and giving information in
quiet and certain style e.g; Where do you
live ?
“We live in Pakistan.”

18. Rising- falling intonation
pattern.
 This Pattern shows limited agreement,
reservation, doubt or uncertainty.
e.g ; It’s possible.
You may be right.
If I am not mistaken.

19. Any Question ?