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This document provides an overview of key concepts in data communication and computer networks. It discusses data communication components and characteristics, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), network devices (hub, switch, router, modem, bridge, repeater), types of computer networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols, and standards. The document serves as the syllabus for a unit on data communication fundamentals.
Networking involves connecting computers together to share resources. There are different types of computer networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN. A LAN connects devices over a short distance like within an office building. A WAN spans large physical distances like the Internet. A MAN connects devices over an area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as within a city. Network devices like hubs, switches, bridges and routers are used to connect different parts of a network.
A network connects two or more computer systems together to share data and information. There are different types of networks categorized by their geographic reach, such as local-area networks (LANs) for computers close together, and wide-area networks (WANs) for computers farther apart connected by telephone or radio. Networks are also classified by their topology like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree, which define how the connected devices are arranged. Common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and bridges that help direct data traffic flow across the network.
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A computer network connects independent computers that communicate over a shared network medium. The basic components of a network include at least two computers (servers or clients), networking interface cards, a connection medium like cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including LANs, WANs, intranets, and the Internet. The OSI model defines seven layers of network functionality from the physical layer up to the application layer. TCP/IP is an open networking model used on the Internet with layers including physical, internet, and transport layers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by defining a computer network as interconnecting two or more computer systems or peripheral devices to enable communication and sharing of resources. The key components of a network are identified as computers, cables, network interface cards, connecting devices, networking operating systems, and protocol suites. Advantages of networking include sharing hardware and software, increasing productivity through file sharing, backups, cost effectiveness, and saving time. Disadvantages include high installation costs, required administration time, single point of failure risk, cable faults interrupting connectivity, and security risks from hackers that require firewalls and antivirus software. The document discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network architectures and covers switching techniques like circuit
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
Unit dsffffdgdigigjgkjxclvjxcvxcvxciofjgerioutsiosrut1.pptxgurjardeep68
This document provides an overview of key concepts in data communication and computer networks. It discusses data communication components and characteristics, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (star, bus, ring, mesh, hybrid), network devices (hub, switch, router, modem, bridge, repeater), types of computer networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols, and standards. The document serves as the syllabus for a unit on data communication fundamentals.
Networking involves connecting computers together to share resources. There are different types of computer networks including LAN, MAN, and WAN. A LAN connects devices over a short distance like within an office building. A WAN spans large physical distances like the Internet. A MAN connects devices over an area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as within a city. Network devices like hubs, switches, bridges and routers are used to connect different parts of a network.
A network connects two or more computer systems together to share data and information. There are different types of networks categorized by their geographic reach, such as local-area networks (LANs) for computers close together, and wide-area networks (WANs) for computers farther apart connected by telephone or radio. Networks are also classified by their topology like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree, which define how the connected devices are arranged. Common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and bridges that help direct data traffic flow across the network.
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A computer network connects independent computers that communicate over a shared network medium. The basic components of a network include at least two computers (servers or clients), networking interface cards, a connection medium like cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including LANs, WANs, intranets, and the Internet. The OSI model defines seven layers of network functionality from the physical layer up to the application layer. TCP/IP is an open networking model used on the Internet with layers including physical, internet, and transport layers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by defining a computer network as interconnecting two or more computer systems or peripheral devices to enable communication and sharing of resources. The key components of a network are identified as computers, cables, network interface cards, connecting devices, networking operating systems, and protocol suites. Advantages of networking include sharing hardware and software, increasing productivity through file sharing, backups, cost effectiveness, and saving time. Disadvantages include high installation costs, required administration time, single point of failure risk, cable faults interrupting connectivity, and security risks from hackers that require firewalls and antivirus software. The document discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network architectures and covers switching techniques like circuit
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document discusses key concepts of networking including the three basic elements required: network hardware, software, and protocols. It describes common network types like LAN, WAN, and MAN and compares peer-to-peer and server-based networks. The OSI reference model and TCP/IP model are explained along with common network devices, cabling, and IP addressing schemes.
This document defines and describes several common computer networking devices. It explains that network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks by providing a physical connection and MAC address. Hubs broadcast all data to all ports, while switches only send data to the targeted port, improving efficiency. Bridges separate traffic on connected network segments. Routers connect dissimilar networks and make routing decisions. Gateways convert between data formats. Repeaters receive and retransmit signals to extend range. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Media converters connect different cabling types. Wireless access points provide connections to wireless networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication topics including:
1. The components of a data communication system include transmission medium and devices that send/receive data. Data can flow between devices in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes.
2. Networks connect devices through communication links. Common network topologies include mesh, star, ring, and bus. The OSI model defines a 7-layer architecture for network communication.
3. Protocols establish rules for data transmission including syntax, semantics, and timing. Common network types are LANs for local connectivity and WANs for long-distance transmission.
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
h!
This an assignment about
Data_Communications_and_networking
OS I model
university of Sri Jayawardenepura (Dept.of.IT)
2nd year 2nd semester
Thank you,
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the CS 352 Computer Networks course. The course is taught by Ms. Diksha Goyal and Unit 1 will cover OSI and TCP/IP models, network topologies, networking types, transmission media, networking devices, WLAN, and multiplexing. It then provides detailed descriptions of data representation, OSI layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also describes TCP/IP layers including network access, internet, and host-to-host layers.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networking. It discusses key concepts like data communication, networking, communication models, and transmission media. It also covers topics like protocols, the OSI model, TCP/IP, and different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree. The document is serving to introduce students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Wollega University to foundational topics in data communication and computer networking.
The document discusses embedded communication software design. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and how each layer is implemented in hardware and software. It then discusses different communication devices and how they implement specific layers, including hosts, switches, routers, and other telecommunication equipment. The document also covers the types of software components used, including protocol software and infrastructure/systems software, and considerations for communication software design.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
A network connects devices that exchange data over media. A host has a logical network address and can be devices like workstations, servers, printers. Protocols are agreed upon rules for network functions. The network topology refers to the physical layout, such as bus, star, or ring. Networks are LANs for small areas or WANs connecting multiple LANs over wide areas. Devices include routers, switches, bridges, firewalls, and more.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
The document provides an overview of computer networking. It discusses various topics covered including types of topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), types of servers (application server, catalog server, etc.), types of networks (LAN, WAN, etc.), network components (routers, switches, etc.), and the OSI model. Each section is authored by a different person (Savin Shetty, Ankita Shetty, etc.).
Introductory concepts of data communication lecture-1vishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document goes on to describe common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes with a brief discussion of network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
Introductory Concepts of Data Communication-Lecture-1.pptxvishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document then describes common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes by discussing network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
Networking device Computer Application in BusinessNethan P
This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by listing repeaters, hubs, bridges, and routers. It then provides details on each type of device: Repeaters regenerate signals to extend network range but cannot filter traffic. Hubs send all incoming signals to all ports, potentially causing collisions. Bridges operate at the data link layer to filter traffic between network segments. Routers make routing decisions at the network layer based on IP addresses to filter broadcast traffic and provide the best path between networks.
OSI and TCP/IP are two reference models that describe network protocols and functions of network devices. The OSI model contains seven layers that define data communication functions. MAC addresses identify devices physically while IP addresses identify them logically. The TCP/IP model has four layers for networking activities. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh, with variations combining elements of these.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
For Introduction to Network1.What is computer networking means2.pdffippsximenaal85949
For Introduction to Network
1.What is computer networking means?
2.What is network topology list three and explain brifly?
3.What is router and how it works?
4.What is the different between Hub and Switch?
Solution
1. A computer network:
It is a telecommunications network which permits computers to swap data. In computer
networks, networked computing machines exchange data with every other using a data link. The
connections between nodes are instituted using either cable media or wireless media.
2. A topology is just put; a topology is explained of a network. There are actually three basic
kinds of topologies. They are Star, Bus, and Ring. All computers and devices be connected in
series to a solitary linear cable named a trunk or occasionally called a backbone.
Star: All computers and devices are attached to a centrally placed hub or switch. The hub or
switch collects and issues the flow of data within the network. It’s improved to employ a switch
than a hub as a switch transmits the data to the future recipient rather than to every host on a
network.
Bus: every computer and device is connected in series to a solitary linear cable named a trunk or
sometimes named a backbone. Both ends of the trunk must be ended to stop the signal from
bouncing back up the cable. As the bus topology does not have a central point it is hard to
troubleshoot problems. As well, a break at any point along the bus can reason the entire network
to go down.
Ring: In this topology, every computer and device is connected to cable that forms a closed loop.
Every computer on this sort of topology acts like a repeater and boosts the signal previous to
sending it to the after that computer. It broadcasts data by passing a token around the network.
Therefore this kind of network is commonly named a token ring network. Alike to the Bus
topology, if single computer fails, the whole network goes down.
3. Routing is the procedure of forwarding IP packets as of one network to another. A router is a
device that joins networks jointly and routes traffic among them. A router will contain at least
two network cards, one actually attached to one network and the further physically connected to
another network
4. Hubs, switches, and routers are all devices that let you attach one or more computers to further
computers, networked devices, or still other networks. all has two or more connectors named
ports into which you plug in the cables to create the connection..
Did you know that drowning is a leading cause of unintentional death among young children? According to recent data, children aged 1-4 years are at the highest risk. Let's raise awareness and take steps to prevent these tragic incidents. Supervision, barriers around pools, and learning CPR can make a difference. Stay safe this summer!
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document discusses key concepts of networking including the three basic elements required: network hardware, software, and protocols. It describes common network types like LAN, WAN, and MAN and compares peer-to-peer and server-based networks. The OSI reference model and TCP/IP model are explained along with common network devices, cabling, and IP addressing schemes.
This document defines and describes several common computer networking devices. It explains that network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks by providing a physical connection and MAC address. Hubs broadcast all data to all ports, while switches only send data to the targeted port, improving efficiency. Bridges separate traffic on connected network segments. Routers connect dissimilar networks and make routing decisions. Gateways convert between data formats. Repeaters receive and retransmit signals to extend range. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Media converters connect different cabling types. Wireless access points provide connections to wireless networks.
This document provides an overview of data communication topics including:
1. The components of a data communication system include transmission medium and devices that send/receive data. Data can flow between devices in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes.
2. Networks connect devices through communication links. Common network topologies include mesh, star, ring, and bus. The OSI model defines a 7-layer architecture for network communication.
3. Protocols establish rules for data transmission including syntax, semantics, and timing. Common network types are LANs for local connectivity and WANs for long-distance transmission.
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
h!
This an assignment about
Data_Communications_and_networking
OS I model
university of Sri Jayawardenepura (Dept.of.IT)
2nd year 2nd semester
Thank you,
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the CS 352 Computer Networks course. The course is taught by Ms. Diksha Goyal and Unit 1 will cover OSI and TCP/IP models, network topologies, networking types, transmission media, networking devices, WLAN, and multiplexing. It then provides detailed descriptions of data representation, OSI layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also describes TCP/IP layers including network access, internet, and host-to-host layers.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networking. It discusses key concepts like data communication, networking, communication models, and transmission media. It also covers topics like protocols, the OSI model, TCP/IP, and different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree. The document is serving to introduce students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Wollega University to foundational topics in data communication and computer networking.
The document discusses embedded communication software design. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and how each layer is implemented in hardware and software. It then discusses different communication devices and how they implement specific layers, including hosts, switches, routers, and other telecommunication equipment. The document also covers the types of software components used, including protocol software and infrastructure/systems software, and considerations for communication software design.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
A network connects devices that exchange data over media. A host has a logical network address and can be devices like workstations, servers, printers. Protocols are agreed upon rules for network functions. The network topology refers to the physical layout, such as bus, star, or ring. Networks are LANs for small areas or WANs connecting multiple LANs over wide areas. Devices include routers, switches, bridges, firewalls, and more.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network architecture, evolution of networking technologies, common network devices, transmission media, network topologies, wireless technologies, types of networks, standards organizations like IEEE, common network models, important network protocols, and types of servers. It covers fundamental topics in a comprehensive manner suitable for an introductory course on computer networks.
The document provides an overview of computer networking. It discusses various topics covered including types of topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), types of servers (application server, catalog server, etc.), types of networks (LAN, WAN, etc.), network components (routers, switches, etc.), and the OSI model. Each section is authored by a different person (Savin Shetty, Ankita Shetty, etc.).
Introductory concepts of data communication lecture-1vishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document goes on to describe common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes with a brief discussion of network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
Introductory Concepts of Data Communication-Lecture-1.pptxvishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document then describes common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes by discussing network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
Networking device Computer Application in BusinessNethan P
This document discusses various networking devices and their functions. It begins by listing repeaters, hubs, bridges, and routers. It then provides details on each type of device: Repeaters regenerate signals to extend network range but cannot filter traffic. Hubs send all incoming signals to all ports, potentially causing collisions. Bridges operate at the data link layer to filter traffic between network segments. Routers make routing decisions at the network layer based on IP addresses to filter broadcast traffic and provide the best path between networks.
OSI and TCP/IP are two reference models that describe network protocols and functions of network devices. The OSI model contains seven layers that define data communication functions. MAC addresses identify devices physically while IP addresses identify them logically. The TCP/IP model has four layers for networking activities. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh, with variations combining elements of these.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
For Introduction to Network1.What is computer networking means2.pdffippsximenaal85949
For Introduction to Network
1.What is computer networking means?
2.What is network topology list three and explain brifly?
3.What is router and how it works?
4.What is the different between Hub and Switch?
Solution
1. A computer network:
It is a telecommunications network which permits computers to swap data. In computer
networks, networked computing machines exchange data with every other using a data link. The
connections between nodes are instituted using either cable media or wireless media.
2. A topology is just put; a topology is explained of a network. There are actually three basic
kinds of topologies. They are Star, Bus, and Ring. All computers and devices be connected in
series to a solitary linear cable named a trunk or occasionally called a backbone.
Star: All computers and devices are attached to a centrally placed hub or switch. The hub or
switch collects and issues the flow of data within the network. It’s improved to employ a switch
than a hub as a switch transmits the data to the future recipient rather than to every host on a
network.
Bus: every computer and device is connected in series to a solitary linear cable named a trunk or
sometimes named a backbone. Both ends of the trunk must be ended to stop the signal from
bouncing back up the cable. As the bus topology does not have a central point it is hard to
troubleshoot problems. As well, a break at any point along the bus can reason the entire network
to go down.
Ring: In this topology, every computer and device is connected to cable that forms a closed loop.
Every computer on this sort of topology acts like a repeater and boosts the signal previous to
sending it to the after that computer. It broadcasts data by passing a token around the network.
Therefore this kind of network is commonly named a token ring network. Alike to the Bus
topology, if single computer fails, the whole network goes down.
3. Routing is the procedure of forwarding IP packets as of one network to another. A router is a
device that joins networks jointly and routes traffic among them. A router will contain at least
two network cards, one actually attached to one network and the further physically connected to
another network
4. Hubs, switches, and routers are all devices that let you attach one or more computers to further
computers, networked devices, or still other networks. all has two or more connectors named
ports into which you plug in the cables to create the connection..
Did you know that drowning is a leading cause of unintentional death among young children? According to recent data, children aged 1-4 years are at the highest risk. Let's raise awareness and take steps to prevent these tragic incidents. Supervision, barriers around pools, and learning CPR can make a difference. Stay safe this summer!
Generative Classifiers: Classifying with Bayesian decision theory, Bayes’ rule, Naïve Bayes classifier.
Discriminative Classifiers: Logistic Regression, Decision Trees: Training and Visualizing a Decision Tree, Making Predictions, Estimating Class Probabilities, The CART Training Algorithm, Attribute selection measures- Gini impurity; Entropy, Regularization Hyperparameters, Regression Trees, Linear Support vector machines.
1. Syllabus of unit 1:
Introduction: Importance of Computer Networks, Classifications
& Types. Layered Architecture: Protocol hierarchy, Interfaces and
Services, Connection Oriented &Connection less Services, ISO-
OSI Reference Model, TCP/IP model overview, comparison of
TCP/IP and ISO-OSI reference model.
2. Network Topologies:
How the computers are connected to each other is known as topology.
There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid.
3. Mesh topology:
In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the
network through a dedicated point-to-point link.
4. Star Topology:
In star topology each device in the network is connected to a central device
called hub. Unlike Mesh topology, star topology doesn’t allow direct
communication between devices, a device must have to communicate
through hub.
5. Bus Topology:
In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are connected to
this main cable through drop lines. There is a device called tap that
connects the drop line to the main cable. Since all the data is transmitted
over the main cable, there is a limit of drop lines and the distance a main
cable can have.
6. Ring Topology:
In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either
side of it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the
devices on the either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is knowns
ring topology.
7. Hybrid topology:
A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid topology. For
example a combination of star and mesh topology is known as hybrid
topology.
8. Computer Network:
A computer network is a group of computers connected with each other
through a transmission medium such as cable, wire etc.
Types of Computer Network
9. 1. Local Area Network (LAN):
Local area network is a group of computers connected with each other in
a small places such as school, hospital, apartment etc.
10.
11. 2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
MAN network covers larger area by connections LANs to a larger network
of computers. In Metropolitan area network various Local area networks
are connected with each other through telephone lines.
12. 3. Wide area network (WAN):
Wide area network provides long distance transmission of data. The size of
the WAN is larger than LAN and MAN. A WAN can cover country,
continent or even a whole world. Internet connection is an example of
WAN. Other examples of WAN are mobile broadband connections such as
3G, 4G etc.
13. Network Devices:
The devices which are used for communication between different
hardware’s used in the computer network are known as network devices.
Types of Network Devices
Network Hub
Network Switch
Modem
Network Router
Bridge
Repeater
14. Network Hub:
The network hub is one kind of networking device in a computer network,
used to communicate with various network hosts and also for data
transferring. The transferring of data in a computer network can be done in
the form of packets. Whenever the data processing can be done from a host
to a network hub, then the data can transmit to all the connected ports.
15. Network Switch:
Similar to a hub, this is also working at the layer in the LAN and a switch
is more clever compare with a hub. As the hub is used for data
transferring, whereas a switch is used for filtering & forwarding the data.
So this is the more clever technique to deal with the data packets.
16. Modem:
Modem is a hardware device that connects a computer or router to a
broadband network. when it receives a analog signal it changes into a
digital signal . it stands modulator and demodulator .it enables a computer
to transfer the data.
17. Network Router:
A network router is one kind of network device in a computer network and
it is used for routing traffic from one network to another. These two
networks could be private to a public company network. For example, here
a router is considered as traffic police at the junction, he directs dissimilar
traffic networks to dissimilar directions.
18. Bridge
Bridge stores MAC address of pc in a network.
Bridge is used to reduce the network traffic.
It is basically used in bus topology, in this topology if pc 1 wants to
send data to pc 8 ,bus topology broadcast the data to all the pc
available in the network so that it simply create the lots of traffic.so
for overcoming this problem we are using a networking device
called bridge. Bridge divide a LAN into two segemnet and it stores
all the pc MAC address. If pc 1 want to send dta to pc 8 it first reach
to bridge and read MAC address and decide where to send data so it
reduce the network traffic.
19.
20. Repeater
The operating of a repeater can be done at the physical layer. The main
function of this device is to reproduce the signal on a similar network
before the signal gets weak otherwise damaged. The significant point to be
noted regarding these devices is that they do not strengthen the signal.
Whenever the signal gets weak, then they reproduce it at the actual
strength. A repeater is a two-port device.
21. Gateway
Generally, a gateway performs at the session & transport layers in the OSI
model. Gateways offer conversion between networking technologies like
OSI (Open System Interconnection) & TCP/IP. Because of this, these are
connected to two or many autonomous networks, where each network has
its own domain name service, routing algorithm, topology, protocols, and
procedures of network administration & policies.
gateway-device
Gateways execute all the functions of routers. Actually, a router with
additional conversion functionality is a gateway, so the conversion between
various network technologies is known as a protocol converter.
22. To understand how the data is actually transferred and
received at a computer level, we use computer network model.
A simple transmission of data consists several steps at various
layers of computer network.
23. Layers of a Computer Network Models
1. The main purpose of having several layers in a computer
network model is to divide a process of sending and receiving
data into small-small tasks.
2. These layers are connected with each other, each layer
provide certain data to its immediate higher and immediate
lower layer and receives certain data from the same.
3. Dividing a model in layers makes the structure quite simple
that makes it easy to identify the issue if it occurs.
There are three main components of a computer network
model. Sender, receiver and carrier.
24. The most important computer network models are:
1. OSI Model
2. TCP/IP Model
25. OSI Model in Computer Network:
OSI Model stands for Open System interconnection model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s
Given by International Standards Organization (ISO).
ISO is the organization
26.
27.
28.
29. In Figure which gives an overall view of the OSI layers.
D7 means the data unit at layer 7, D6 means the data unit at layer 6, and so
on.
The process starts at layer 7 (the application layer), then moves from layer
to layer in descending, sequential order.
At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data
unit.
Commonly, the trailer is added only at layer 2.
When the formatted data unit passes through the physical layer (layer 1), it
is changed into an electromagnetic signal and transported along a physical
link.
30. Note:
Transport layer converts the data into segments.
Network layer converts the segments into packets and
Data link layer converts the packets into frames.
A frame is nothing but a sequence of bits such as
1001011.
Physical layer converts these binary sequences into
signals and transfer it through a transmission media such
as cables etc.
31. Physical Layer:
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry
a bit stream over a physical medium.
32. Main functions of Physical Layer:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium: The
physical layer defines the characteristics of the interface
between the devices and the transmission medium. It also
defines the type of transmission medium.
Representation of Bits: The physical layer data consists of a
stream of bits (sequence of Os or 1s). To be transmitted, bits
must be encoded into signals, electrical or optical. The
physical layer defines the type of encoding (how Os and 1s are
changed to signals).
Data Rate: (The transmission rate)-the number of bits sent
each second . Data rate unit is bps(bits/second)
33. Main functions of Physical Layer:
Synchronization of bits: The sender and receiver not only
must use the same bit rate but also must be synchronized at the
bit level. In other words, the sender and the receiver clocks
must be synchronized.
Line configuration: The physical layer is concerned with the
connection of devices to the media. In a point-to-point
configuration, two devices are connected through a dedicated
link. In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among
several devices.
Physical Topology: The physical topology defines how
devices are connected to make a network. Devices can be
connected by using a mesh topology, a star topology, a ring
topology, a bus topology, or a hybrid topology.
Transmission mode: The physical layer also defines the
direction of transmission between two devices: simplex, half-
duplex, or full-duplex.
34. Data Link Layer:
The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical
layer appear error-free to the upper layer (network layer).
Figure shows the relationship of the data link layer to the
network and physical layers.
35. Data Link Layer:
Other responsibilities of the data link layer include:
Framing: The data link layer divides the stream of bits
received from the network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
Physical addressing: If frames are to be distributed to
different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a
header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of the
frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the
sender's network, the receiver address is the address of the
device that connects the network to the next one.
36. Data Link Layer:
Flow control: If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the
receiver is less than the rate at which data are produced in the
sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control mechanism
to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
Error control: The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames. It also uses a mechanism to recognize
duplicate frames. Error control is normally achieved through a
trailer added to the end of the frame.
Access control: When two or more devices are connected to
the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any given
time.
37. Network layer:
The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks (links).
Figure shows the relationship of the network layer to the data
link and transport layers.
38. The main functions of Network Layer:
Logical addressing: If a packet passes the network boundary,
we need another addressing system to help distinguish the
source and destination systems. The network layer adds a
header to the packet coming from the upper layer that, among
other things, includes the logical addresses of the sender and
receiver.
Routing: When independent networks or links are connected
to create internetworks (network of networks) or a large
network, the connecting devices (called routers or switches)
route or switch the packets to their final destination. One of
the functions of the network layer is to provide this
mechanism.
39. Transport layer:
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.
A process is an application program running on a host.
The transport layer, on the other hand, ensures that the whole
message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error
control and flow control at the source-to-destination level.
40.
41.
42. The main functions of transport layer are:
Service-point addressing: Computers often run several
programs at the same time. For this reason, source-to-
destination delivery means delivery not only from one
computer to the next but also from a specific process (running
program) on one computer to a specific process (running
program) on the other. The transport layer header must
therefore include a type of address called a service-point
address (or port address).
Flow control: It controls the flow of data. It checks the
capability of the receiver device receiving capability before
transmitting data. For example a sender server can send the
data at a rate of 200Mbps but a receiving data can only receive
data at a rate of 10 Mbps then it controls the flow of data to
10Mbps so that the data doesn’t get lost during transmission.
43. The main functions of transport layer are:
Error control: Transport layer also performs error control using
Automatic Repeat Request, if a data is lost during transmission, it is
send again using automatic repeat request. Transport layer also adds
a group of bits called checksum with each segment to check whether
the data received at receiver side is not corrupt.
Segmentation and reassembly: A message is divided into
transmittable segments, with each segment containing a sequence
number.
Connection control: The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection oriented.
A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an
independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
A connection oriented transport layer makes a connection with the
transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering the
packets. After all the data are transferred, the connection is
terminated.
44. Session Layer:
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
Dialog control: (identification of mode of communication) The session
layer allows two systems to enter into a dialog. It allows the
communication between two processes to take place in either
half duplex (one way at a time) or full-duplex (two ways at a
time) mode.
Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add
checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data.
For example, if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is
advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure
that each 100-page unit is received and acknowledged
independently. In this case, if a crash happens during the
transmission of page 523, the only pages that need to be resent
after system recovery are pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to
501 need not be resent.
45. Main functions of session layer:
Authentication: Before a computer can be connected to a
server, the computer has to provide user name and password
for the authentication. The function of authentication and
setting up a connection after authentication is performed by
session layer.
Authorization: Once a connection is established, session
layer checks whether the connected computer is authorized to
access the data, this function of authorization checking is also
performed by session layer.
Session management: Session layer also checks that the data
which is received from the server in form of data packets
belongs to which application. for example, when you access
Facebook profile through your browser, the data transferred
from the Facebook server is transferred to your web browser
application, thus the session layer helps in session
management.
46. Presentation Layer:
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
Presentation layer receives the data from top most layer which
is application layer.
47. Functions of Presentation layer:
Translation: The data received from application layer is in form of
characters and numbers such as 1234, ERFF etc. The presentation layer
converts these characters and numbers into machine understandable format
which is known as binary format for example 100111101.
Because different computers use different encoding systems,
the presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between these
different encoding methods. The presentation layer at the sender changes
the information from its sender-dependent format into a common format.
The presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common
format into its receiver-dependent format
Encryption: To protect the sensitivity of data, presentation layer encrypts
the data at the sender side before the transmission and the receiver side this
data is decrypted by the presentation layer at the receiver side. Secure
sockets layer protocol (SSL) is used by the presentation layer for
encryption and decryption.
Compression: Data compression reduces the number of bits contained
in the information. Data compression becomes particularly important in
the transmission of multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
Compress the data to small size so that it can be transferred faster
over a network. This compression can be lossy or lossless compression.
48. The application layer enables the user, whether human
or software, to access the network.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such
as electronic mail, remote file access and transfer,
shared database management, and other types of
distributed information services
49. Network virtual terminal. A network virtual terminal is a software version of a
physical terminal, and it allows a user to log on to a remote host. The remote host
believes it is communicating with one of its own terminals and allows the user to
log on.
File transfer, access, and management. This application allows a user to access
files in a remote host (to make changes or read data), to retrieve files from a remote
computer for use in the local computer.
Mail services This application provides the basis for e-mail forwarding and
storage.
Directory services. This application provides distributed database sources and
access for global information about various objects and services.
Application layer defines the protocols that are used by computer applications. For
example: HTTP and HTTPS protocols are used by web browsers , SMTP protocol
is used for emails, Telnet is used for virtual terminals etc
50. The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI
model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do
not exactly match those in the OSI model.
TCP/IP protocol suite, was designed in 1970s by 2 DARPA
scientists—Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four
layers:
Host-to-network layer
Internet layer
Transport layer and
Application layer.
51. TCP/IP Vs OSI:
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that:
The host-to-network layer is equivalent to the combination of
the physical and data link layers.
The internet layer is equivalent to the network layer.
The transport layer in TCP/IP taking care of part of the duties
of the transport layer. and
The application layer is roughly doing the job of the session,
presentation, and application layers.
The first three layers provide physical standards, network
interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions that
correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model.
The three topmost layers in the OSI model, are represented in
TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer.
53. Internetworking protocol(IP) :
In the network layer, the TCP/IP model supports
internetworking protocol (IP) for data transmission.
IP protocol transmits the data in form of small packets known
as datagram's. Each of these datagram's are transmitted
separately, thus they can take different routes and sometime
duplicate datagram's can be reached to destination, also they
are reached in no particular order at the destination.
54. Internetworking protocol(IP) :
The IP uses four protocols internally: ARP, RARP, ICMP &
IGMP.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
In a network, each device is known as physical address usually
imprinted on Network interface card (NIC).
ARP protocol is used to find the physical address of a device
whose internet address (IP address) is known.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
RARP protocol helps to find the internet address of a device
whose physical address is known.
55. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
IP in network layer sends data in form of small packets known
as datagram's. ICMP protocol sends the datagram's problems
back to sender.
It is used for query and error reporting messages.
Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
This protocol is used for simultaneous transmission of a
message to a group of recipients.
TELecommunication NETwork(TELNET )
This protocol is used a two-way communication protocol
which allows connecting to a remote machine and run
applications on it.
56. FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
is a protocol,that allows File transfer amongst
computer users connected over a network. It is
reliable, simple and efficient.
SMTP(Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
is a protocol, which is used to transport
electronic mail between a source and destination,
directed via a route.
DNS(Domain Name Server)
an IP address into a textual address for Hosts
connected over a network.
57. OSI model distinguishes well between the
services, interfaces and protocols.
Protocols of OSI model are very well hidden.
Protocols can be replaced by new protocols
as technology changes.
Supports connection oriented services as
well as connectionless service.
58. Connection Oriented Service
There is a sequence of operation to be followed by the users of
connection oriented service. These are:
STEP-1-Connection is established
STEP-2-Information is sent
STEP-3-Connection is released
In connection oriented service we have to establish a connection
before starting the communication. When connection is
established we send the message or the information and then we
release the connection.
Connection oriented service is more reliable than connectionless
service. We can send the message in connection oriented service
if there is an error at the receivers end.
Example of connection oriented is TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) protocol.
59. Connectionless Services
It is similar to the postal services, as it carries the full
address where the message (letter) is to be carried.
Each message is routed independently from source to
destination.
The order of message sent can be different from the
order received.
In connectionless the data is transferred in one
direction from source to destination without checking
that destination is still there or not or if it prepared to
accept the message.
Authentication is not needed in this.
Example of Connectionless service is UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) protocol.
60. Sr
no.
Connection
Oriented Services
Connectionless
Services
1 It needs authentication. It does not need authentication.
2 It guarantees a delivery It does not guarantee a delivery
3 It is more reliable It not that reliable
4 Connection Oriented is
stream based
Connectionless is message based.
5 Slow service Fast service
6 In connection-oriented
Service, Congestion is not
possible.
In connection-less Service,
Congestion is possible.
7 In connection-oriented
Service, Packets follow the
same route.
In connection-less Service, Packets
do not follow the same route.
8 Ex-TCP Ex-UDP
61. Sr. OSI TCP/IP
1 OSI model Developed after
TCP/IP
TCP/IP model Developed before OSI
2 OSI model has 7 layers TCP/IP has 4 layers
3 OSI differentiates services ,
protocols and interfaces.
TCP/IP doesn’t differentiate
them.
4 Connection oriented and
connectionless in network
layer and connection
oriented in transport layer
in OSI model
Connection oriented and
connectionless in transport layer and
connection oriented in network layer
in tcp/ip model
5 OSI represents Open System
Interconnection.
TCP/IP model represents the
Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol.
6 The smallest size of the OSI
header is 5 bytes.
The smallest size of the TCP/IP header
is 20 bytes.
7 Protocols in the OSI model are
hidden and can be easily replaced
when the technology changes.
In this model, the protocol cannot be easily
replaced.