The document discusses various networking devices, categorizing them into personal computers, switches, routers, hubs, and bridges. It explains the functionalities of these devices, including how switches operate on MAC addresses, how routers manage routing and internetworking, and how hubs and bridges influence collision and broadcast domains in local area networks. Overall, it highlights the role of these devices in enhancing network efficiency and structure.

1. Parminder Singh
Assistant Professor| Chandigarh engineering college,landran
Singh.parminder06@gmail.com

3.  The number of devices have been use in Networking.
 These devices can be categorized as:
 Personnel Computer (PC)
 Switch (SW)
 Router (R)
 Hub
 Bridge

5.  A personal computer (PC) is a small, relatively inexpensive
computer designed for an individual user.
 All are based on the microprocessor technology that
enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.

6.  Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
 A hub contain multiple ports.
 When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other
ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.

7.  A network bridge connects two networks together, or can be used to divide a network
up into segments.
 A bridge device filters data traffic at a network boundary.
 Bridges inspect incoming traffic and decide whether to forward or discard it.

8.  The Switch is Layer 2 Device that connects number of Pc’s according to the availability
of the Ethernet ports.
 The switch performed on MAC address; it does not verified logical addresses.
 It performs filtering and switching only on MAC (Medium Access Control) addresses.
 The Switch has unicasting feature; the sender send unicast message to the
destination machine and destination machine unicastly reply.
 The Switch employ MAC Table to forwards the data from one device to another.

9.  Router is a Network Layer device that forwards packet in to the Network.
 This Network Supposed to be either LAN, MAN or WAN.
 The Router is also acting as a Gateway for associates two different network.
 The Router employing ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Protocol for communes
different devices and nodes.
 This Protocol helps the router to create routing table and configure best route path in between
two communicating nodes.
 Router provides quality of service (QOS) feature performance.
 Router Extends the network as a platform for cloud computing.

10. Four router functions in your network can be listed as follows:
 Packet switching
 Packet filtering
 Internetwork communication
 Path selection

11.  Big network into a number of smaller
ones
 Using devices like routers, switches, and
bridges

12.  Routers provide packet filtering by
using access lists.
 When routers connect two or more
networks together and use logical
addressing (IPv4 or IPv6) is called
internetworking.

13.  Broadcast domain is important because when a host or server sends a network broadcast,
every device on the network must read and process that broadcast
 Collision domain is an Ethernet term used to describe a network scenario (shown in the
previous slide) in which one device sends a packet on a network segment and every other
device on the same segment is forced to pay attention to it.
 Each host segment connects to a hub that represents only one collision domain and only one
broadcast domain.
 Switches create separate collision domains within a single broadcast domain.
 Routers provide a separate broadcast domain for each interface.

14.  The main purpose of these switches is to make a LAN work better and they do not break up
broadcast domains by default.
 Routers, by default, break up a broadcast domain; the set of all devices on a network
segment that hear all the broadcasts sent on that segment.
 bridging was introduced before routers and hubs were implemented.
 bridges and switches basically do the same thing means break up collision domains on a
LAN.
 Bridges come in 2 or 4 ports and extended up to 16 ports but in a switch you can use up to
100 ports.

17. BRIDGE= 2 CD
ROUTER= 3 BD
SWITCH= 2 CD
HUB= 01 CD

19. A= one CD, one BD
B= two CD, one BD
C= Four CD, one BD
D= 3 BD, 3 CD

20. [1] https://www.netacad.com
[2] www.packettracernetwork.com

21. Singh.parminder06@gmail.com