EIGRP Project Report

Daffodil International University
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Author: [ All - Muntasir ]
E-mail address: [muntasir15-467@diu.edu.bd]
Author: [Zahid Hasan Zinanh]
E-mail address: [zinnah15-492@diu.edu.bd]
Author: [Awlad Hossain]
E-mail address: [hossain15-492@diu.edu.bd]
Study programme: [CSE, credit points - 148]
Examiner: [Arif Mahamud, arif.cse@diu.edu.bd]
Tutors: [Arif Mahamud, arif.cse@diu.edu.bd]
Scope: 5934 words inclusive of appendices
Date: 2017-08-13
[ Projectreport]
[EIGRP ]
[ Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ]
[ All - Muntasir ]
[Zahid Hassan Zinanh]
[Awld Hossain]

[EIGRP ] - [ Enhanced Interior Gatew ay Routing
Protocol ]
[ All - Muntasir ]
[Awlad Hossain]
[Zahid Hassain Zinnah] 2017-08-13
2
Abstract
Routingprotocolsascertainthe bestroutestotransmitdata fromone node toa differentanddefine
howrouterscommunicate witheachotherin orderto accomplishthisproject.There are more cases
of routingprotocols.A routing protocol establishedondynamicor static,such as distance-vectoror
link-state.Inthisproject,we willworkonEnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol(EIGRP).EIGRP
isan enhanceddistance vectorprotocol modernizedbyCisco.The EIGRPConceptsinthisprojectare
Neighbors Table, Topology Table, Feasible Successors and Route States, Packet Formats. EIGRP IS
dynamic IGP’s.
Keywords:
EIGRP, RIP, Routing Protocol, Networking.

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Acknowledgements
Praise toAlmightyAllah,the originof knowledge,whoenablesustoundertake andaccomplishthis
thesis.We are verythankful toAllah,creator of thisuniverse whoseguidancealwaysremainedwith
us at everymomentof ourlives,especiallyduringthisworkinthe formof knowledge,courage and
hopes.AllahblessourProphetHazratMuhammad(Peace be UponHim) whose guidance show usright
path ineverydarknessof ourlives.
We feel ourselvesverymuchobligedtoour parents,brothersand sisterswhose prayershave enabled
us to reach up to this stage. The efforts of us, and inspirations of many, have led to a successful
completion of this final report.

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What is EIGRP? And it’s advantage.
EIGRP isbetter version of IGRP.The same lengthvectortechnologyfoundoutinIGRPis alsousedin
EIGRP, andthe underlyinglengthdataremainsunaltered.The convergence attributesandthe
controllingefficiencyof thiscommunicationsprotocolhave improvedimportantly. The protocol was
designedbyCiscoSystemsasaproprietaryprotocol,availableonlyonCiscorouters.
EIGRPisa Cisco-proprietaryHybridroutingprotocol,incorporatingfeaturesof bothDistance-
Vector and Link-State routing protocols.
EIGRP adheres to the following Hybrid characteristics:
EIGRP uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to determine the best path among all
“feasible” paths. DUAL also helps ensure a loop- free routing environment.
EIGRP will form neighborrelationshipswithadjacentroutersinthe same Autonomous
System(AS).
Reliable TransportProtocol (RTP) isusedtoensure deliveryof mostEIGRP packets.
EIGRP routers do not sendperiodic,full-table routingupdates.Updatesare sentwhena
change occurs, and include only the change.
EIGRP isa classlessprotocol,andthussupports VLSMs.
IGRP and EIGRP:
RIP, IGRP and EIGRP are differentroutingprotocols.RIPstandsforRoutingInformation
Protocol;IGRPstandsfor InteriorGatewayRoutingProtocol;and EIGRPstandsforEnhanced IGRP.The
maindifferencebeingRIPand IGRPare distance vectorprotocols; EIGRPis more of linkstate protocol.
EIGRP and OSPF:
EIGRP, much like OSPF, builds three separate tables:
 Neighbor table – list of all neighboring routers. Neighbors must belong to the same
Autonomous System
Topology table – listof all routesinthe Autonomous System
Routing table – containsthe bestroute foreach known network

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How Does EIGRP Work?
EIGRP has four basic components:
1) Neighbor Discovery/Recovery
2) Reliable TransportProtocol
3) DUAL Finite State Machine
4) Protocol Dependent Modules
1. EIGRP Neighbors
EIGRP forms neighbor relationships, called adjacencies, with other routers in the same AS by
exchanging Hello packets.Only after an adjacency is formed can routers share routing information.
Hello packets are sent as multicasts to address 224.0.0.10.
By default,onLAN and high-speedWAN interfaces,EIGRPHellosare sent every 5 seconds. On slower
WAN links (T1 speed or slower), EIGRP Hellos are sent every 60 seconds by default.
A neighbor table is constructed from the EIGRP Hello packets, which includes the following
information:
 The IP addressof the neighboringrouter.
 The local interface thatreceivedthe neighbor’s Hellopacket.
 The Hold timer.
 A sequence numberindicatingthe orderneighbors werelearned.
Adjacencies will not form unless the primary IP addresses on connecting interfaces are on the same
subnet. Neighbors cannot be formed on secondary addresses.

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2. Reliable Transport Protocol:
EIGRP usesReliable TransportProtocol (RTP) forthe deliveryandreceptionof EIGRPpackets.EIGRPwas
designedasanetworklayerindependentroutingprotocol;becauseof thisdesignEIGRPcannotuse the
servicesof UDP or TCP.This allowsEIGRPto be usedforprotocolsotherthan those fromthe TCP/IP
protocol suite,suchas IPXand AppleTalk.The figure conceptuallyshowshow RTPoperates.
RTP can sendEIGRP packetsas unicastor multicast.
 MulticastEIGRP packetsfor IPv4use the reserved IPv4multicastaddress224.0.0.10.
 MulticastEIGRP packetsfor IPv6are sentto the reservedIPv6multicastaddressFF02::A
3. DUAL Finite StateMachine:
The centerpiece of EIGRPisDUAL andits EIGRP route-calculationengine.The actual name of this
technologyisDUALFinite State Machine (FSM).ThisFSMcontainsall of the logicusedtocalculate and
compare routesinan EIGRP network.The figure showsasimplifiedversionof the DUAL FSM.
An FSMisan abstract machine,nota mechanical device withmovingparts.FSMsdefine asetof possible
statesthat somethingcangothrough,what eventscause those states,andwhateventsresultfrom
those states.Designersuse FSMstodescribe how adevice,computerprogram, orroutingalgorithm
reacts to a setof inputevents.
4.Protocol Dependent Modules:
Protocol dependentmodulesare abstractionlayersallowingEIGRPto work withmultiple layer
3 protocols. For example, the IP-EIGRP faculty is accountable for sending and encountering
EIGRPbundlesthatare encapsulatedinIP.IP-EIGRPisresponsible forparsingEIGRPbundlesand
informing DUAL of the new info accepted. IP-EIGRPasks DUAL to create routing decisionsand

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the resultsof which are put in in the IP routingtable.IP-EIGRPis responsible forredistributing
routes acquired by other IP routing protocols.
EIGRP Packet Types:
EIGRP employs five packet types:
 Hellopackets - multicast
 Update packets – unicastor multicast
 Query packets – multicast
 Replypackets – unicast
 Acknowledgementpackets - unicast
Hello packets are used to form neighbor relationships,and were explained in detail previously.
Hello packets are always multicast to address 224.0.0.10.
Update packets are sentbetweenneighborstobuildthe topologyand routingtables.Updatessent
to new neighborsare sentas unicasts.However,if a route’smetricis changed,the update is sentout
as a multicast to address 224.0.0.10.
Querypacketsare sentbyarouterwhenaSuccessorroutefails,andthereare noFeasible Successors
in the topologytable.The routerplacesthe route in an Active state, and queriesitsneighborsforan
alternative route. Query packets are sent as a multicast to address 224.0.0.10.
Reply packets are sent in response to Query packets,assumingthe responding router has
an alternative route (feasible successor).Replypacketsare sentas a unicastto the querying
router.
Recall thatEIGRP utilizesthe Reliable TransportProtocol (RTP) to ensure reliable deliveryof most
EIGRP packets.Deliveryisguaranteedbyhavingpackets acknowledged using…..Acknowledgment
packets!
Acknowledgmentpackets(alsoknownas ACK’s) are simplyHellopacketswithno data, other than an
acknowledgmentnumber.ACK’sare alwayssentasunicasts.The followingpackettypesemployRTPto
ensure reliable delivery via ACK’s:
 Update Packets
 Query Packets
 Reply Packets

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Hello and Acknowledgments (ha!) packets do not utilize RTP, and thus do not require
acknowledgement.
Tables in EIGRP:
Neighbor table:The neighborrelationshipsare trackedinthistable whichare the basis
for EIGRP routingandconvergence activity.The addressandthe interface of aneighbor is
discoveredandrecordedinanewentryof the neighbortable,wheneveranew neighboris
discovered.Thesetablesare usedforreliable andsequenceddeliveryof packets.
The show ip eigrpneighborcommand liststhe informationabout neighbors.
Topology table:Routersuse topologytable whichroute trafficinanetwork.All routing
tablesinside the autonomoussystemare availableinthistable,wherethe routeris
positioned.Eachrouterusesroutingprotocol andmaintainsatopologytable foreach
configurednetworkprotocol.The routesleadingtoa destinationare foundinthe topology
table.
.
The command “showip eigrptopology” shows the topologytable.
Route Table: The routesof particulardestinationsare storedinthe routingtables.The
informationcontainsthe networktopologythatisimmediatelyaroundit.The primarygoal
of routingprotocolsandroutesisthe constructionof routingtables.Networkid,costof the
packetpath and nexthopare the detailsare availableinthe routing table
To specificallysee the EIGRProute inroutingtable “show iproute eigrp”commandisused
Feasible successor :
A feasible successorisa backuproute that can be usedinthe eventof a topologychange withouthaving
to recalculate routes.The feasible successorcanbe usedinstantly,whichmeansconvergence time is
instantaneous
A destination entering is acted from the topology table to the routing table while there is a feasible
successor.Completelyleastprice routestothe destinationform a set.From thisset, the neighbours

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that accept an advertisedmetric lower than the current routingtable metric are conceived feasible
successors.
EIGRP Route States
An EIGRP route can exist in one of two states, in the topology table:
 Active state
 Passive State
A Passive state indicatesthataroute isreachable,andthat EIGRPis fullyconverged.A stable EIGRP
network will have all routes in a Passive state.
A route is placed in an Active state when the Successor and any Feasible Successors fail, forcing the
EIGRP to send out Query packets and re- converge. Multiple routes in an Active state indicate an
unstable EIGRP network. If a Feasible Successor exists, a route should never enter an Active state.
Routeswill becomeStuck-in-Active (SIA)whenaroutersendsoutaQuerypacket,butdoesnotreceive
a Reply packet within three minutes. In other words, a route will become SIA if EIGRP fails to re-
converge.The local routerwill clearthe neighboradjacencywithanyrouter(s) thathasfailedtoReply,
and will place all routes from that neighbor(s) in an Active state.
Router# showip eigrp topology
Router# showip eigrp topology active
EIGRP Metrics:
EIGRP can utilize 5 separate metrics to determine the best route to a destination:
Bandwidth (K1) – Slowestlinkinthe route path,measuredin kilobits
Load (K2) – Cumulative loadof all outgoinginterfaces inthe path,givenasafractionof
255
Delay of the Line (K3) – Cumulativedelayof all outgoinginterfacesinthe pathintensof
microseconds
Reliability(K4) – Average reliabilityof all outgoinginterfacesinthe path,givenasa fraction
of 255
MTU (K5) – The smallestMaximumTransmissionUnitin the path.The MTU value is
actually neverusedto calculate the metric
By default, only Bandwidth and Delay of the Line are used. This is identical to IGRP, except that
EIGRP providesamore granularmetricbymultiplyingthe bandwidthanddelayby256. Bandwidth
and delay are determined by the interfaces that lead towards the destination network.

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By default, the full formula for determining the EIGRP metric is:
[10000000/bandwidth + delay] *256
Model
Thoughout topicis EIGRP we will make anetworkwhichcontainsome subnetsconfiguredwithdifferent
Routingprotocol(like OSPF, RIP_2 , EIGRP ).
So inour model we have use 5 routersas little like startopologywithacanterroutersRouter#0.
Router#2 and Router#4 are fullyconfiguredwithEIGRP.Router#1 isconfiguredwithOSFPandRouter
#3 isconfiguredwithRIV_2.Router#0will be use forconnectthose subnetusingRedistribute command.
Router#1 isconnectedwithswitch#1andit isconnectedwitha serverwhichprovide mail andHTTP
service.All of router#1‘sdevicesare static ipconfigured.

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Router#2 isconnectedwithaserverwhichprovide DHCPservice tosome subnetsthroughcloudsystem
.Router#3 isconnectedwithwirelessdeviceanditisconnectedwithsome smartdevice anda laptop.
All of router#3 ‘s devicesare DHCPconfigured.Router#4isconnectedwithswitch#2anditis connected
withsome laptopandIP phones.All of router#4‘sdevicesare DHCP configured.
Implement
As ourtopic isEIGRP , so we will see the detailsimplementof EIGRPnetworkandwe will
describe othernetwork(OSPF,RIP_2,VLAN ,DHCP) implementationinshort.
EIGRP network:
As ourModel networkrouter#2 androuter#4 will be EIGRP configured.Forthatfirstwe have to
make all connectsup andassignthe ipaddressas seeninthe networks.
Afterthat goto to the Router#4in openCLI anddo the followingcode .
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config)#routereigrp100
Router(config-router)#network10.0.0.64 0.0.0.63
Router(config-router)#network10.0.0.80.0.0.3
Router(config-router)#noauto-summary
Al most same code for Router#2
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config-router)#network10.0.0.40.0.0.3
Andwe have configuredRouter#2and Router#4 inEIGRP
We can see the usingthiscommand.
Router>en
Router#showiproute

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As we are goingto connectdifferentroutingprotocol togetherwe will see the routingtable
afterconnectthem.
OSPF network:
We will configureOSPFonrouter#1.Andfor that go to the router#1 CLI and dothe following
command.
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config)#routerospf 10
Router(config-router)#network10.0.0.00.0.0.63 area 0
Router(config-router)#network10.0.1.00.0.0.3 area 0
A and we are done in router#1
RIP network:
We will configureOSPFonrouter#3.Andfor that go to the router#3CLI anddo the following
command.
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config)#routerrip
Router(config-router)#version2
Router(config-router)#network10.0.0.192
Router(config-router)#network10.0.1.8
Andwe are done withRoutingprotocol butconfigure the full networkwe have toconfigure some more
extraprotocol.

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Extra:
As we wantto connectsome IP phone inourRouter#4. So for make itsimple we will configured
10.0.0.64/26 networkasDHCP.
DHCP : Forsetup10.0.064/26 as DHCP go to router#4 CLI and dothe followingcommand.
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config)#ipdhcppool dhcp1
Router(config-router)#default-router10.0.0.65
Router(config-router)#option150 ip10.0.0.65
Evenwe have to configure some thinginthisrouter forIP phones..
Router(config)#telephony-service
Router(config- telephony)#max-ephones5
Router(config- telephony)#max-dn5
Router(config- telephony)#ipsource-address10.0.0.10 port2000
Router(config- telephony)#autoassign4to 6
Router(config- telephony)#autoassign1to 5
Router(config- telephony)#exit
Router(config)#ephone-dn1
Router(config- telephony)#number0001
Router(config- telephony)#ephone-dn2

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VLAN: Nowwe have to configure avoice VLAN inswitch#2
Switch>en
Switch#configt
Switch(config)#intrange fa0/1-24
Switch(config-if-range)#switchportmode access
Switch(config-if-rangeswitchportvoice vlan1
Noware done withthe IPphone configuration.
Redistibute:We have configureddifferentroutingprotocolsindifferentsubnetsandwe have a
commonrouterRouter#0 . Nowwe have to Redistribute toconnectdifferenttype of routingprotocols.
Go to router#1 CLI andenable RIPto redistributeEIGRPandOSPFinto it
The processwill be somethinglike this:
Router>en
Router#configt
Router(config)#routerrip
Router(config-router)#redistribute eigrp100metric1
Router(config-router)#redistribute ospf 10metric
Router(config-router)#exit
Thenenable ospf toredistributeEIGRPandOSPFin to it
Router(config)#routerospf 10
Router(config-router)#redistribute ripsubnets
Router(config-router)#redistribute eigrp100subnets
Andfinallyitistime forRedistributeOSPFandRIPineigrp
Router(config-router)#redistribute ripmetric10000 100 255 1 15
Router(config-router)#redistribute ospf 10metric10000 100 255 1 15
Andnowwe are done withimplementationandconfiguration.

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Result
Nowlets see the routingtable forensure thatwe have connectall networkcorrectly.
Routingtable forRouter#0
Router#showip route

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So inthe routingtable we can see that we have successfullyaddedthe fourroutingprotocol.Inthe red
markedarea isstate that there have twoEIGRP , one OSPFand one RIP routingprotocol together.
Let’scheek some extrafeatures,like browse the HTTPserverformlaptop#1.Here serveripis 10.0.0.3
and Domainis fazil.com
Andhere we are :

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HERE , inthe resultwe can see a custom webpage called“hellowworld.htm”.whichisformourHTTP
Server
We can alsosendand receive mail formthe MAILSERVER

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Here my friendgota mail formme .
There are manyoptionlike IPphone , DHCP ,VLAN

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Let’scheek-outaphone call
YES , it’sworking
I have make a phone call form 0005 to 0001 andit isringingout .

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Conclusions / Discussion
Overall the reportthe summaryof EIGRPis,thisishybridroutingprotocol(distancevector
that has link-stateprotocol characteristics) isveryuseful andbetterroutingprotocol.Itis
faster and smarter that other routing protocol. Classless protocol (supports VLSMs).
Default com- posite metric applies bandwidth and delay. We can factor load and
dependabilityintothe metric.Sendspartial route updatesonlywhenthere are changes.
Support for authentication. Uses DUAL for loop prevention. By default, equal-cost load
balancing. Unequal-cost charge equilibrating with the variability command.
Administrative length is 90 for EIGRP inner routes, 170 for EIGRP external routes,and 5
forEIGRP summaryroutes.Possible routingprotocol forthe burdenof anetwork;applied
in big networks.
To configuringthe networkthehardestpartwasconnectdifferentprotocolstogetherand
setup the IP phones option. We faced many problems during the project and we work
hard together and solved all problem.

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References
1. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocol
2. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol - Cisco
www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/enhanced...eigrp/16406-eigrp-toc.html
3. Packet Tracer 6.1 tutorial - IP telephony basic configuration - Packet ...
www.packettracernetwork.com/tutorials/voipconfiguration.html
4. https://www.youtube.com/
5. Newest 'networking' Questions - Stack Overflow
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/networking

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