This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web over the past 40 years. It describes how the Internet originated as a U.S. military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and transitioned to connecting universities, researchers and other organizations through the 1970s and 1980s. The document also summarizes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and how early technologies and protocols like email, USENET, Gopher, and Mosaic browser led to the rise of the commercial Internet in the 1990s.
History of Internet and advantages of internetTallat Satti
Internet,History of Internet,Terminologies,Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet.E-mail
File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Other Services
Newsgroups
Chat services
Social networking
E-shopping
Moreover blogs and video conferencing.
4G,5G connection.
Explain how TELNET and SSH works?
How could we apply them in our real life?
Why TELNET insecure?
what's the features of TELNET and SSH?
Authentication modes of SSH
History of Internet and advantages of internetTallat Satti
Internet,History of Internet,Terminologies,Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet.E-mail
File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Other Services
Newsgroups
Chat services
Social networking
E-shopping
Moreover blogs and video conferencing.
4G,5G connection.
Explain how TELNET and SSH works?
How could we apply them in our real life?
Why TELNET insecure?
what's the features of TELNET and SSH?
Authentication modes of SSH
Telnet and SSH configuration on ubuntu and windows. this presentation show how we can configure telnet and ssh on windows and linux and what additional software we will have to required.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
Overview of the TELNET protocol.
TELNET is a protocol providing platform independent, bi-directional byte-oriented communication between hosts (unlike rlogin which is Unix based).
Most often TELNET is used for remote login to hosts on the Internet.
TELNET is basically a TCP connection with interspersed TELNET control information.
TELNET may use option negotiation for providing additional services such as character echoing back to the sender.
TELNET does not provide any authentication and therefore should not be used in unsecure environments anymore. SSH (Secure SHell) should be used instead.
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication
Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be
able to:
• understand the history and development of
networking technologies;
• define the key terms associated with networking
technologies;
• understand the importance of broadband
technologies; and
• describe organizational networking.
Introduction
In the early days of computing, computers were seen as devices
for making calculations, storing data, and automating business
processes. However, as the devices evolved, it became apparent that
many of the functions of telecommunications could be integrated
into the computer. During the 1980s, many organizations began
Chapter 5: Networking and
Communication | 99
combining their once-separate telecommunications and
information systems departments into an Information Technology
(IT) department. This ability for computers to communicate with
one another and to facilitate communication between individuals
and groups has had a major impact on the growth of computing over
the past several decades.
Computer networking began in the 1960s with the birth of the
Internet. However, while the Internet and web were evolving,
corporate networking was also taking shape in the form of local
area networks and client-server computing. The Internet went
commercial in 1994 as technologies began to pervade all areas of the
organization. Today it would be unthinkable to have a computer that
did not include communications capabilities. This chapter reviews
the different technologies that have been put in place to enable this
communications revolution.
A Brief History of the Internet
In the Beginning: ARPANET
The story of the Internet, and networking in general, can be traced
back to the late 1950s. The United States was in the depths of the
Cold War with the USSR as each nation closely watched the other
to determine which would gain a military or intelligence advantage.
In 1957, the Soviets surprised the U.S. with the launch of Sputnik,
propelling us into the space age. In response to Sputnik, the U.S.
Government created the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), whose initial role was to ensure that the U.S. was not
surprised again. It was from ARPA, now called DARPA
((Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), that the Internet
first sprang.
100 | Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019)
http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik
ARPA was the center of computing research in the 1960s, but
there was just one problem. Many of the computers could not
communicate with each other. In 1968 ARPA sent out a request
for proposals for a communication technology that would allow
different computers located around the country to be integrated
together into one network. Twelve companies responded to the
request, and a company named Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN)
won the contract. They immediately b.
CART 211 Section A
Fall 2010
Freida Abtan
Class 1: The History of the Internet
Much of this presentation was culled from Wikipedia and from a few relevant websites including:
http://sixrevisions.com/resources/the-history-of-the-internet-in-a-nutshell/
Looks at School Library Month and other related celebrations (Naional Library Month and Library Workers Day) and discusses advocacy and advocacy plans.
Looks at different inquiry process models, including Kuhlthau's Information Search Process and Guided Inquiry derived from it, Big 6 Skills, plus a number of others.
What are School Libraries and School Librarians?Johan Koren
Looks at definitions and roles of the school library and the school librarian and follows the development of standards and guidelines for school libraries from 1845-2009. Considers also the radical new definition set out by R. David Lankes.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Internet to web: The 40-year old Internet and the 20-year-old Web
1. EDU626 Integrating Educational Technology
Summer 2012
The Links that Became
a Web
The 40-year Old Internet and the 20-Year Old
Web
2. 2
First: What is the Internet?
For one thing, it‟s not really “the
net”, it‟s the “nets”:
– The internet is “a cooperatively-run
collection of computer networks that
span the globe.”
3. A formal definition
Internet
– The high-speed fiber-optic network of networks
that uses TCP/IP protocols to interconnect
computer networks around the world, enabling
users to communicate via e-mail, transfer data
and program files via FTP, find information on
the World Wide Web, and access remote
computer systems such as online catalogs and
electronic databases easily and effortlessly,
using an innovative technique called packet
switching. The Internet began in 1969 as
ARPAnet, a project of the U.S. Department of
Defense.
4. Cold War Technology?
Originally designed by the U.S. Department of
Defense so that a communication signal could
withstand nuclear war and serve military
institutions worldwide, the Internet was first
known as the ARPANet, the most robust
communication technology. It is a system of linked
computer networks, international in scope, that
facilitates data transfer and communication
services, such as remote login, file transfer (FTP),
electronic mail (e-mail), newsgroups, and the
World Wide Web. The Internet greatly extends the
reach of each connected computer network (see:
network effect, IP).
– Internet
5. Before ARPANet
Before ARPANET, most computer systems consisted
of a massive computer -- sometimes the size of an
entire room -- with user terminals hardwired to it. A
terminal was some form of user interface, often
consisting of a keyboard or punch card reader.
Multiple users could access the computer
simultaneously, in a technique called timesharing.
Other early networks required a direct connection
between host computers, meaning that there was
only one path for information to flow through. The
direct connections limited the size of these computer
networks, which became known as local area
networks (LANs).
– How ARPANET Works
6. Phone-linked networks
“In the 1960s, as many as a few hundred
users could have accounts on a single large
computer using terminals, and exchange
messages and files between them. But each
of those little communities was an
island, isolated from others. By reliably
connecting different kinds of computers to
each other, the ARPANET took a crucial
step toward the online world that links
nearly a third of the world's population
today.”
– Marc Weber, founding curator of the Computer History
Museum’s Internet History Program
On October 29, 2009, SRI celebrated
the 40th anniversary of the first
ARPANET connection.
7. From mainframes to minicomputers
Before ARPANET, most computer systems
consisted of a massive computer -- sometimes the
size of an entire room -- with user terminals
hardwired to it.
What is a
mainframe
computer?
9. Minicomputers?
Minicomputers are a largely obsolete class of
multi-user computers which made up the
middle range of the computing spectrum, in
between the largest multi-user systems
(mainframe computers) and the smallest
single-user systems (microcomputers or
personal computers).
From Blog “Health Care
Renewal”:
[a] picture from the George
Washington High School
(Phila., PA) 1973 yearbook in
front of [their] high school's
DEC PDP-8/S:
10. When did ARPAnet become the Internet?
“. . . Ray Tomlinson is credited with inventing
email in 1972. . . . He picked the @ symbol from
the computer keyboard to denote sending
messages from one computer to another. So then,
for anyone using Internet standards, it was
simply a matter of nominating name-of-the-
user@name-of-the-computer.
“. . . 1975 seems to be the definitive year in which,
for the first time, networks connected to each
other.”
– Ian Peter’s History of the Internet
11. 1975, the net goes commercial
Telenet
– One of the first value-added, packet switching
networks that enabled terminals and computers
to exchange data. Established in 1975 by Dr.
Lawrence Roberts, who helped to develop
ARPANET, Telenet was acquired by GTE in
1979. After it was acquired by Sprint in 1986, it
was renamed SprintNet
12. Packet switching?
Almost like USPS delivery
– In a packet-switched network, no circuit is set
up prior to sending data between devices.
Blocks of data, even from the same file or
communication, may take any number of paths
as it journeys from one device to another.
Compare this to Figure 1 [circuit switching is
essentially a direct connection]
15. 1980s
Main uses scholarly or military
– Libraries use Telenet and Tymnet for
remote searching of databases
– Scientists and scholars communicate by
email
The Silent 700 was a line of portable
computer terminals manufactured by Texas
Instruments in the 1970s and 1980s. Silent
700s printed with a dot-matrix heating
element onto a roll of heat-sensitive paper.
They were equipped with an integrated
acoustic coupler and modem that could
receive data at 30 characters per second.
16. What, no fun things?
Enter the BBS!
– Bulletin Board System
– A forum for users to browse and exchange
information. Computer BBSs are accessible by
telephone via a personal computer and a
modem. Many BBSs are small operations run
by a single person that allow only several users
to log on at the same time. Some are much
larger and allow hundreds of users to login
simultaneously to use the system. Huge,
commercial examples are America Online,
CompuServe, and Prodigy.
• From Glossary of Distance Education and Internet
Terminology
18. Related to BBS
Gopher
– The Gopher Protocol is a distributed document
search and retrieval protocol that was
developed at the University of Minnesota in the
late 1980s. Resources are stored on Gopher
servers, which organize information using a
hierarchical directory structure. Gopher clients
access servers to retrieve directory listings of
available resources, which are presented to the
user as a menu from which an item may be
selected for retrieval.
• Gopher Protocol (Gopher) (Page 4 of 4)
19. A Gopher menu
Hong Kong Baptist University’s Home Gopher Menu
To navigate the menus, you used the arrow keys (no mouse, of course!) to
move the arrow up or down the menu and then hit Enter to select the item
you wanted. Current browsers no longer support Gopher.
20. Veronica, Jughead and Archie!
Rodent companions (note: no Betty)!
– Veronica: “Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-
wide Index to Computerized Archives”
– Jughead: “Jonzy’s Universal Gopher Hierarchy
Excavation and Display”
– Archie: a popular FTP [“File Transfer
Protocol”] search program of the time. Though
the legend of Archie being named for the
cartoon, the name in fact is shorthand for
“Archives.”
• A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten
By Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, Feb 6, 2002
21. The Web is added: 1991
Tim Berners-Lee:
– “. . . in 1989, while working at the European Particle
Physics Laboratory, I proposed that a global
hypertext space be created in which any network-
accessible information could be refered to by a single
“Universal Document Identifier”. Given the go-ahead
to experiment by my boss, Mike Sendall, I wrote in
1990 a program called “WorldWideWeb”, a point
and click hypertext editor which ran on the “NeXT”
machine. This, together with the first Web server, I
released to the High Energy Physics community at
first, and to the hypertext and NeXT communities in
the summer of 1991.”
• The World Wide Web: A very short personal history
22. The first “real” browser
NCSA Mosaic
In 1991, the NCSA introduced NCSA Mosaic, the
first readily-available
graphical Web Browser
that virtually kickstarted
the dot.com revolution. It
may not look like much
now - but it is interesting
to consider how similar
modern browsers look to
the original.
PawPrint.net Glossary of Terms
24. Alphabet soup of the Web
URL
– Uniform Resource Locator
HTTP
– HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTML
– Hypertext Markup Language
– Now being complemented by XML
• EXtensible Markup Language
– See What is XML?
25. Basic URL Structure
Parts
– A URL has three basic parts: the protocol (how to get the resource);
the server id (who to get the resource from); and the resource id (the
name of the resource and how to find it on the target machine). In its
most basic form, this looks like the following:
– The "http" indicates that this is a Web document. The
"www.fake.com" is the domain name of the (in this case, fictional)
machine on which the web server is running (we know it’s a web
server because of the protocol). And, of course, “doc.html” is the
filename of the HTML document (notice the file extension “.html”)
on that machine.
26. Other url address types
Gopher URLs
– gopher://gumby.brain.headache.edu:151/7fonebook.txt
Access the searchable index “fonebook.txt” from the
named gopher server, running on port number 151.
[It’s unlikely that you will be access this: few modern browsers
support gopher any longer ]
Mailto URL
– mailto:user@host?subject=Happy%20lobsters
[Allows you to] include mail headers within the mailto
URL. [This] example [will] send a letter with the
subject line “Happy lobsters”.
• For other examples, see Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) from
Introduction to HTML by Ian Graham, The Information
Commons, University of Toronto. Last Update: 20 September 2000
27. Domain name?
What is a „Domain Name‟?
– Domain Name System, or DNS, is the most
recognized system for assigning addresses to
Internet web servers (aka “Internet hosts”).
Somewhat like international phone
numbers, the domain name system helps to give
every Internet server a memorable and easy-to-
spell address. Simultaneously, the domain
names keep the really technical IP address
invisible for most viewers.
• By Paul Gil, About.com Guide
28. Structure of a Domain Name 1
Top-level domain or first-level domain
– Every domain name has a suffix that indicates the
Top Level Domain (TLD) to which it belongs. The
TLD is the part of an internet domain name which
can be found to the right of the last point. Generic
TLDs include .com, .int, .net, .info, .org, etc. There
are also many country code top level domains
(ccTLDs) such as .es, .it, .cz and .be. Each TLD is
associated with a particular registry which
registers the names associated with the TLD.
• What is a Top Level Domain (TLD)?
• The .eu Top Level Domain
29. Structure of a Domain Name 2
Second-level domain
– In the Domain Name System (DNS)
hierarchy, it is the highest level
underneath the top-level domains. It is
that portion of the domain name that
appears immediately to the left of the
top-level domain, separated by a dot.
For example, the “NetLingo” in
www.netlingo.com is a second-level
domain.
30. Structure of a Domain Name 3
SubDomain - The Third Level Domain
– If you need to further distinguish your
second-level domain name, you can use a
third-level domain name, such as
“resources.hostway.com.” Typically a
third-level domain name is used to refer
to different servers within different
departments of a company.
• Creating third-level domains
31. Examples of 3rd level domains closer to
home?
From Murray State:
– http://campus.murraystate.edu
– http://lib.murraystate.edu/
32. Success of the web?
Tim Berners-Lee:
– The success of the World Wide Web, itself built on the open Internet, has
depended on three critical factors: 1) unlimited links from any part of the
Web to any other; 2) open technical standards as the basis for continued
growth of innovation applications; and 3) separation of network layers,
enabling independent innovation for network transport, routing and
information applications. Today these characteristics of the Web are easily
overlooked as obvious, self-maintaining, or just unimportant. All who use
the Web to publish or access information take it for granted that any Web
page on the planet will be accessible to anyone who has an Internet
connection, regardless whether it is over a dialup modem or a high speed
multi-megabit per second digital access line. The last decade has seen so
many new ecommerce startups, some of which have formed the foundations
of the new economy, that we now expect that the next blockbuster Web site
or the new homepage for your kid's local soccer team will just appear on
the Web without any difficulty.
• Testimony of Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, Hearing on the “Digital Future of the United
States: Part I -- The Future of the World Wide Web”
33. The internet a conversation?
The Internet is a far more speech-enhancing
medium than print, the village green, or the
mails. . . . The Internet may fairly be regarded
as a never-ending worldwide conversation.[1]
Statement by a federal judge in American Civil
Liberties Union v. Reno, 929 F. Supp. 824, 844 (E.D. Pa. 1996)
(Dalzell, J.). Quoted by Tim Berners-Lee in his Testimony at
Hearing on the “Digital Future of the United States: Part I --
The Future of the World Wide Web”