The Internet connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks. It allows any connected computer to communicate with another. The World Wide Web is an information sharing system built on top of the Internet that uses protocols to translate messages into electronic signals for transmission and back into readable text. Hardware components like cables, routers, and servers form the physical infrastructure to connect devices and transmit data wirelessly or physically. The origins of the Internet were in the 1950s US military's desire for a communication system resilient to nuclear attack. Researchers developed time-sharing and early computer networks to facilitate collaboration over distances.

2. The Internet is a massive network of networks, a
networking infrastructure. It connects millions of
computers together globally, forming a network in
which any computer can communicate with any other
computer as long as they are both connected to the
Internet. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way
of accessing information over the medium of the
Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built
on top of the Internet.

3. The protocols, such as the TCP/IP suite,
present sets of rules that devices must
follow in order to complete tasks. Without
this common collection of rules, machines
would not be able to communicate.
The protocols are also responsible for
translating the alphabetic text of a
message into electronic signals that can
be transmitted over the Internet, and then
back again into legible, alphabetic text.
Hardware, the second major component of
the Internet, includes everything from the
computer or smartphone that is used to
access the Internet to the cables that carry
information from one device to another.
Additional types of hardware include
satellites, radios, cell phone towers,
routersand servers.
These various types of hardware are the
connections within the network. Devices
such as computers, smartphones and laptops
are end points, or clients, while the machines
that store the information are the servers.
The transmission lines that exchange the
data can either be wireless signals from
satellites or 4G and cell phone towers, or
physical lines, such as cables and fiber optics.
The Internet can be seen as having two
major components

4. The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and
huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in
possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The
US realised it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear
attack.At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military
scientists and university staff..
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly
frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could
simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although
individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organisations to
research the possibility of a large-scale computer network

5. PAUL BARAN (1926–2011):
An engineer whose work
overlapped with ARPA’s research.
In 1959 he joined an American
think tank, the RAND Corporation,
and was asked to research how the
US Air Force could keep control of
its fleet if a nuclear attack ever
happened. In 1964 Baran proposed
a communication network with no
central command point. If one
point was destroyed, all surviving
points would still be able to
communicate with each other. He
called this a distributed network.
LAWRENCE ROBERTS (1937–2018)
Chief scientist at ARPA,
responsible for developing
computer networks. Paul Baran’s
idea appealed to Roberts, and he
began to work on the creation of a
distributed network.
TIM BERNERS-LEE (1955–)
Creator of the World Wide
Webwho developed many of the
principles we still use today, such
as HTML, HTTP, URLs and web
browsers.

6. The Internet is a public, cooperative and self-
sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of
millions of people worldwide. It is used by
many as the primary source of information
consumption, and fueled the creation and
growth of its own social ecosystem through
social media and content sharing.
Furthermore, e-commerce, or online
shopping, has become one of the largest
uses of the Internet.

7. COMMUNICATION INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERVICES
WWW (WORLD WIDE WEB) WEB SERVICES
Communication is one of the most popular internet services.
Every day, we use internet-based communication services to stay
in touch with family and friends. It is also referred to as Internet
Telephony. Instant Messaging, Internet Telephony, VOIP, Email,
IRC, Videoconferencing, and other internet communication
services are available. Let's take a look at them one at a time.
a) Instant Messaging
b) Email
One reason why a computer network such as the Internet has
been created was, to allow users to access remote computers
and transfer files from one machine to another. This internet
service includes FTP, FTPS, SFTP(Simple File Transfer Protocol),
Telnet, SSH File Transfer Protocol, Trivial File Transfer Protocol,
etc.
WWW is one of the main services of the internet. Most of us
think that the Internet and WWW are the same but actually
not. The Internet is Infrastructure and the Web is just a service
provided on the Internet. The Internet is a network of
networks and the Web is just information present in the
network.
The inventor of the Web: Tim Berners Lee and Robert Cailliau.
There are a wide variety of programming languages used to create various
apps. A variety of programming languages and frameworks were used to
construct these applications. For any reason, we may need to communicate
with each other. It's at this point that web services come into play. Regardless
of the programming language used to develop the apps, web services
provide a common platform for different applications to connect with one
another.
As a result, it serves as a standard medium for passing messages (data)
between a client application (created with android, vue, angular, react, or any
frontend language in general) and a server application (created with java,.net,
python, or any frontend language in general) on the World Wide Web.
a) FTP
b) SFTP
c) Telnet