This document provides an overview of foundational topics in networking, including the evolution of computer networking models from centralized to distributed to collaborative computing. It describes key aspects of networking infrastructure such as the Internet, Internet protocols, Internet access providers, and the transmission of data. It also summarizes the development and functioning of the World Wide Web, URLs, web servers, and top-level domains.
The document provides an overview of internet fundamentals and applications. It discusses the history of the internet and intranets, and how internet protocols like TCP/IP allow different networks to connect. It also describes common internet elements like clients, servers, internet service providers (ISPs), IP addresses, and the domain name system (DNS). The document is intended as an introduction to fundamental internet concepts.
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
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A computer network is a digital telecommunications network that allows network nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computer devices exchange data with each other using connections (data links) between nodes. These data links are established via network cables such as wire or fiber optics , or wireless media such as Wi-Fi .
Network computing devices that launch, route , and terminate data are called network nodes. [1] Nodes are often identified by network addresses and can include network hosts such as personal computers , phones , and servers , as well as network hardware such as routers and switches. Two such devices can be said to be interconnected when one can exchange information with the other, whether they are directly connected to each other or not. In most cases, application-specific communication protocols are layered (i.e., carry a payload ) over other general communication protocols . This formidable collection of information technology requires skilled network managers to keep all network systems running well.
This document discusses the objectives and units of an IT8005 - Electronic Commerce course. The objectives are to understand e-commerce technology, infrastructure, business models and platforms. Unit 1 introduces the basics of the internet and world wide web, including HTML, links, images and forms. It also covers trends in e-commerce infrastructure such as mobile devices, cloud computing and big data. Key internet concepts discussed include packet switching, TCP/IP, IP addresses, domain names, URLs, and client-server computing. Cloud computing models like IaaS, SaaS and PaaS are also introduced.
This document discusses computer networks and their classification. It defines the goals of computer networks as resource sharing without regard to physical location. It classifies networks into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The document then discusses how computer networks enable communication and collaboration between employees through technologies like email, video conferencing, desktop sharing and e-commerce. It explains how networks allow businesses to place electronic orders and enhance efficiency.
The document provides an overview of internet fundamentals and applications. It discusses the history of the internet and intranets, and how internet protocols like TCP/IP allow different networks to connect. It also describes common internet elements like clients, servers, internet service providers (ISPs), IP addresses, and the domain name system (DNS). The document is intended as an introduction to fundamental internet concepts.
Using Interconnected Computer Networks For CommunicationChelsea Porter
The document discusses the protocol stack, specifically how data moves through the layers of the TCP/IP and OSI models when requesting a webpage from a web server over a WAN. It explains the encapsulation process at each layer, such as how the application layer protocols HTTP and DNS are used, and how at the transport layer data is segmented and port numbers are added. It then discusses how at the network layer, logical addressing is applied to packets before being forwarded across the WAN. The document also covers subnetting IP addresses and includes screenshots of routing/switching device outputs and an email example.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
This document discusses the evolution of distributed computing from centralized mainframes to modern cloud, grid, and parallel computing systems. It covers key topics like:
- The shift from high-performance computing (HPC) to high-throughput computing (HTC) and new paradigms like cloud, grid, and peer-to-peer networks.
- The progression of computing platforms and generations from mainframes to personal computers to modern distributed systems.
- Degrees of parallelism including bit-level, instruction-level, data-level, task-level, and job-level and how these have improved over time.
- Major applications that have driven distributed computing including science, engineering, banking, and
The document discusses the history and development of the internet. It began in the 1960s as ARPANET, a small network connecting computers funded by the US Department of Defense. In the 1970s, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn created TCP/IP, the fundamental communication protocols that allowed different networks to interconnect and form the internet. Their work laid the foundation for how data is transmitted over the global network of interconnected networks that we now know as the internet.
A computer network is a digital telecommunications network that allows network nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computer devices exchange data with each other using connections (data links) between nodes. These data links are established via network cables such as wire or fiber optics , or wireless media such as Wi-Fi .
Network computing devices that launch, route , and terminate data are called network nodes. [1] Nodes are often identified by network addresses and can include network hosts such as personal computers , phones , and servers , as well as network hardware such as routers and switches. Two such devices can be said to be interconnected when one can exchange information with the other, whether they are directly connected to each other or not. In most cases, application-specific communication protocols are layered (i.e., carry a payload ) over other general communication protocols . This formidable collection of information technology requires skilled network managers to keep all network systems running well.
This document discusses the objectives and units of an IT8005 - Electronic Commerce course. The objectives are to understand e-commerce technology, infrastructure, business models and platforms. Unit 1 introduces the basics of the internet and world wide web, including HTML, links, images and forms. It also covers trends in e-commerce infrastructure such as mobile devices, cloud computing and big data. Key internet concepts discussed include packet switching, TCP/IP, IP addresses, domain names, URLs, and client-server computing. Cloud computing models like IaaS, SaaS and PaaS are also introduced.
This document discusses computer networks and their classification. It defines the goals of computer networks as resource sharing without regard to physical location. It classifies networks into personal, local, metropolitan and wide area networks. The document then discusses how computer networks enable communication and collaboration between employees through technologies like email, video conferencing, desktop sharing and e-commerce. It explains how networks allow businesses to place electronic orders and enhance efficiency.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as two or more connected computers that share information. All networks require devices, hubs or switches to connect multiple devices, and routers to handle communication as more devices connect. Each device needs an IP address for identification and location. The document discusses key aspects of networks including size (LANs and WANs), protocols, topology, hardware components, and cabling infrastructure. It provides examples of how different types of networks are structured. The purpose of networks is to facilitate communication, sharing of hardware, files and software between connected devices.
The document discusses the key concepts and technologies underlying electronic commerce and the internet. It covers the objectives of understanding e-commerce platforms and concepts, security challenges, and developing an e-commerce site. It then describes the evolution of the internet from its initial development for research through commercialization. It also explains fundamental internet technologies like packet switching, IP addressing, TCP/IP protocols, and the layered architecture that supports internet communication.
This document provides a high-level overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the Internet originated as a U.S. military network called ARPANET in the 1960s and evolved to include commercial networks in the 1970s. It describes the development of early online services like BBS and Gopher in the 1980s and the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1991, which enabled easy sharing of information through hyperlinks. The summary concludes that the open and collaborative nature of the Internet has been key to its widespread success and ability to continually evolve new applications.
The document discusses the network infrastructure needed to support e-commerce. It describes how the internet evolved from a restricted military/research network in the 1960s-1990s to becoming a global commercial network by the mid-1990s. Electronic commerce requires an information superhighway infrastructure to transmit content over the internet. This infrastructure includes network interface cards, hubs, switches, gateways, set-top boxes, and wired/satellite internet connections. The information superhighway emerged as the basic network enabling all types of e-commerce by providing integrated voice, data, and video services.
The document provides an overview of computer evolution and hardware components. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Computer hardware evolved rapidly from early vacuum tube computers to transistor-based systems to today's microprocessor-powered devices. Moore's Law predicted that processing power would double every 18 months.
2) The microprocessor revolutionized computing, allowing the development of personal computers that were as powerful as room-sized mainframes.
3) Modern computer systems consist of an input devices, a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, and output devices connected via buses. The CPU processes data and memory temporarily stores programs and data.
4) Common storage devices include magnetic disks, optical disks, solid
This document provides an overview of cloud computing concepts including:
- The evolution from distributed computing to cloud computing and the key characteristics of clouds like elasticity and on-demand provisioning.
- Cloud computing architectures have three tiers - deployment models (public, private, hybrid etc.), service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and essential characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling and rapid elasticity.
- Distributed systems like clusters, grids and peer-to-peer networks enabled the development of computational clouds, with virtualization making internet clouds a new computing paradigm.
Internet Principles and Components, Client-Side ProgrammingPrabu U
Internet Principles and Components: History of the Internet and World Wide Web – HTML - Protocols – HTTP, SMTP, POP3, MIME, and IMAP. Domain Name Server, Web Browsers and Web Servers. HTML- Style Sheets- CSS- Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets-Rule- Features- Selectors- Attributes.
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The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military program called ARPANET in the 1960s and expanded to include academic and research networks. By the 1980s, the TCP/IP protocol allowed different networks to interconnect, and the term "Internet" was adopted. In the 1990s, the World Wide Web brought the Internet to the general public. The document also describes the basic infrastructure of the Internet including protocols, network structures, and governance organizations like ICANN.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet from its origins as a network of connected computers using TCP/IP protocols in the 1960s-1970s to its current scale as a global system comprising billions of interconnected public, private, academic and government networks. It also summarizes some key applications and services of the modern Internet such as social networking, e-business, telework, crowdsourcing, online philanthropy, computer surveillance, and debates around Internet censorship.
An Introduction To Computer Networking A SurveyCheryl Brown
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer networking. It discusses the history of computer networking beginning in the 1960s and the components that make up a computer network including cables, network interface cards, switches, and software. It also describes different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and campus area networks (CANs). The document concludes by discussing how computer networks have changed communication and will continue to evolve and enhance our lives through new protocols, applications, and technologies.
The document summarizes key information about the internet. It discusses the origins of the internet from the ARPANET network developed by the US Department of Defense in 1969. It allowed multiple users to simultaneously send and receive information over communication paths. Universities were later allowed to join, developing software and giving birth to the modern internet. The document outlines purposes of computer networks like facilitating communication, sharing hardware and files. It lists advantages like serving as a virtual private network for organizations and a communication channel for marketing. Risks discussed include theft of personal information and virus threats.
The document provides information about a research study presentation for a college course. It discusses technical terms related to the internet, operating systems, data management, and network management. It also lists sophisticated hardware used in communication such as hubs, switches, routers, modems, bridges, gateways, network interface cards, mobile phones, cables, wireless access points, and Bluetooth devices. It provides pictures and descriptions of each hardware. It also differentiates between local area networks, wide area networks, and personal area networks.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of computers from the earliest information processing machines to modern personal computers and networks. It discusses:
1) How early computers took input and produced output but relied on software to direct hardware operations.
2) How computer hardware evolved rapidly through generations using different technologies like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors making computers smaller, faster and cheaper.
3) How the microprocessor revolutionized computing by enabling the development of microcomputers and personal computers.
4) How networks emerged allowing multiple users to access mainframe computers and later connect personal computers, leading to the Internet revolution.
This document provides an overview of distributed and cloud computing technologies. It discusses the evolution from centralized computing to distributed models over the Internet. Key points include:
- Computing has shifted from centralized mainframes to distributed systems using networks, grids, and now Internet clouds.
- Multicore CPUs and many-core GPUs enable massive parallelism for high-performance and high-throughput computing.
- Technologies like virtualization and service-oriented architectures helped enable cloud computing as a new paradigm.
The document discusses the history and workings of the Internet. It notes that the Internet began as a network called ARPANET developed by the US Department of Defense in the 1970s and later expanded to include universities and research institutions. Key events included the development of the World Wide Web in 1989 and the growth of the Internet to connect over 25 million computers across 180 countries by 1996. The document also describes how different computer networks are interconnected through gateways and protocols like TCP/IP to form the global Internet and transmit information between devices worldwide.
Chapter 5 Networking and Communication Learning Objecti.docxrobertad6
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networking and the internet. It discusses how ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to enable communication between computers. This evolved into the modern Internet, enabled by protocols like TCP/IP. It describes how the World Wide Web emerged in the 1990s and fueled widespread commercial and personal use of the internet. Broadband technologies further accelerated internet usage by providing high-speed connectivity. Wireless technologies now allow ubiquitous internet access through devices like smartphones.
The Internet began in 1969 as ARPANET, a project of the U.S. Department of Defense to create a communication network that could withstand nuclear war. In the 1970s, ARPANET expanded and became known as the Internet, connecting universities, research labs, and other networks. The first web browser, Mosaic, was created in 1991, adding graphical capabilities and kickstarting widespread use of the Internet. Today's Internet is a global system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other networks, with the World Wide Web allowing for sharing of information through hypertext documents and multimedia content.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to link university computers. The adoption of TCP/IP in the 1980s allowed the ARPANET to evolve into the Internet. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the early 1990s and gained widespread popularity with the release of graphical web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator in the mid-1990s. The document also provides definitions and explanations of key Internet technologies like HTML, URLs, and how the client-server model allows web pages and content to be accessed over the Internet.
Net to web: The Links that became a WebJohan Koren
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in the 1960s as a military network to connect computers, to the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991. It summarizes key developments like the introduction of email in 1972, the linking of networks in 1975 to create the Internet, and the release of the first graphical web browser, Mosaic, in 1991, which helped popularize the Web. The document outlines important Internet protocols and systems like HTTP, HTML, URLs, and the domain name system that helped structure the early Internet.
The document provides a history of the development of the Internet and World Wide Web. It discusses how ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, was developed in the 1960s and 1970s to link computers and allow for communication. It then describes the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989-1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, which added hyperlinking to allow easy navigation between documents on the Internet. The document outlines some of the key technologies and protocols that enabled the growth of the Internet, such as domain names, URLs, HTML, and early web browsers like Mosaic.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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2) How computer hardware evolved rapidly through generations using different technologies like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors making computers smaller, faster and cheaper.
3) How the microprocessor revolutionized computing by enabling the development of microcomputers and personal computers.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. A. Introduction to Networking
a. Major Types of Network Connection
B. What is Internet?
a. Basic of Internet Infrastructure
b. Access Providers
c. Transmission of Data and Information
d. Internet Address
C. The World Wide Web
a. Web Addresses
b. Top-Level Domains (TLD)
D. Cloud Computing
E. Internet-of-Things
3. Foundational Topics in Networking
Telecommunications and networking technologies have become very
important as almost all organizations rely on computer-based
information systems to support various business processes.
Understanding how the underlying networking technologies work and
where these technologies are heading will help you better understand
the potential of information systems.
Evolution of Computer Networking
Over the past decades, computer networking underwent an evolution
from centralized computing to distributed computing to collaborative
computing.
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
4. Centralized Computing
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
Unchanged through the 1970’s. In this model, large centralized
computers, called mainframes, were used to process and store data.
During the mainframe era (beginning in the 1940’s), people entered data
on mainframes through the use of local input devices called terminals.
These devices were called “dumb” terminals because they did not
conduct any processing, or “smart”, activities.
The centralized computing model is not a true network because there is
no sharing of data and capabilities. The mainframe provides all the
capabilities, and the terminals are only input/output devices. Computer
networks evolved in the 1980s when organizations needed separate,
independent computers to communicate with each other.
Centralized computing has seen a renaissance as a business turn to thin
clients to reduce costs for support, energy, or software licenses and to
increase productivity and security.
5. Distributed Computing
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
The introduction of personal computers in the late 1970s and early
1980s gave individuals control over their own computing. Organizations
also realized that they could use multiple small computers to achieve
many of the same processing goals of a single large computer. Rather
than using one mainframe to perform all the processing, people could
work on independent subsets of tasks on separate computers, and
combine the individual results. To achieve this, computer networks were
needed so that data and services could be easily shared between these
distributed computers. The 1980s were characterized by an evolution to a
computing model called Distributed Computing, in which separate
computers work independently on subsets of tasks and then the
individual results are pooled by communicating over a network.
Distributed computing has seen a reemergence in the form of grid
computing. In grid computing architectures, large computing tasks are
broken into small chunks, each of which can be completed by individual
computers, and the individual results are combined to arrive at the end
result.
6. Collaborative Computing
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
In the 1990s, a new computing model, called Collaborative Computing,
emerged. Collaborative computing is a synergistic form of distributed
computing in which two or more networked computers work together to
accomplish a common processing task. That is, in this model of
computing, computers are not working independently on (more or less
equivalent) subtasks, but are have well-defined processing capabilities
and responsibilities. For example, one computer may be used to store am
large employee database. A second computer may be used to process
and update individual employee records retrieved from this database.
The two computers collaborate to keep the company’s employee records
current.
7. Distributed Computing
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
The introduction of personal computers in the late 1970s and early
1980s gave individuals control over their own computing. Organizations
also realized that they could use multiple small computers to achieve
many of the same processing goals of a single large computer. Rather
than using one mainframe to perform all the processing, people could
work on independent subsets of tasks on separate computers, and
combine the individual results. To achieve this, computer networks were
needed so that data and services could be easily shared between these
distributed computers. The 1980s were characterized by an evolution to a
computing model called Distributed Computing, in which separate
computers work independently on subsets of tasks and then the
individual results are pooled by communicating over a network.
Distributed computing has seen a reemergence in the form of grid
computing. In grid computing architectures, large computing tasks are
broken into small chunks, each of which can be completed by individual
computers, and the individual results are combined to arrive at the end
result.
8. The Internet
The name Internet is derived from the concept of internetworking,
which means connecting host computers and their networks to form even
larger networks.
The Internet is a large worldwide collection of networks that uses a
common protocol to communicate.
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
DARPA began to study ways to interconnect networks of various kinds
way back in the late 1960s by the U.S.
ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
The research effort produced by DARPA, ARPANET, a large wide area
network (WAN) that linked many universities and research centers.
Sources: Information Systems Today Managing in the Digital World 8th Edition by Joseph Valacich and Christoph Schneider
9. The Internet
The Internet is a global network of interconnected devices and
networks that allows people to communicate and access information
from anywhere in the world. It is made up of a complex infrastructure
that includes computers, servers, routers, switches, and other hardware
and software components, as well as the protocols and standards that
are used to connect and communicate between devices.
(https://www.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet.htm)
The Internet is built on a set of protocols and standards, such as TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which define how
devices on the network communicate with each other and access
resources. Other important protocols include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), which is used to transmit web pages, and FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), which is used to transfer files between computers.
(https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.html)
10. The Internet
The Internet is made up of a wide variety of networks, including public
and private networks, and is accessed through a variety of mediums,
including wired and wireless connections. Access providers, such as
Internet service providers (ISPs) and mobile carriers, provide individuals
and businesses with connection to the Internet.
(https://www.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet.htm)
The Internet allows people to connect and communicate with each
other, access and share information, and use online services and
applications from anywhere in the world. It has transformed the way we
live, work, and communicate, and has had a profound impact on virtually
every aspect of modern life. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/
Internet)
11. The Brief History of Network
The history of computer networking can be traced back to the early days of
computing, with the development of the ARPANET in the late 1960s being a key
milestone. This early network was designed to allow researchers at different locations
to communicate and share information, and it served as the foundation for the
development of many other networks that followed.
Over the years, computer networking has evolved significantly, with the
development of new technologies and protocols that have enabled the creation of
more advanced and sophisticated networks. Some notable milestones in the history
of networking include:
• The development of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet
Protocol (IP) in the 1970s, which formed the basis for the modern internet
• The creation of the World Wide Web in the late 1980s, which made it easy for users
to access and share information online
• The widespread adoption of Ethernet in the 1980s and 1990s, which allowed for
the creation of local area networks (LANs)
• The development of wireless networking technologies in the 1990s, which enabled
the creation of wireless networks and the proliferation of mobile devices
• The increasing use of the internet and networking technologies in the 21st century,
which has led to the creation of global networks and the rise of cloud computing.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/a-brief-history-of-computer-networking/
https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-networking-816370
12. Basic of Internet Infrastructure
The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that
enables the exchange of data and information between computers and other devices.
At a high level, the internet infrastructure consists of the following components:
1. Client devices: These are the devices that users interact with to access the internet,
such as computers, smartphones, tablets, and smart appliances.
2. Network access points: These are the points of connection between client devices
and the rest of the internet. They can include wired connections, such as Ethernet
cables, or wireless connections, such as Wi-Fi.
3. Internet service providers (ISPs): These are the companies that provide access to
the internet to individuals and organizations. They typically operate networks of
servers and other equipment that provide connectivity to the internet.
4. Data centers: These are facilities that house large numbers of servers and other
computer equipment used to store, process, and transmit data and information. They
are an important part of the internet infrastructure, as they provide the computing
power and storage capacity needed to support many of the services and applications
that are used on the internet.
5. Internet exchange points (IXPs): These are locations where multiple ISPs can
exchange traffic with one another. They help to reduce the distance that data has to
travel, which can improve the performance of the internet.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/how-the-internet-works/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/Internet_infrastructure.html
13. Internet access providers (IAPs)
Internet access providers (IAPs) are companies that offer customers access to the
internet. They can provide this access through various means, such as through a wired
connection (such as a broadband connection or a cable modem) or a wireless
connection (such as a cellular network or a satellite connection).
IAPs are an important part of the internet infrastructure, as they enable individuals
and organizations to connect to the internet and access the vast array of information,
services, and resources that are available online. Some examples of IAPs include:
• Cable providers: These companies provide internet access through a cable
connection, which is typically faster than a dial-up connection but may require a
physical connection to a cable modem.
• DSL providers: These companies provide internet access through a digital
subscriber line (DSL) connection, which uses a telephone line to transmit data and
requires a DSL modem.
• Fiber providers: These companies provide internet access through a fiber-optic
connection, which is capable of very high speeds and is typically more reliable
than other types of connections.
• Cellular providers: These companies provide internet access through a cellular
network, which enables users to connect to the internet using a mobile device
such as a smartphone or tablet.
Sources: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/ISP.html
https://www.lifewire.com/types-of-internet-service-providers-816388
14. Transmission of Data and Information
The transmission of data and information over the internet involves the
movement of digital data from one device to another through a network of
interconnected devices. This process is made possible by a set of protocols, or rules,
that define how data is formatted, transmitted, and received.
One of the most widely used protocols for transmitting data and information
over the internet is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP is a connection-
oriented protocol that establishes a reliable, end-to-end connection between two
devices and ensures that data is transmitted accurately and without errors.
Another important protocol for transmitting data and information over the
internet is the Internet Protocol (IP). IP is a network-layer protocol that enables
devices to communicate with one another by assigning each device a unique IP
address and routing data between devices based on these addresses.
Other protocols that are used for transmitting data and information over the
internet include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used for transmitting
data in real-time applications, and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), which is used for
transferring files between devices.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/how-data-is-transmitted-over-the-internet/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP.html
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP.html
15. Internet Address, also known as an IP Address
An internet address, also known as an IP address, is a numerical label assigned to
each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two main functions: it identifies the host or
network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network.
IP addresses are typically assigned to devices by an Internet Service Provider
(ISP) or network administrator. There are two main types of IP addresses: IPv4 and
IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that are typically expressed as four decimal
numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers
that are typically expressed as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by
colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
IP addresses are a key component of the internet infrastructure, as they enable
devices to communicate with one another and access resources on the internet.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-an-ip-address/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IP_address.html
16. The World Wide Web (WWW or Web)
The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is a vast network of interconnected
documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. It is a platform for
accessing and sharing information on the internet, and it has revolutionized the way
we communicate and access information.
The Web was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, in the
late 1980s. He created the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, and the first web
server, called CERN httpd. These tools allowed users to access and share information
over the internet by clicking on hyperlinks.
Today, the Web is an essential part of our daily lives, with billions of people around
the world using it to access information, communicate with others, and conduct
business. It has also had a profound impact on many aspects of society, including
education, entertainment, and commerce.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/the-history-of-the-world-wide-web/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/World_Wide_Web.html
17. httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon)
httpd (Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon) is a software program that runs on a
web server and listens for incoming requests for web pages from clients (such as a
web browser). When a request is received, httpd sends the requested web page back
to the client.
Httpd is the most commonly used web server software on the internet, and it is
the foundation of the modern web. It is a key component of the World Wide Web, as
it enables users to access and share information over the internet by clicking on
hyperlinks.
Httpd was developed by Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, in the late
1980s as part of the development of the World Wide Web. The first version of httpd,
called CERN httpd, was used to serve the first web pages on the internet. Today, there
are many different versions of httpd available, including Apache httpd, which is the
most widely used.
Sources: https://httpd.apache.org/
https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-a-web-server/
18. Web addresses, also known as URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
Web addresses, also known as URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), are used to
identify and locate resources on the World Wide Web. A URL consists of a protocol
(such as HTTP or HTTPS), a domain name, and optional parameters that specify the
location of a specific resource on the web.
For example, the URL "https://www.example.com/about" specifies a resource on
the web that can be accessed using the HTTPS protocol, located on the domain
"example.com", at the location "/about". When a user enters this URL into a web
browser, the browser sends a request to the server hosting the website and retrieves
the specified resource.
Web addresses are a crucial part of the World Wide Web, as they allow users to
easily access and share information on the internet.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-a-url/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/URL.html
19. Top-Level Domains (TLDs)
Top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names in the
hierarchical domain name system (DNS) that is used to identify and locate resources
on the internet. TLDs are the last part of a domain name, and they are used to
indicate the type of organization or entity that owns the domain.
There are several types of TLDs, including:
• Generic TLDs (gTLDs): These are TLDs that are not specific to a particular country
or region and can be used by anyone, such as .com, .net, and .org.
• Country-code TLDs (ccTLDs): These are TLDs that are specific to a particular
country or region, such as .uk for the United Kingdom and .jp for Japan.
• Infrastructure TLDs: These are TLDs that are used for special purposes, such as
.arpa for internet infrastructure purposes.
• The most commonly used TLDs are .com, .net, and .org, which are generic TLDs.
However, there are many other TLDs available, and new TLDs are being added to
the internet on a regular basis.
Sources: https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TLD.html
https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/internet-domain-names/
20. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides us a means by which we can access the applications as
utilities, over the Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize
applications online.
With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the internet from
anywhere for as long as they need without worrying about any maintenance or
management of actual resources.
What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that
Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services
over network, i.e., on public networks or on private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or
VPN.
Applications such as email, web conferencing, customer relationship management
(CRM), all run in cloud.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
21. What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accesing the
applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and
application.
Cloud computing is both a combination of software and hardware
based computing resources delivered as a network service.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
22. Basic Concepts
There are certain services and models working behind the scene
making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users.
Following are the working models for cloud computing:
1. Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud. i.e., how
the cloud is located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access:
Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.
2. Service Models
Service models are the reference models on which the Cloud
Computing is based. These can be categorized into three basic service
models: IaaS, Paas and Saas.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
23. Four types of Access in Deployment Models
1. Public Cloud
The public cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to
the general public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its
openness., e.g., e-mail.
2. Private Cloud
The private cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within
an organization. It offers increased security because of its private nature.
3. Community Cloud
The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by
groups of organizations.
4. Hybrid Cloud
The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the
critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical
activities are performed using public cloud.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
24. Three Basic Service Models
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on
demand scalable service. IaaS provides access to fundamental
resources such as physical machines, virtual machines, virtual
storage, etc.
* Usually billed based on usage.
* Usually multi tenant virtualized environment.
* Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and
application support.
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
25. 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications,
development and deployment tools, etc. PaaS provides all of the
facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building
and delivering web applications and services entirely from the
Internet.
Typically applications must be developed with a particular
platform in mind.
* Multi tenant environments
* Highly scalable multi tier architecture
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
26. 3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS models allows to use software applications as a service to
end users. SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides
licensed multi-tenant access to software and its functions
remotely as a Web-based service.
* Usually billed based on usage
* Usually multi tenant environment
* Highly scalable architecture
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
27. Advantages of Cloud Computing
* Lower computer costs
* Improved performance
* Reduced software costs
* Instant software updates
* Improved document format compatibility
* Unlimited storage capacity
* Increased data reliability
* Universal document access
* Latest version availability
* Easier group collaboration
* Device independence
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
28. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
* Requires a constant Internet connection
* Does not work well with low-speed connections
* Features might be limited
* Can be slow
* Stored data can be lost
* Stored data might not be secure
Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/Agarwaljay/cloud-computing-simple-ppt-41561620
29. Internet of Things (IoT)
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the growing network of physical objects that
are equipped with sensors, software, and network connectivity, enabling them to
collect and exchange data. These objects, which are often referred to as "smart"
devices, are able to communicate with each other and with other systems over the
internet, enabling them to be monitored, controlled, and accessed remotely.
The IoT has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, including how we
live, work, and play. It can enable the automation of many tasks, improve the
efficiency of various processes, and provide us with new ways to access and use
information.
Some examples of IoT applications include:
• Smart homes: IoT-enabled devices can be used to automate and control various
aspects of a home, such as lighting, heating, and security.
• Smart cities: IoT-enabled devices can be used to monitor and optimize the
performance of various urban systems, such as transportation, energy, and water.
• Industrial IoT: IoT-enabled devices can be used to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of industrial processes, such as manufacturing and logistics.
Sources: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/education/what-is-the-internet-of-things-iot/
https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IoT.html