The document discusses international and national responses to climate change. It focuses on international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement under the UNFCCC where developed countries committed to emission reduction targets from 2008-2012. It also discusses national policies like Singapore's Green Plan to reduce emissions domestically.

1. Contracts signed by two or more
countries / countries around the
world to work together to deal with
climate change
Policies implemented by individual
countries to reduce the country’s
greenhouse gas emissions
(1) International Agreements (2) National Responses
Responses to Climate Change
Goal:
Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Case study: Kyoto Protocol Case study: Singapore
(a) Successes
(b) Limitations
(a) Singapore Green Plan 2012
(b) Green Mark Scheme
(c) Plant-A-Tree Programme

2. What are International Agreements?
International agreements
are important in tackling
climate change because
climate change is a
global problem that
requires a concerted
response from
all countries.
The international
community has taken
action to tackle climate
change by signing
international
agreements such as the
Kyoto Protocol.

3. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
It is an agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
The UNFCCC is set up with the goal of reducing
the levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Kyoto Protocol was initially adopted in
December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
It entered into force in February 2005.

4. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
As of June 2013,
there are
192 parties
who signed the
Kyoto Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol
allows these
countries to
make special
agreements to
work together to
combat global
warming by
reducing their
greenhouse gas
emissions.

5. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the participating countries
set various targets to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions (eg. CO2, CH4, N2O etc).
Names of some participating countries
of the Kyoto Protocol
Emission targets
(from 2008-2012)
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland
-8%
United States -7%
Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland -6%
Croatia -5%
New Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukraine 0
Norway +1%
Australia +8%
Iceland +10%

6. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
From 2008 to 2012, countries participating in the
Kyoto Protocol were obligated to reduce their
combined greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5%
below their emission levels in 1990.

7. International Response – Kyoto Protocol

8. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
The 37
developed countries
had a
greater responsibility
to reduce
greenhouse gas
emissions because
they were most
responsible for
emitting GHG
during the
industrial revolution.
Share of CO2 emissions in 1990

9. International Response – Kyoto Protocol
Depending on the ability of each developed country,
they had additional responsibilities (e.g. helping less
developed countries reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions by providing them with funds).