This document discusses studying the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It begins by providing background on human microbial diversity and the emerging importance of studying the lung mycobiota. The authors aim to characterize the lung mycobiota in CF patients using deep sequencing techniques and analyze how the mycobiota relates to clinical status and bacterial composition. Preliminary results on 36 sputum samples from CF patients with and without pulmonary exacerbation show no association between common fungi like Aspergillus fumigatus and exacerbation. Principal component analysis of bacterial and fungal genera indicates some correlations and lack of correlation between certain microorganisms. Further statistical analysis is ongoing.
What can we learn from studying fungal microbiotaLaurence Delhaes
The document discusses analyzing the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It summarizes a study that used high-throughput sequencing to analyze sputum samples from CF patients. The study found greater fungal diversity than previous culture-based methods, identifying 24 fungal genera including Aspergillus. Preliminary results showed associations between decreased fungal diversity and poorer clinical outcomes in CF patients. Larger studies are still needed to better understand the role of the lung mycobiota in CF exacerbations and how it interacts with bacterial communities and clinical status.
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
Preparedness, Prediction and Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Viruses with Pan...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Presentation at 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
The One Health Approach for Communicable Diseases
Sylvie VAN DER WERF, Institut Pasteur, France, on behalf of the PREDEMICS consortium
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunitySpringer
This document discusses cystic fibrosis and the defective innate immunity of the airways that occurs as a result. It begins by providing background on cystic fibrosis, noting that it is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene which encodes an anion channel. It then discusses how loss of CFTR function primarily affects the lungs, leading to chronic airway infection and inflammation that is life-limiting. The document reviews our current understanding of the defect in innate immunity of the CF airways, focusing on how the loss of CFTR impacts the airway surface liquid and ability to clear pathogens, resulting in persistent bacterial infection in the lungs. It concludes by noting research is ongoing to better understand the link between CFTR dysfunction and the airway
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
John Boikov H5N1 Essay, Mark - 95 out of 100John Boikov
- Current estimates of the case fatality rate for H5N1 infection are between 50-80%, but these rates may be skewed high because reporting criteria are too stringent and do not account for mild or asymptomatic cases.
- Molecular studies show that H5N1 NS1 protein contributes to the virus's virulence by triggering apoptosis and hypercytokinemia, helping explain H5N1's associated rapid viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- Limited human cell tropism of H5N1, restricted largely to cells in the lower respiratory tract, is thought to currently prevent efficient human-to-human transmission but adaptation remains possible through antigenic drift or shift.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
Determination of the Prevalence of Bluetongue Disease in Goats in Siirt Provi...AI Publications
Bluetongue disease is a disease caused by the bluetongue virus in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. The disease can be transmitted by ticks, sperm and vertically but is mainly spread by the Culicoides type flies. While the disease is naturally observed in cattle and sheep, it is more rarely observed in goats. This study was carried out to determine the presence of bluetongue infection in goats raised in Siirt province serologically and to obtain information about its prevalence in the region. The material of the study consisted of a total of 372 goats over one year of age raised in Siirt province. For laboratory analyses, 5 ml blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of goats to tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the sera were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum samples were analyzed by the ELISA (Thermo Scientific Multiskan Go) method using the commercial test kit (Bluetongue Virus VP7 Ab Test Kit, IDEXX). The results were evaluated as positive and negative. Of the 372 goats constituting the material of the study, 252 (67.74%) were seropositive and 120 (32.26%) were seronegative. As a result, in addition to measures for quarantine and vector control in the fight against the disease, it was concluded that vaccines specific to virus serotypes should be used and comprehensive and planned studies should be carried out in relation to the disease in the region and the country.
What can we learn from studying fungal microbiotaLaurence Delhaes
The document discusses analyzing the fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. It summarizes a study that used high-throughput sequencing to analyze sputum samples from CF patients. The study found greater fungal diversity than previous culture-based methods, identifying 24 fungal genera including Aspergillus. Preliminary results showed associations between decreased fungal diversity and poorer clinical outcomes in CF patients. Larger studies are still needed to better understand the role of the lung mycobiota in CF exacerbations and how it interacts with bacterial communities and clinical status.
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
Preparedness, Prediction and Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Viruses with Pan...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Presentation at 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
The One Health Approach for Communicable Diseases
Sylvie VAN DER WERF, Institut Pasteur, France, on behalf of the PREDEMICS consortium
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunitySpringer
This document discusses cystic fibrosis and the defective innate immunity of the airways that occurs as a result. It begins by providing background on cystic fibrosis, noting that it is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene which encodes an anion channel. It then discusses how loss of CFTR function primarily affects the lungs, leading to chronic airway infection and inflammation that is life-limiting. The document reviews our current understanding of the defect in innate immunity of the CF airways, focusing on how the loss of CFTR impacts the airway surface liquid and ability to clear pathogens, resulting in persistent bacterial infection in the lungs. It concludes by noting research is ongoing to better understand the link between CFTR dysfunction and the airway
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
John Boikov H5N1 Essay, Mark - 95 out of 100John Boikov
- Current estimates of the case fatality rate for H5N1 infection are between 50-80%, but these rates may be skewed high because reporting criteria are too stringent and do not account for mild or asymptomatic cases.
- Molecular studies show that H5N1 NS1 protein contributes to the virus's virulence by triggering apoptosis and hypercytokinemia, helping explain H5N1's associated rapid viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- Limited human cell tropism of H5N1, restricted largely to cells in the lower respiratory tract, is thought to currently prevent efficient human-to-human transmission but adaptation remains possible through antigenic drift or shift.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
Determination of the Prevalence of Bluetongue Disease in Goats in Siirt Provi...AI Publications
Bluetongue disease is a disease caused by the bluetongue virus in the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family. The disease can be transmitted by ticks, sperm and vertically but is mainly spread by the Culicoides type flies. While the disease is naturally observed in cattle and sheep, it is more rarely observed in goats. This study was carried out to determine the presence of bluetongue infection in goats raised in Siirt province serologically and to obtain information about its prevalence in the region. The material of the study consisted of a total of 372 goats over one year of age raised in Siirt province. For laboratory analyses, 5 ml blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of goats to tubes without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the sera were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at -20 °C until analysis. The serum samples were analyzed by the ELISA (Thermo Scientific Multiskan Go) method using the commercial test kit (Bluetongue Virus VP7 Ab Test Kit, IDEXX). The results were evaluated as positive and negative. Of the 372 goats constituting the material of the study, 252 (67.74%) were seropositive and 120 (32.26%) were seronegative. As a result, in addition to measures for quarantine and vector control in the fight against the disease, it was concluded that vaccines specific to virus serotypes should be used and comprehensive and planned studies should be carried out in relation to the disease in the region and the country.
This document discusses Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It is a significant cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Two primary species that infect humans are C. hominis through human transmission and C. parvum through zoonotic transmission from animals. Cryptosporidiosis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. While symptoms are usually self-limiting in healthy individuals, infection can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. Recreational water areas are a major source of cryptosporidiosis transmission due to fecal contamination and the parasite's resistance to chlorine disinfection. The document examines Cryptosporidium occurrence and prevention measures
This document summarizes a presentation on applying systems biology approaches to epidemiology and personalized medicine. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved from studying single risk factors to investigating complex interactions between genes, environments and diseases. Systems approaches integrate multiple levels of data to gain insights into disease mechanisms. Large consortia now apply these methods to conditions like asthma and COPD to understand their complexity. Epidemiology contributes a population perspective and helps develop evidence-based systems medicine frameworks.
This study evaluated the indoor air quality of seven wards at Daeyang Luke Hospital in Malawi. Air samples were collected from the wards using settle plates exposed for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The samples were incubated to determine bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m3) of air. Bacterial CFU/m3 ranged from 366 to 3495 across wards, while fungal CFU/m3 ranged from 786 to 3993. The emergency ward and female surgical ward had the highest bacterial and fungal levels respectively. Most wards exceeded recommended indoor air quality guidelines. The results indicate that indoor environmental factors at the hospital favor bacterial and fungal growth,
This document discusses a study investigating the effect of temperature and salinity on infection intensity of Bonamia ostreae, a parasite that infects European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis). The study found that infection intensity increased by 43% in oysters kept at 20°C compared to 12°C, and decreased by 69% in oysters kept at 28‰ salinity compared to 34‰ salinity. These results have implications for disease management, as culturing oysters at lower temperatures and salinities could help reduce parasite impact. The study also found the primary PCR method unreliable for detection and recommends using nested PCR.
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to
gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral
route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly
contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is
due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission.
HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious
public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care
after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and
struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case.
This study examined the emergence of Campylobacteriosis in Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria over a 3-year period from 2011-2014. Stool, water, beef, and chicken samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella species. The results showed increasing prevalence of C. jejuni over the study period, with the highest levels found in beef samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that C. jejuni isolates were most susceptible to Ceftriaxone and least susceptible to Tetracycline. Overall, the results indicate that Campylobacteriosis is an emerging public health issue in the study location.
Flies as potential carriers for diseases in pork butcheries in KampalaILRI
The document discusses a study on flies as potential carriers of disease in pork butcheries in Kampala, Uganda. The study aimed to examine the role of flies in transmitting pathogens like Salmonella, assess butchers' and customers' perceptions of flies, and test the impact of insecticide-treated nets on fly numbers. Baseline interviews found flies present in 80% of butcheries. The intervention of installing insecticide-treated nets in 18 pork joints resulted in an 84% reduction in trapped flies. Microbiological sampling found Salmonella in 31% of raw pork samples and 29% of fly samples, indicating flies may transmit pathogens at butcheries.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
IBacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial...Dr. Aisha M Elbareg
This document summarizes a study on urinary tract infections conducted in Libya. Urine samples were collected from 250 patients and cultured to isolate bacterial pathogens. Only 25.2% of samples showed significant bacterial growth. The most common isolates were gram-negative bacilli like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. E. coli was the predominant pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that isolates were generally sensitive to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin but less sensitive to cephalosporins and highly resistant to ampicillin. The study concludes that gram-negative bacteria are the main urinary pathogens and regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide effective
This document summarizes information about Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccine development. Serotype Choleraesuis is primarily a pathogen of pigs that can cause invasive infections in humans. While it is an infrequent cause of human salmonellosis in Western countries, it is of particular concern in Asia, especially Taiwan, where it is one of the most common Salmonella serotypes isolated from human patients.
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This study analyzed 365 urine samples collected from November 2014 to February 2015 in Sokoto, Nigeria. Of the 105 positive cultures, 60.9% contained Gram-negative uropathogens. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%), Salmonella arizonae (23.4%), and Klebsiella species (15.6%). Many isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole but susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Of the 64 Gram-negative isolates, 15 were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter species being the most common. The study concludes that ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens are present in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
This document discusses HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who remain uninfected despite repeated exposure to HIV-1. It explores both genetic and immunological factors that may contribute to their resistance. Genetically, variants of the CCR5 gene that prevent HIV from binding to immune cells, like CCR5-Δ32 in Caucasians and a G316A substitution in Southeast Asians, are common in HESNs. Immunologically, HESNs exhibit elevated expression of interferon-α which inhibits HIV replication, and their adaptive immune response is characterized by regulatory T cells and low inflammation, limiting HIV target cells. Studying these natural protection mechanisms could help develop new prevention strategies.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This study examined 692 stool samples from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India. The samples were tested for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Of the samples, 116 (16.8%) tested positive for parasites. The most common parasite was Entamoeba histolytica at 42.24% of positive samples, followed by Giardia lamblia at 24.13%. Giardia infections were highest in the 21-40 age group. The study found a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections compared to other areas, indicating a need for better diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and health education on environmental hygiene.
[Interdisciplinary Toxicology] Evaluation of miR-9 and miR-143 expression in ...mostafa khafaei
The document discusses a study that evaluated the expression levels of miR-9 and miR-143 in urine samples from 32 sulfur mustard exposed patients and 32 healthy subjects. The study found that the expression levels of both miR-9 and miR-143 were significantly decreased in the sulfur mustard exposed patients compared to the healthy subjects, with p-values of 0.0480 and 0.0272, respectively. This suggests an imbalance in several pathways involved in the pathogenic effects of sulfur mustard exposure, such as NF-κB signaling, TGF-β signaling, WNT pathway, inflammation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The decreases in miR-9 and miR-143 expression may play an important role in the pathogenicity of patients exposed to
2013 escf metagenome fungal and bacterial interactionsLaurence Delhaes
This document discusses the fungal and bacterial microbiota present in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. It presents results from a pilot study that used metagenomic sequencing of sputum samples from 4 CF patients. The study found 24 fungal and bacterial species/genera, with only 4 identified by culture previously. Fungal and bacterial richness was correlated with poorer clinical status and lung function. A follow up study of 36 patients with or without pulmonary exacerbation is analyzing microbiota differences using sequencing and may provide insights into CF exacerbations. Preliminary PCA analysis of the data suggests correlations and anti-correlations between certain microorganisms like Pseudomonas and oral bacteria.
This document discusses Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It is a significant cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Two primary species that infect humans are C. hominis through human transmission and C. parvum through zoonotic transmission from animals. Cryptosporidiosis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. While symptoms are usually self-limiting in healthy individuals, infection can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. Recreational water areas are a major source of cryptosporidiosis transmission due to fecal contamination and the parasite's resistance to chlorine disinfection. The document examines Cryptosporidium occurrence and prevention measures
This document summarizes a presentation on applying systems biology approaches to epidemiology and personalized medicine. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved from studying single risk factors to investigating complex interactions between genes, environments and diseases. Systems approaches integrate multiple levels of data to gain insights into disease mechanisms. Large consortia now apply these methods to conditions like asthma and COPD to understand their complexity. Epidemiology contributes a population perspective and helps develop evidence-based systems medicine frameworks.
This study evaluated the indoor air quality of seven wards at Daeyang Luke Hospital in Malawi. Air samples were collected from the wards using settle plates exposed for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The samples were incubated to determine bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m3) of air. Bacterial CFU/m3 ranged from 366 to 3495 across wards, while fungal CFU/m3 ranged from 786 to 3993. The emergency ward and female surgical ward had the highest bacterial and fungal levels respectively. Most wards exceeded recommended indoor air quality guidelines. The results indicate that indoor environmental factors at the hospital favor bacterial and fungal growth,
This document discusses a study investigating the effect of temperature and salinity on infection intensity of Bonamia ostreae, a parasite that infects European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis). The study found that infection intensity increased by 43% in oysters kept at 20°C compared to 12°C, and decreased by 69% in oysters kept at 28‰ salinity compared to 34‰ salinity. These results have implications for disease management, as culturing oysters at lower temperatures and salinities could help reduce parasite impact. The study also found the primary PCR method unreliable for detection and recommends using nested PCR.
Human Noroviruses (HuNoVs) are important enteric pathogens, which affect the stomach and intestines, leading to
gastroenteritis or more commonly called the "stomach flu" or “winter vomiting bug". HuNoVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral
route, either by directly infected person-to-person contact or directly via contaminated foods, water and surface areas. The virus is highly
contagious as 10-100 virus particles are sufficient to cause diseases. HuNoVs can spread easily and cause prolonged outbreaks. This is
due to their environmental persistence, high infectivity, being resistance to disinfection and difficulty in preventing transmission.
HuNoVs are the most common causative agent leading to acute gastroenteritis among infectious diseases worldwide and poses a serious
public health problem, especially among children being the most susceptible. In developing countries, the highest cost of medical care
after respiratory infections is listed for acute gastroenteritis. In this study, Norovirus outbreaks, precautions, its identification and
struggles were informed and some suggestions were made about this case.
This study examined the emergence of Campylobacteriosis in Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria over a 3-year period from 2011-2014. Stool, water, beef, and chicken samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella species. The results showed increasing prevalence of C. jejuni over the study period, with the highest levels found in beef samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that C. jejuni isolates were most susceptible to Ceftriaxone and least susceptible to Tetracycline. Overall, the results indicate that Campylobacteriosis is an emerging public health issue in the study location.
Flies as potential carriers for diseases in pork butcheries in KampalaILRI
The document discusses a study on flies as potential carriers of disease in pork butcheries in Kampala, Uganda. The study aimed to examine the role of flies in transmitting pathogens like Salmonella, assess butchers' and customers' perceptions of flies, and test the impact of insecticide-treated nets on fly numbers. Baseline interviews found flies present in 80% of butcheries. The intervention of installing insecticide-treated nets in 18 pork joints resulted in an 84% reduction in trapped flies. Microbiological sampling found Salmonella in 31% of raw pork samples and 29% of fly samples, indicating flies may transmit pathogens at butcheries.
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Characterization of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Multicenter Retrospective Greek Study by Lamprini Gkaravela in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
IBacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial...Dr. Aisha M Elbareg
This document summarizes a study on urinary tract infections conducted in Libya. Urine samples were collected from 250 patients and cultured to isolate bacterial pathogens. Only 25.2% of samples showed significant bacterial growth. The most common isolates were gram-negative bacilli like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. E. coli was the predominant pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that isolates were generally sensitive to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin but less sensitive to cephalosporins and highly resistant to ampicillin. The study concludes that gram-negative bacteria are the main urinary pathogens and regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide effective
This document summarizes information about Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccine development. Serotype Choleraesuis is primarily a pathogen of pigs that can cause invasive infections in humans. While it is an infrequent cause of human salmonellosis in Western countries, it is of particular concern in Asia, especially Taiwan, where it is one of the most common Salmonella serotypes isolated from human patients.
Use of Biotechnology in beef cattle production for improving cattle health an...Rashed Hasan Nayeem
Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms,or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific
use.
The prevalence of Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Aminu ...Premier Publishers
Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common causes of hospital visit worldwide. The study intends to find the prevalence of Escherichia coli in Urinary tract infection cases in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. A comprehensive study was conducted on E coli for its prevalence in urine samples, of queried cases of urinary tract infection in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano. Two hundred and fourteen urine specimens comprising of 123(57.5%) females and 91(42.5%) males of all age group were screened for bacteria. Of the 214 samples, 68 representing (31.80%) were culture positive with E. coli having 32(47.06%), Klebsiella spp 18(26.47%), Staphylococcus spp 10(14.70%), Proteus spp 6(8.82%) and Pseudomonas spp 2(2.94%). Out of the 32(47.6%) of E. coli isolated, 22 were from female and 10 were from males, the highest prevalence occurred within the age range of 21-30 with females taking the lead. Antibiogram of the isolated E. coli showed a markedly good sensitivity of ofloxacin (96.87%), nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid (93.70%), colistin phosphate (90.62%) and gentamicin (68.75%). E. coli showed the least sensitivity to ampicillin (18.75%). The frequency of E. coli obtained suggests its high prevalence. And this can be reduced using Flouroquinolones as exhibited by the susceptibility profile in this study.
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Genetic Resistance to Infectious Diseases in the Era of Personalized Medicine by Andrei Alimov in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This study analyzed 365 urine samples collected from November 2014 to February 2015 in Sokoto, Nigeria. Of the 105 positive cultures, 60.9% contained Gram-negative uropathogens. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%), Salmonella arizonae (23.4%), and Klebsiella species (15.6%). Many isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole but susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Of the 64 Gram-negative isolates, 15 were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter species being the most common. The study concludes that ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens are present in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Although the helminth parasites of domestic hogs are well documented worldwide, no information is available about the digestive and pulmonary helminth infections of wild boar in Morocco. The lungs of 33 wild boars (Sus scrofa barbarus) (19 females and 14 males) from four area of El Hajeb province (Middle Atlas) hunted officially for wildlife damage control, from October 2014 to March 2015 were examined for lung nematodes. Twenty eight out of 33 wild baors, (84.4%) were positive for three species of Metastrongylus and their prevalence was as follows: Metastrongylus pudendotectus (84.4%), Metastrongylus confusus (72.7%) and Metastrongylus salmi (51.5%). In most cases, multi-species infection was observed. Prevalence and infection intensity were found greater in juvenile females less than 1 year old than in adults and males. Prevalence and intensity of infection were higher in wild boars collected from range lands and forest than in wild boars collected in the cultivate area. Further studies are needed to understand the factors structuring Metstrongylidae communites
This document discusses HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who remain uninfected despite repeated exposure to HIV-1. It explores both genetic and immunological factors that may contribute to their resistance. Genetically, variants of the CCR5 gene that prevent HIV from binding to immune cells, like CCR5-Δ32 in Caucasians and a G316A substitution in Southeast Asians, are common in HESNs. Immunologically, HESNs exhibit elevated expression of interferon-α which inhibits HIV replication, and their adaptive immune response is characterized by regulatory T cells and low inflammation, limiting HIV target cells. Studying these natural protection mechanisms could help develop new prevention strategies.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This study examined 692 stool samples from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh, India. The samples were tested for intestinal parasites using microscopy. Of the samples, 116 (16.8%) tested positive for parasites. The most common parasite was Entamoeba histolytica at 42.24% of positive samples, followed by Giardia lamblia at 24.13%. Giardia infections were highest in the 21-40 age group. The study found a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections compared to other areas, indicating a need for better diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and health education on environmental hygiene.
[Interdisciplinary Toxicology] Evaluation of miR-9 and miR-143 expression in ...mostafa khafaei
The document discusses a study that evaluated the expression levels of miR-9 and miR-143 in urine samples from 32 sulfur mustard exposed patients and 32 healthy subjects. The study found that the expression levels of both miR-9 and miR-143 were significantly decreased in the sulfur mustard exposed patients compared to the healthy subjects, with p-values of 0.0480 and 0.0272, respectively. This suggests an imbalance in several pathways involved in the pathogenic effects of sulfur mustard exposure, such as NF-κB signaling, TGF-β signaling, WNT pathway, inflammation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The decreases in miR-9 and miR-143 expression may play an important role in the pathogenicity of patients exposed to
2013 escf metagenome fungal and bacterial interactionsLaurence Delhaes
This document discusses the fungal and bacterial microbiota present in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. It presents results from a pilot study that used metagenomic sequencing of sputum samples from 4 CF patients. The study found 24 fungal and bacterial species/genera, with only 4 identified by culture previously. Fungal and bacterial richness was correlated with poorer clinical status and lung function. A follow up study of 36 patients with or without pulmonary exacerbation is analyzing microbiota differences using sequencing and may provide insights into CF exacerbations. Preliminary PCA analysis of the data suggests correlations and anti-correlations between certain microorganisms like Pseudomonas and oral bacteria.
2 Plant Health Care Fungal Pathogens Old Testsherylwil
The document discusses various fungal pathogens that affect plants. It describes how fungi are composed of hyphae which form a mycelium structure. It then covers different types of fungal pathogens including those that primarily affect leaves (powdery mildew, rust), stems (anthracnose, cytospora canker), roots (phytophthora, rhizoctonia), and turf (fairy rings, dollar spot). Different fungal structures and symptoms caused by pathogens such as blights, wilts and cankers are also explained.
Вы знали, что клеток бактерий в нашем организме больше чем наших собственных? А как на счёт того, что микроорганизмы принимают участие в уйме физиологических процессов человеческого организма и находятся с нами в неразделимом симбиозе? А теперь ещё одна новость - они могут также влиять на наш мозг, а следовательно на такие тонкие его особенности, как настроение и поведение. И кто после этого в ком живёт? ? Бактерии в нас или же мы в них?..
The document discusses systemic fungal infections and their treatment. It notes that fungi normally live in soil and vegetation and humans are relatively resistant, but immunosuppressed individuals can develop opportunistic fungal infections. True fungal pathogens can also cause systemic infections, especially those inhaled from the environment such as Histoplasmosis. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, serology and imaging of samples. Treatment involves various antifungal drugs that work by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes or inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, including polyenes like Amphotericin B, azoles, and echinocandins.
Variability arises in plant pathogens through various genetic mechanisms such as mutation, hybridization, and recombination. This variability allows pathogens to evolve new races or strains that can infect resistant host varieties and overcome plant resistance. The document discusses several mechanisms that generate variability in fungi, bacteria, and viruses, including mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, heterokaryosis, parasexualism, and recombination, which allow pathogens to adapt to new environments and hosts. Understanding pathogen variability is important for breeding disease-resistant crop varieties.
2 Plant Health Care Fungal Pathogens Lecturesherylwil
The document discusses several fungal pathogens that affect plants. It describes the structures and life cycles of fungi, including hyphae, mycelium, and fruiting bodies. Several fungal diseases are then summarized, including powdery mildew, rust, early blight, fusarium wilt, and verticillium wilt. The diseases are grouped based on whether they primarily affect leaves, stems, or roots. Specific symptoms and management strategies are provided for selected fungal pathogens.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that differ from bacteria in having true nuclei and organelles. Most fungi are multicellular and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can be classified based on their morphology and reproductive structures. Important characteristics include whether they are molds, yeasts, or dimorphic. Laboratory identification of fungi involves microscopic examination of stained smears and cultures as well as culture characteristics. Direct visualization with KOH preparations and histopathology are used to diagnose fungal infections.
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease DevelopmentKK CHANDEL
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
This document discusses research on the lung mycobiota (fungal microbiota) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Deep sequencing was used to analyze fungal and bacterial communities in sputum samples from CF patients. 24 fungal species/genera were identified, only 4 of which had been previously isolated by culture. Fungal and bacterial diversity were found to be statistically associated with clinical status measures like lung function. A pilot study on 8 samples found that lower diversity was linked to poorer clinical status. Further research aims to better characterize lung microbial communities in CF and understand how they relate to disease exacerbation and response to treatment.
This document reviews bacterial pathogens that have been isolated from bats. While many studies have investigated viruses in bats, less is known about pathogenic bacteria in bats and their impacts. Some common bacterial pathogens found in bats through traditional culture methods include Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Clostridium, and Listeria. In particular, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium which cause disease in humans and animals have been isolated from bats. The presence of these zoonotic bacterial pathogens in bats indicates bats could act as reservoirs and transmit diseases to humans and other animals. However, more research is still needed to understand the ecology and transmission cycles of bacterial pathogens involving bats.
This document provides an overview of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It describes IPF as a progressive, irreversible scarring of the lungs of unknown cause. Key points include: IPF results in excessive fibrotic tissue in the lungs; incidence is increasing and median survival is 2-4 years; high-resolution CT is required for diagnosis; no effective pharmacological treatments exist though lung transplantation may increase survival. The pathophysiology involves abnormal epithelial cell behavior leading to fibrosis. Patient education focuses on management, prognosis, and palliative/end-of-life care.
This document provides an overview of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It describes IPF as a progressive, irreversible scarring of the lungs of unknown cause. Key points include: IPF results in excessive fibrotic tissue in the lungs; incidence is increasing and median survival is 2-4 years; high-resolution CT is required for diagnosis; no effective pharmacological treatments exist though lung transplantation may increase survival. The pathophysiology involves abnormal epithelial cell behavior leading to fibrosis. Patient education focuses on management, prognosis, medications, and palliative/end-of-life care planning.
Effect of ozone treatment on inactivation of E. coli and Listeria sp. on spinachShreya Wani
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of gaseous ozone treatment at inactivating Escherichia coli and Listeria bacteria on spinach leaves. The study found that exposing contaminated spinach to 1 ppm ozone for 10 minutes led to a 1-log reduction in bacterial counts. Exposing spinach to a higher concentration of 10 ppm ozone for a shorter duration of 2 minutes significantly reduced bacterial counts by over 1-log. Additionally, the pathogens did not re-grow during a 9-day storage period following ozone treatment. Approximately 10% of bacteria were resistant to ozone treatment, which the authors hypothesized may be related to cell age.
The document discusses causes and treatment of infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The most common bacterial causes are Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and others. During exacerbations, short-acting bronchodilators should replace long-acting ones. Antibiotics are prescribed based on sputum culture results and hospital guidelines, with a typical duration of 5-7 days. Oxygen therapy is also used to maintain saturation levels of 88-92%. Prophylactic antibiotics can reduce exacerbation severity and duration.
Helicobacter pylori is commonly found in the stomach lining without penetrating the epithelium. Evidence suggests it may also colonize other body sites. H. pylori DNA has been found in atherosclerotic plaques and the oral cavity, though it is unclear if this is from true colonization or transport. H. pylori colonization is known to cause chronic gastritis and diseases like peptic ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. Transmission occurs through oral-oral, fecal-oral, or contact with contaminated food or water. Treatment durations for H. pylori eradication vary between guidelines but are generally 7-14 days.
—Fungal organisms are ubiquitous. A common location for these organisms to enter the human body is through the external acoustic canal, oral cavity, and pharynx and sino-nasal cavity. A study was conducted with clinical and mycological analysis of various fungal infections in ENT. Patients suspected for having fungal infections attending at Department of ENT were interrogated and analysed. Swabs collected from these cases were sent for direct microscopy by KOH mounts for fungal examination and fungal culture. Microbiological confirmed 100 cases were finally included in the study Histopathological examination of nasal mass and polyposis was also done. It was observed in this present study otomycosis was most common and accounted for 84% of the total cases followed by candidiasis in oral cavity and pharynx in 9%, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis in 4% and rhinosporidiosis in 3%. Aspergillus niger was that most common fungus isolated in 61% cases, followed by Candida albicans in 24% cases, Aspergillus flavus in 9% cases, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhinosporodium seeberi in 3% cases each. All the cases of fungal infection of oral cavity and oropharynx were due to Candida albicans.
The inhibitory activity of L. crispatus against uropathogenes in vitroIJMCERJournal
ABSTRACT: Bacterial interference refers to the use of bacteria of virulence to compete with and protect against
colonization and infection by disease causing organisms. In this study, L. crispatus strain was used to detect its
antibacterial activity towered five species (one Gram-positive and four Gram-negative ) of the most common bacteria
causing urinary tract infection. L. crispatus completely inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus , while it had no
inhibitory effect on three of the other species.
Key Words: inhibitory activity, L. crispatus, uropathogens
1) The study investigated the effects of rifampicin, an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, on kidney biomarkers and histopathology in albino rats.
2) Rats were given rifampicin at different doses for varying time periods, then kidney biomarkers like urea and creatinine were measured from blood samples.
3) Results showed that urea and creatinine levels increased over time with higher doses of rifampicin, indicating potential kidney damage. Histological examination also revealed inflammation of the glomeruli in kidneys of rats that received the highest dose for longest time period.
THE PREVALENCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFCILE AT AIREDALE NHST ENVIRONMENTWillard Dzinyemba
Willard Erasmas Dzinyemba conducted a study to determine the prevalence of Clostridium difficile (CD) contamination at Airedale NHS Hospital and surrounding farms. Samples were collected from the air, surfaces, soil and cow dung from various locations and tested for CD. Out of 171 total samples, CD was isolated from 3 samples, including 1 air sample and 2 surface samples. One isolate was non-toxigenic and two were toxigenic PCR ribotypes 027 and 002. No CD was found in soil or cow dung samples. The findings show sporadic air contamination with CD and indicate that adherence to infection control protocols and effective cleaning are important to minimize nosocomial CD
Microbiome & Infection Control - NJ FawcettNicola Fawcett
This document discusses the human microbiome and its role in infection prevention and control. It covers how antibiotics can disrupt the microbiome and increase risks of infection by multidrug-resistant organisms. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant are presented as potential strategies for microbiome restoration and pathogen decolonization. The intact human microbiome is described as an important host defense against pathogen colonization and infection.
Presentations and Challenges in Tuberculosis of Head and.pptxzzaw59900
(1) The document discusses a study of 113 cases of tuberculosis in the head and neck region seen at a hospital in India between 2014-2015. (2) The most common presentation was cervical lymphadenopathy, seen in 92.92% of cases. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in most patients and Mantoux test was positive in 93.8% of cases. (3) The study highlights that tuberculosis remains an important health issue in developing countries like India, and that diagnostic tests like ESR and Mantoux can help guide diagnosis when access to other investigations is limited.
People, animals, plants, pests and pathogens: connections matterEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Abstract— After the II Word War, the chemical based industrial revolution generated a wide and global contamination due to the release in the environment of thousand of compounds without an adequate knowledge of their environmental biotransformation and their toxic effect on the living matter. Recently, it has been found that several of these compounds and/or their relative by-products are persistent environmental contaminants associated with undesirable long-term effects. At present many questions have to be clarified with particular reference to lipophilic polyhalogenated compounds, such as polychloro-dibenzo-dioxins (PCDD), polychloro-dibenzo-furans (PCDF) and polychloro-biphenyls (PCB). These compounds accumulate up the food chain and humans can reach relative high concentration in their body with a consequent risk for health. In this paper we discuss the some basic features of both biological and toxicological aspects related to the dioxins exposure.
The Revue des Microbiotes is a new French scientific journal focused on microbiota and their impact on human health. It is edited by an 11-member scientific committee comprised of specialists from various medical fields. The journal aims to provide an independent and multidisciplinary source of scientific information on issues related to microbiota. In this first issue, several articles examine the importance of microbiota in areas like neonatal immune system development, gastroenterology, food allergies, vaginal health, cardiometabolic diseases, and neurological conditions. The issue also includes a report from a microbiota conference and an interview exploring the future of microbiota-focused medicine.
1. Goats in a flock were showing symptoms of respiratory distress, fever, and nasal discharge. Upon examination, lesions of fibrinous pleuropneumonia and pleural adhesions were found post-mortem.
2. The disease was diagnosed as contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) based on symptoms, lesions, and laboratory culture examination.
3. Sick goats were successfully treated with tylosin antibiotic, reducing mortality and controlling spread of the disease within the flock.
This document summarizes research on the chemical ecology of animal and human pathogen vectors and how it may be impacted by climate change. It discusses using semiochemicals (naturally occurring chemicals used in communication) to manipulate vector behavior for monitoring and control. Specifically, it reviews knowledge on developing repellents based on botanicals, non-host species cues, and host-derived compounds. It also discusses exploiting host-derived attractants and attractant pheromones in a "push-pull" strategy using traps and repellents. The goal is to provide effective and environmentally-friendly tools for controlling vectors of diseases that threaten livestock and humans.
Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated (70.52%) from the urine cultures of 538 patients with urinary tract infections in Surat, India. Antibiotics like ampicillin showed high resistance rates of over 90% among isolated gram-negative pathogens. However, gram-negative pathogens demonstrated the highest sensitivity to amikacin, netromycin, piperacillin/tazobactum and cefoperazone/sulbactum with resistance rates below 5%. The study highlights the increasing antimicrobial resistance seen with commonly used antibiotics and identifies alternative antibiotic options for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections in the region.
Function Of Defense Responses And Developmental ProgramsKaren Oliver
The document discusses chorismate mutase, an enzyme involved in the shikimate pathway that converts primary metabolites into chorismate. Chorismate is then converted to prephenate and other aromatic amino acids important for controlling defense responses and development. Chorismate mutase catalyzes the rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate through a Claisen rearrangement. It exists in active and inactive states, and binding of transition state analogues keeps it in the active state.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
Mold and cystic fibrosis : what can we learn from studying fungal microbiota ?
1. Mold and Cystic fibrosis: What can we learn
from studying fungal microbiota?
Laurence Delhaes1,2
, Sebastien Monchy3
, Magali Chabé1
, Anne Prévotat2
, Benoit
Wallaert2
, Eric Viscogliosi1
, Christophe Audebert 4
, Romain Dassonneville4
laurence.delhaes@pasteur-lille.fr
1
BDEEP – EA4547 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2 – North of France
2
Lille Hospital, CHU de Lille – North of France
3
Université Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne – North of France
4
PEGASE-GèneDiffusion, Institut Pasteur de Lille,– North of France
Indo-French Seminar/workshop, 20-22nd January 2014)
2. Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, yeasts, moulds, viruses) are
colonizing all ecological systems
Such microorganisms are present even in extreme environments
A majority of these microorganisms remains to be identified
1-4 106
bacteria / g of soil
(tropical rain forest)
2 108
cells / g of soil
(desert)
1,04 1020
cells / cm3
of water
(hypersaline water)
Introduction Worldwide microbial diversity
3. Micromycetes: are present in various ecosystems
(but poorly studied/analyzed)
Playing an important role within soil regeneration
(Heterotrophism)
Of note: Fungi (especially ascomycetes) have/fulfill
along with bacteria a central role in most land-based
ecosystems, as they are important decomposers,
breaking down organic substances.
1 500 000 represents the number of fungus species
estimated for the entire earth/world
But only 97 000 have been identified
[Hibbett et al. 2007, Mycol Res , 111: 509-
547]
Introduction Microbial diversity: Place of the fungi
4. As other ecological systems, there is a microbial diversity of human
organisms
Introduction Human Microbial diversity
Species number (bacteria)
Acid mine See Termite hindgut Human gut Soil
2008: (i) European project MetaHIT, and the
(ii) American “Common Fund's Human
Microbiome Project (HMP)” have been
developed
→ to characterize the microbial communities found at different sites on the
human body,
→ to analyze and compare the role of these microbes in human health and
disease.
Proctor LM (2011) The Human
Microbiome Project in 2011 and Beyond.
Cell Host & Microbe 10:287-91
5. The main bacteria isolated in Humans are belonging 4 phyla (among the 50 known phyla). There are
Firmicutes (in blue), Bacteroidetes (in pink), Actinobacteria (in green), and Proteobacteria (in
purple). Body sites: nasal passages, oral cavities, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract
http://www.larecherche.fr/content/recherche/article?
id=25319
Human beings: Which bacteria are living in us (The genomes in our genome)?
[La Recherche – a 2011 up-date: 1st
panorama drawn from 7 studies realised from 2004 to 2007]
Introduction Human Microbial diversity
2 Missing elements
lungs = included in NIH
project as a site of
microbiota analysis. But
bacterial microbiota
analysis have been mainly
assessed while virome
and mycobiome are
significant / essential
6. Respiratory function: A major issue for Public Heath
In relation with the outdoor environment Every day we
breath 20,000 times, thereby inhaling ~10,000 liters of air (drawing and
expulsion of air; 15m3
of air / day / adult) with a fungal contamination
from to 108
to 103
spores/m3
in working to domestic usual exposure [OMS
2009; Pashley 2012]
Lungs: Sterile organs?
[Morris et al. 2013; Beck et al.
2012; Erb-Downward et al. 2011;
Huang et al. 2011]
-Respiratory disorders: 1st
cause of worldwide consultations
-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): 4th
origin in
worldwide decease by 2030 (WHO)
-Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Most common serious hereditary disorder in the
Caucasian population[Rabe et al. « The year of the lung ». Lancet 2010]
Introduction Human Microbial diversity and Lung
7. Lung microbial diversity in Cystic Fibrosis (CF):
- Lung diversity = Bacterial microbiota
exists in healthy people [Morris et al. 2013; Beck
et al. 2012; Erb-Downward et al. 2011; Huang et al.
2011]
- This bacterial community has been largely
studied in CF, and seems to be associated
with the evolution of the respiratory function
in CF [Maughan et al. 2012; Guss et al. 2011; van der
Gast et al. 2011; Rogers et al. 2010; Armougom et al.
2009; Bittar et al. 2008; Sibley et al. 2008; Tunney et al.
2008; Harris et al. 2007Goddard et al. 2012; Madan et
al. 2012; Fodor et al. 2012]
Introduction Human Microbial diversity and Lung
8. The emerging world of the
fungal microbiome
[Huffnagle et al. Trends in Microbiology 2013]
Nobody is fungus-free
Human fungal microbiome is part of the rare biosphere of the entire
digestive microbiome
Evaluated at less than 0.1% of the genus in fecal material (from the
MetaHIT group analysis)
Introduction Human Microbial diversity and Lung
9. Authors argue that human activity is intensifying fungal disease
dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new
opportunities for evolution
Introduction Fungal diversity and Emerging
Infectious Diseases
[Fisher et al. Review in Nature 2012]
Pathogenic fungi are emerging as major threats to animal,
plant & ecosystem health
10. [From D. Denning, 2010]
Patterns of Aspergillus interactions with humans
illustrating different host pathogen interactions, based on the
host damage response framework
Introduction Clinical features of Aspergillosis
Invasive Aspergillosis +/- disseminated
Local infection (aspergilloma, sinusitis)
Hypersensitivity disease (ABPA or Hinson-
Pepys disease)
Pulmonary
Mycosis
Immuno-allergy
Mycosis
11. Invasive Aspergillosis = Poor Prognostic (mortality about 60-80%)
→ Difficult to diagnose, to treat
= Criteria of IA [De Pauw; Walsh 2008]
Air transmissionAir transmission
Opportunist fungiOpportunist fungi
Fever unresponsive to broad–spectrum antibiotics with neutropenia (500/mm3, 10
days) Pulmonary symptoms early in the course, ± cutaneous or central nervous
metastases
Patient at risk of IA: Immunocompromised patients
• OncoHaematology 3% – 14% >> allo-CT
[Castagnola 2008; Leeflang 2008; Neofytos 2013]
• IA mortality of 56% in France [Lortholary 2011] vs
57.5% in US [TRANSNET, Kontoyannis 2010 ]
• Solid Transplantation : Pulmonary Transplantation
IA = 4-6%, Major incidence in CF [Iversen 2008]
Non-neutropenic patients ↑
• Corticotherapy [Lewis 2008; Castagnola 2008]
• Biotherapy (anti-TNF / Rituximab®) +++
[Stankovic K, 2006; Lebeaux 2009; Delhaes 2010 ]
• Chronic pulmonary diseases (COPD) 2.5%
[Guinea 2009; Ader 2006]
Introduction Clinical features of Aspergillosis
12. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest may be
used to identify the halo sign (Fig1.) a macronodule
surrounded by a perimeter of ground-glass opacity
= an early but transitory sign of invasive pulmonary
aspergillosis (IPA) (61% according to R. Greene et al.
2007)
Macronodule is also a frequent but not specific sign
(94% according to R. Greene et al. 2007)
Later: air-crescent signs (Fig2.) (10%
according to R. Greene et al. 2007). It
corresponds to an excavation (corresponding
to a central necrosis area when neutrophil
cells are increasing and immune response is
restored
www.learningradiology.com
IPA= Fever unresponsive to broad–spectrum antibiotics with neutropenia
and pulmonary symptoms early in the course
Introduction Lung mycobiota in CF : backgrounds
13. Immune hyperactivity to A.
fumigatus chronic colonization
→ 2%, 5-15% in Asthma, CF patient
population [Denning 2003; Blandin 2008;
Gangneux 2008]
→ clinical diagnosis difficult
(easier in case of pulmonary
exacerbation)
→ Hyperthermia, Dyspnea,
pulmonary infiltrates
Introduction Clinical features of Aspergillosis
14. Hyperthermia, Dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates
Chest X-ray shows bilateral pulmonary
infiltrates (right > left) [lungindia.com]
→ Not specific of ABPA
→ ABPA clinical features (as
well as criteria) are usually
overlapping the underlying
disease, making the
diagnosis uneasy
Introduction Clinical features of Aspergillosis
15. Immune hyperactivity to A.
fumigatus chronic colonization
→ 2%, 5-15% in Asthma, CF patient
population [Denning 2003; Blandin 2008;
Gangneux 2008]
→ clinical diagnosis difficult
(easier in case of pulmonary
exacerbation)
→ Hyperthermia, Dyspnea,
pulmonary infiltrates
→ Associated with immediate
hyper-sensitivity
(hypereosinophilia, serum total
IgE) and IgG-mediated immune
response
Introduction Clinical features of Aspergillosis
Patient
serum
Ouchterlony method
Total Ag of A. fumigatus
Total Ag of A.
flavus
4-5 precipitin
bands (Ag-Ac
complex) with
high intensity
16. An ongoing study to analyze the relevance of fungi
in CF pulmonary exacerbation
→ Pulmonary exacerbation = key event in CF lung alteration
→ the role of ABPA (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
in such exacerbation?
→ with the idea of deciphering the place of Aspergillus spp
Aspergillus spp. especially A. fumigatus isolated
from respiratory secretions is often a dilemma for
the CF clinician in terms of clinical relevance and
treatment
What is the clinical significance of filamentous fungi positive sputum cultu
Liu et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2013 May
Purpose Clinical features of Aspergillosis
17. Aim: What is the fungal microbiota (or Mycobiota)
of CF patients?
Is the fungal microbiota stable?
Are the mycobiota diversity and
richness associated to the clinical
status of CF patient? …
What is the fungal composition of lung
microbiota in CF?
⇒ Mycobiota analysis by developping and using high
throughput sequencing approach
Which relation we observed between the
mycobiota and the bacterial composition?
Purpose Studying lung mycobiota in CF
18. DNA Extraction depends on matrix/substrate
PCRs targeted conserved genes that allow the
amplification of species distant/different
phylogenetically (V3 of 16s rDNA – ITS2)
Massive sequencing (multi-parallelized, 454 FLX
system) – getting hundreds of thousands of reads
Bio-informatic analysis
Identification by local blast to 2 databases: BLASTN ≠
- Silva SSU rRNA database release 102
- ITS2dbScreen that we designed de novo
Read assignments and clustering
(at the species or genus level)
To allow a biologic analysis of the data,
comparison between samples
(diversity analysis using MEGAN, U-clust, MEGANE5 progamms)
Collected sputum samples of CF patients
Materials & Methods Deep-sequencing approach
19. ⇒ 36 sputum samples From patients with (18) and without (18)
pulmonary exacerbation were compared (clinical, radiological,
biological data)
⇒ Microbial analysis done:
(i) Microbial cultures
(ii) using RT-PCR targeting RNA respiratory viruses (Seeplex
RV15 ACE Detection kit (Seegene))
(iii) using deep-sequencing fungal/bacterial diversity analysis
⇒ Statistical approach under process
a first PCA (principal component analysis) taking into account
the whole set of variables for
analyzing mycobiota vs bacterial microbiota at the genus level
we limited our analyses to the number of genera that were
present at least in 3 patients and the number of OTU present at
1% (relative abundance).
Materials & Methods Lung Microbiota: Relevance
in
CF exacerbation
20. ⇒ 36 Sputum samples
A) S-K score= Score de Shwachman-Kulczycki
Without exacerbation With exacerbation
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
21. A) S-K score= Score de Shwachman-Kulczycki
Without exacerbation With exacerbation
B) Rhinovirus
Other RN viruses
C) SMG
D) Mould
We confirme the significant
association between HRV and
pulmonary exacerbation
[Goffard et al. 2014 in revision]
⇒ Conventional microbial
analysis:
(i) Microbial cultures
(ii) RT-PCR targeting RNA
respiratory viruses (Seeplex
RV15 ACE Detection kit - Seegene)
⇒ 36 Sputum samples
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
No association between Milleri
group streptococcus and
pulmonary exacerbation
Only 2 patients colonized with
Scedosporium apiospermum
No association between A.
fumigatus and exacerbation
22. ⇒ 36 sputum samples From patients with (18) and without (18)
pulmonary exacerbation were compared (clinical, radiological,
biological data)
⇒ Microbial analysis done:
(i) Microbial cultures
(ii) using RT-PCR targeting RNA respiratory viruses (Seeplex
RV15 ACE Detection kit (Seegene))
(iii) using deep-sequencing fungal/bacterial diversity analysis
⇒ Statistical approach under process
a first PCA (principal component analysis) taking into account
the whole set of variables for
analyzing mycobiota vs bacterial microbiota at the genus level
we limited our analyses to the number of genera that were
present at least in 3 patients and the number of OTU present at
1% (relative abundance).
953 999 reads size from 315 to 468 pb - 2/3 16s rDNA + 1/3 ITS2
Optimal rarefaction curves
Modelization under process
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
23. According to PCA graph:
Addition of the 2 axes = the
explained part of the variability →
33% [42% in Zemanick et al. 2013]
For each variable, arrow lengh
is proportional to the load of the
corresponding variable on the
first 2 principal components
(Dim/axes 1-2) (the longer the arrow
is = the more the axes explained the
variable)
Our model and axes explained a
lot of microorganisms
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
24. Key point to read a PCA graph:
Interpreting a correlation
between microorganisms as
follow
Right angle =
No correlation
Acute angle =
Positive correlation
180° angle =
Negative correlation
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
25. Pseudomonas
- is alone [Zemanick et al. 2013]
- not correlated with
“Malassezia plus Prevotella
group” [Zemanick et al 2013]
- neither with the “Candida
plus Rothia group” (which is
not well explained by our axes
since the arrows are short)
- but is negatively correlated
with the “group of oral flora
including streptococcus
plus some environmental
fungi”, as well as FEV1 –
SK-score [Zemanick et al. 2013]
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
26. Aspergillus
- Unfortunately, our PCA model
explained poorly this mold (short
arrows, anti-correlated to SK-score,
FEV1, ),
- Neither exacerbation status: There
was no differentiation between the
group of patients with and without
pulmonary exacerbation (according
to PCA-barycenter of each patient
group)
Results Lung Microbiota in CF exacerbation
*
*
→ Continue statistical analysis focusing on streptococcus species
and less abundant (but more diverse) components of the mycobiota
(rare biosphere - <0.1%)
27. Determining exhaustively the microbial community
composition in CF patient sputa.
Developing new approaches based on deep-sequencing,
(standardization, ARN analysis)
Improving management/survival of CF patients
Development of ex vivo model biofilm to adapt drug
treatment (anti-bacterial/fungal)
Predict the efficiency of drug treatment
Lung mycobiota
Improving our knowledge of microbiome by
Lung mycobiota in CF: Concluding remarks
Mycobiota = dynamic event, part of the overall lung microbiome
(consisting of dynamic communities of virus, bacteria, & fungi)
Larger studies are now required to better understand
associated fungal communities in CF, ABPA
Studying mycobiota evolution when patients are treated
with ATB cures [Muco-Bac-Myco project - F Botterel & L Delhaes
ongoing project]
International study to decipher lung microbiome evolution
during exacerbation in CF patients [IMAGin-CF, submitted]
28. Institut Pasteur-Lille / Université de Lille 2
• Laurence Delhaes
• Eric Viscogliosi
• Eduardo Dei-Cas
• Anne Goffard
• Magali Chabé
Université Littoral Côte d’Opale
• Sébastien Monchy
• Christine Hubans / Stéphanie Ferreira
Faculté de Médecine de Lille
• Benoit Wallaert
• Anne Prévotat
• Julia Salleron
• Fréderic Wallet
• Rodrigues Dessein
• Sylvie Leroy
Société Genoscreen-Lille
Département de Microbiologie
AP-HP Créteil
•Françoise Botterel
•Odile Cabaret
•Jean-Winoc Decousser
•Jean-Philippe Barnier
Consortium Pegase
• Christophe Audebert / Romain Dassonneville
Multidisciplinary approaches
(due to the massive data generated)
Collaborations:
Editor's Notes
Good morning everyone.
1st, I would like to thank ESCF committee, Mister Moss and Mac Elvaney for giving this opportunity to share with you our data.
Grande diversité microbienne: microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, yeasts, moulds, viruses) colonisent tous les écosystèmes de notre planète
Présence de microorganismes même dans des environnements extrêmes
Grande majorité reste à identifier
PNAS:
La taille de la population et le temps de reproduction turn-over des procaryotes donne lieu à une capacité de diversité génétique énorme
Procaryotes = composés essentiels du microbiote terrestre
Forêt tropicale : amazonie
Désert brousaille
Lac salé
Micromycètes : présents dans de nombreux écosystèmes (très peu étudiés)
Rôle important au niveau des sols (nutriment - métabolisme des végétaux en décomposition)
1 500 000 d’espèces = Nombre d’espèces de champignons estimées sur terre
Dont seulement 97 000 identifiées 6%
Or les ascomycètes ont avec les bactéries un rôle important dans la décomposition de matières organiques
Microbes et environnement: grand intérêt+++
Microorganismes: impliqués dans de nombreux processus globaux
Microorganismes: Rôle fondamental en biotechnologie (ATB, fermentation, expression, biomatériaux)
the Ascomycota are heterotrophic organisms that require organic compounds as energy sources
ils ne peuvent pas, comme les plantes, synthétiser leur matière organique à partir du CO2 atmosphérique. Ils doivent donc puiser dans le milieu ambiant l’eau et les substances organiques et minérales nécessaires à leurs propres synthèses ; ils sont hétérotrophes (Kendrick 2001).
As other ecological systems mine, see, animal and soil, there is a microbial diversity of human organisms.
Especially a gut microbiota
La recherche sur le microbiome du poumon est un domaine relativement nouveau pouvant
conduire à modifier notre vision des maladies respiratoires [1]. Les poumons des sujets en
bonne santé ont longtemps été considérés comme stériles sur la base de données obtenues par
les méthodes classiques, principalement fondées sur la culture bactérienne. De fait, le grand
projet américain initié par le National Institute of Health (NIH) sur le microbiome humain
n’incluait pas, jusqu’à récemment, les poumons comme un site de recherche [2]. Cependant,
des données récemment publiées, basées sur des méthodes indépendantes des cultures
bactériennes, ont démontré que les poumons de sujets sains non fumeurs étaient habitées par
une population bactérienne, peu abondante mais diversifiée [3].
La fonction respiratoire est l’un des plus grands enjeux de demain en matière desanté publique: - Les troubles…
-la BPCO sera la 4ème
-la prévalence de l’asthme est en augmentation dans Pays développés (25 millions d’américains atteints asthme)
-la mucoviscidose, pathologie à laquelle nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement, est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. (1/3000 -4000 Nnés en France).
L’épaississement du mucus observé dans la mucoviscidose, a comme conséquence directe une accumulation (un piégeage) des microorganismes (bactérie champ) au niv pulmonaire, ce qui entrave fortement la fonction respiratoire, est responsable d’infection/ sur-infections pulmonaires (notamment les infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
= cause majeure de mortalité dans la mucoviscidose
Au même titre que les sols, les océans (et autres milieux), il existe un microbiote de l’organisme humain: le plus étudié et documenté étant le microbiote intestinal . environ 100 000 milliards, soit au moins deux fois plus que le nombre moyen de cellules de l&apos;organisme
Mais de la même façon, il existe un microbiote cutané, vaginal, et biensur pulmonaire
A ce jour c’est essentiellement le microbiote bactérien qui est étudié
Rationnel: Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO - Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?; 2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: signifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
We have genomes in our genome, bacteria are living in us (1 human being = 1 thousand million of bacteria).
… with a repartition depending on the sites .
But (As you guess) there were two missing elements :
One missing mucosa and tract: the lung microbiota which is now included in this project
And the fungal micobiota
Recently (about 2011-12), lungs have been included in the Human Microbiome NIH project as a site of microbiota analysis. But, exclusively bacterial microbiota analysis have been assessed
la majorité des bactéries humaines appartiennent à 4 grands embranchements, sur les cinquante connus. Il s&apos;agit des : Firmicutes (en bleu), Bacteroidetes (en rose), Actinobacteria (en vert) et Proteobacteria (en violet).
-Nov 2010
BIEN QU&apos;ENCORE TRÈS PRÉLIMINAIRE, l&apos;analyse du microbiote humain a déjà fourni plusieurs résultats marquants [1]. Comme on le voit sur le schéma ci-dessus, la majorité des bactéries humaines appartiennent à quatre grands embranchements, sur les cinquante connus. Il s&apos;agit des Firmicutes (en bleu), Bacteroidetes (en rose), Actinobacteria (en vert) et Proteobacteria (en violet). Leur abondance respective varie selon les organes considérés. Ainsi, le côlon abrite en majorité des Firmicutes et des Bacteroidetes, et il semble que cette caractéristique se retrouve chez tous les individus (même si les proportions relatives peuvent varier). Le vagin, lui, est essentiellement peuplé de Firmicutes chez une majorité de femmes (ci-dessus), mais chez une minorité, il abrite majoritairement des Actinobacteria.
- MÊME SI LES BACTÉRIES de notre microbiote appartiennent majoritairement à seulement 4 embranchements, elles n&apos;en sont pas moins très diverses. Cette diversité apparaît au niveau des espèces (ci-dessus, chiffres entre parenthèses), et plus encore au niveau des souches (non montré). Si l&apos;on compare les organes étudiés à ce jour, on constate, ainsi que l&apos;indique la taille de chaque diagramme, que le côlon possède la plus grande diversité : 195 espèces par individu en moyenne. Or on estime que 80 % des espèces bactériennes présentes chez un individu donné lui sont propres. À l&apos;échelle de la planète, la diversité de nos bactéries atteindrait donc plusieurs milliards d&apos;espèces...
La concentration dans un environnement intérieur sans contamination fongique est généralement en dessous de 103 spores/m3 d’air (OMS 2009). Every day we breath 20,000 times, thereby inhaling ~10,000 liters of air, which during the fungal season can often contain &gt;50,000 fungal spores per cubic meter of air per day
La fonction respiratoire est l’un des plus grands enjeux de demain en matière desanté publique: - Les troubles…
-la BPCO sera la 4ème
-la prévalence de l’asthme est en augmentation dans Pays développés (25 millions d’américains atteints asthme)
-la mucoviscidose, pathologie à laquelle nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement, est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. (1/3000 -4000 Nnés en France).
L’épaississement du mucus observé dans la mucoviscidose, a comme conséquence directe une accumulation (un piégeage) des microorganismes (bactérie champ) au niv pulmonaire, ce qui entrave fortement la fonction respiratoire, est responsable d’infection/ sur-infections pulmonaires (notamment les infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
= cause majeure de mortalité dans la mucoviscidose
Au même titre que les sols, les océans (et autres milieux), il existe un microbiote de l’organisme humain: le plus étudié et documenté étant le microbiote intestinal . environ 100 000 milliards, soit au moins deux fois plus que le nombre moyen de cellules de l&apos;organisme
Mais de la même façon, il existe un microbiote cutané, vaginal, et biensur pulmonaire
A ce jour c’est essentiellement le microbiote bactérien qui est étudié
Rationnel: Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO - Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?; 2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: signifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
La fonction respiratoire est l’un des plus grands enjeux de demain en matière desanté publique: - Les troubles…
-la BPCO sera la 4ème
-la prévalence de l’asthme est en augmentation dans Pays développés (25 millions d’américains atteints asthme)
-la mucoviscidose, pathologie à laquelle nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement, est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. (1/3000 -4000 Nnés en France).
L’épaississement du mucus observé dans la mucoviscidose, a comme conséquence directe une accumulation (un piégeage) des microorganismes (bactérie champ) au niv pulmonaire, ce qui entrave fortement la fonction respiratoire, est responsable d’infection/ sur-infections pulmonaires (notamment les infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
= cause majeure de mortalité dans la mucoviscidose
Au même titre que les sols, les océans (et autres milieux), il existe un microbiote de l’organisme humain: le plus étudié et documenté étant le microbiote intestinal . environ 100 000 milliards, soit au moins deux fois plus que le nombre moyen de cellules de l&apos;organisme
Mais de la même façon, il existe un microbiote cutané, vaginal, et biensur pulmonaire
A ce jour c’est essentiellement le microbiote bactérien qui est étudié
Rationnel: Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO - Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?; 2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: signifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
La concentration dans un environnement intérieur sans contamination fongique est généralement en dessous de 103 spores/m3 d’air (OMS 2009).
La fonction respiratoire est l’un des plus grands enjeux de demain en matière desanté publique: - Les troubles…
-la BPCO sera la 4ème
-la prévalence de l’asthme est en augmentation dans Pays développés (25 millions d’américains atteints asthme)
-la mucoviscidose, pathologie à laquelle nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement, est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. (1/3000 -4000 Nnés en France).
L’épaississement du mucus observé dans la mucoviscidose, a comme conséquence directe une accumulation (un piégeage) des microorganismes (bactérie champ) au niv pulmonaire, ce qui entrave fortement la fonction respiratoire, est responsable d’infection/ sur-infections pulmonaires (notamment les infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
= cause majeure de mortalité dans la mucoviscidose
Au même titre que les sols, les océans (et autres milieux), il existe un microbiote de l’organisme humain: le plus étudié et documenté étant le microbiote intestinal . environ 100 000 milliards, soit au moins deux fois plus que le nombre moyen de cellules de l&apos;organisme
Mais de la même façon, il existe un microbiote cutané, vaginal, et biensur pulmonaire
A ce jour c’est essentiellement le microbiote bactérien qui est étudié
Rationnel: Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO - Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?; 2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: signifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
Neofytos 3.5% chez ALLO G++++
Depuis plus de 2 décennies, ces infections sont en constante augmentation aussi bien chez l’adulte comme chez l’enfant
A coté, des populations à risque bien connues que sont:
- les patients d’oncohématologie Adultes et enfants, avec une fréquence de 3-14% en Pédiatrie et Mortalité élevée mais moins que chez adultes; évolution idem Burgos 2008
Avec une mortalité de 87.5% décrite par Crassard et collaborateurs sur une étude rétrospective de 15 ans
Et de patients ayant eu une greffes d’organes solides où transplantés pulm représentent la 1ere pop à risque, (6%), un risque qui est plus élevé chez le patient colonisé (25%) et une incidence supérieure dans la mucoviscidose
Il faut mentionner les patients non neutropéniques qui viennent d’être inclus dans la révision des consensus Critères 2008 EORTC/MSG IDSA de 2 008
Pour venir compléter cette situation, il faut également mentionner, l’extension des populations de patients à risques de mycoses graves, invasives: comportant non seulement les patients neutropéniques, profondément immunodéprimés d’oncohématologie:
Mais également : (i) les patients transplantés d’organes solides, (ii) immunodéprimés non neutropéniques (corticoïdes au long cours, mais aussi traités par biothérapie faisant appel à des anticorps monoclonaux ciblant des effecteurs majeurs de la réponse immune (tel que les lymphocytes B inhibés par le rituximab : anti-CD20, ou le TNFα inihbé par l’infleximab et qui prennent une place plus importante dans le traitement des maladies systémiques tel que GW). (iii)les patients traités par anticancéreux, (iv) les patients de réa…
FDR hôte connus d’AI: neutropénie prolongée; corticothérapie au long court et GVH +++
Saprophytes dans terre, plantes, débris végétaux
Air, sol, surfaces, eaux Les espèces aspergillaires loin devant environ 88% sur une étude américaine récente (1248 patients AlloSCT/163 API probable ou prouvée) le reste des espèces 2%!!!
La corrélation entre travaux et aspergillose est toujours d’actualité
Justifie, avec le mode de contamination l’existence d’une surveillance environnementale des services à risque, COA+++
Dan LI et al 2008: Dans une étude rétrospective selon les critères de l’EORTC/MSG met en avant les tableaux atypiques d’API chez les patients avec pb hépatiques - API se développant après 48h d’hôpital = nosocomialité
Nous nous sommes attachés à déterminer la composition du microbiote fongique du patient atteint de muco, en prenant également en compte les bactéries,
Avec comme questions biologiques sous-jacentes (aux quelles nous avons essayé de répondre) :
-Le microbiote du patient atteint de muco est-il différent de celui du patient sain?
-Quelle est sa stabilité dans le temps?
-Est-il corrélé à l’état clinique/évolution du patient?
Et nous avons utilisé les outils qui nous semblaient les plus adaptés au contexte càd les approches DE SEQUENCAGE HAUT-DEBIT
Notre stratégie méthodologique était basée sur le pyroséq sur automate 454 (roche)
Je vais en donner les grandes étapes de cette méthodologie
Si vous souhaitez nous pourrons en reparler après.
-aà partir des expecto (8 de 4 patients adultes stables cliniquement), nous avons extrait l’AND total OU métagenome (kit Hight pure Kit – Roche)
-2 PCR ciblant l’ADN16 (V3) des bactéries et le locus ITS2 des champignons ont été réalisées (grâce à 2 couples d’amorces)
-Séquençage multi-parallélisé, obtention de plusieurs milliers de pyroséquences
Elles ont été identifiées par comparaisosn à 2 banques de données la banque SILVA en accès libre pour les seq de 16S et une banque spécifique des séquences ITS2 que nous avons créé et validé pour cette étude en collaboration avec Genoscreen à IPL
Après plusieurs étapes de bioinformatique, les pyroséquences sont groupées en fonction de leur identité puis attribuées à une espèce quand c’est possible ou sinon à un genre conformément aux données de nos 2 banques et selon les critères choisis.
Puis nous avons réalisé une analyse phylogénétique des différents taxons permettant de comparer les 2 échantillons d’un même patient = grâce au logiciel MEGAN,
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it be orthogonal to (i.e., uncorrelated with) the preceding components. Principal components are guaranteed to be independent only if the data set is jointly normally distributed. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original variables.
Coronavirus, grippe, PIV2
At the physiology level,
Mucus composition in CF provides conditions suitable for chronic co-infection:
- Reduced oxygen tension in CF lung favourable for growth of P. aeruginosa, anaerobes (i.e. SMG members), C. albicans, and A. fumigatu
- All are known to be able to form biofilm consortia, and to produce direct and indirect microbe-microbe interactions including quorum-sensing phenomenon
Establishing microbiota in CF airways = dynamic event managed (we can supppose) to be beneficial to all members of the microbial population, probably with some “synergene” phenomenon
Coronavirus, grippe, PIV2
At the physiology level,
Mucus composition in CF provides conditions suitable for chronic co-infection:
- Reduced oxygen tension in CF lung favourable for growth of P. aeruginosa, anaerobes (i.e. SMG members), C. albicans, and A. fumigatu
- All are known to be able to form biofilm consortia, and to produce direct and indirect microbe-microbe interactions including quorum-sensing phenomenon
Establishing microbiota in CF airways = dynamic event managed (we can supppose) to be beneficial to all members of the microbial population, probably with some “synergene” phenomenon
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it be orthogonal to (i.e., uncorrelated with) the preceding components. Principal components are guaranteed to be independent only if the data set is jointly normally distributed. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original variables.
The Addition of the 2 axes represents the explained part of the variance
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it be orthogonal to (i.e., uncorrelated with) the preceding components. Principal components are guaranteed to be independent only if the data set is jointly normally distributed. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original variables.
The Addition of the 2 axes represents the explained part of the variance
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a mathematical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it be orthogonal to (i.e., uncorrelated with) the preceding components. Principal components are guaranteed to be independent only if the data set is jointly normally distributed. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original variables.
Kappamyces is a new genus for a chytrid member of the Rhizophydium clade is described
zoospore in the Chytridiales
Granulicatella species, along with the genus Abiotrophia, were originally known as ‘nutritionally variant streptococci’. They are a normal component of the oral flora, but have been associated with a variety of invasive infections in man and are most noted as a cause of bacterial endocarditis. It is often advised that Granulicatella endocarditis should be treated in the same way as enterococcal endocarditis.
Atopobium= Anearobie bacteria, involved in vaginosis. This inability to prevent recurrences reflects our lack of knowledge on the origins of BV. Atopobium vaginae has been recently reported to be associated with BV
Gemella bacteria are primarily found in the mucous membranes of humans and other animals, particularly in the oral cavity and upper digestive tract.
Definition of NECTRIACEAE. : a family of ascomycetous fungi (order Hypocreales) that are close to fusarium and currently environmental /phytopathogen
Capnocytophaga is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Normally found in the oropharyngeal tract of mammals, they are involved in the pathogenesis of some animal bite wounds as well as periodontal diseases.[1]
(1/3000 Nnés en France)
(1/3000 Nnés en France)
Rationel
Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO
2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: siginifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?
(1/3000 Nnés en France)
(1/3000 Nnés en France)
Rationel
Aspergillus scedos : 2 plus frequent champ chez la muco
P jiroveci: portage très fréquent muco + BPCO
2.5% d’API chez les patients atteints de BPCO avec une mortalité très élévée 70-95%: siginifcation de la colonisation sensibilisation ?
Portage Pj associé aux stades sévères (III, et IV) de BPCO: role dans la réponse inflammatoire ?