International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses using a Loop Power Controller (LPC) and fuel cell system to improve load balancing and reduce power losses in a distribution system. It first provides background on fuel cells and how they can provide continuous power generation. It then discusses how an LPC works by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift to control real and reactive power flow between two distribution feeders. The document presents a case study where an LPC is used to balance the loads between two feeders that also have intermittent power injection from a fuel cell system. Simulation results show the LPC is able to improve load balancing and reduce overall power losses in the distribution system compared to using only fuel cell generation.
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
1) The document discusses using a Loop Power Controller (LPC) to improve distribution feeder loading balance for systems with high photovoltaic (PV) generation. The LPC controls real and reactive power flows between feeders by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift.
2) A control algorithm is developed for the LPC to minimize loading imbalance and power losses based on hourly PV generation and load profiles from a distribution automation system.
3) Simulation results on Taiwanese distribution feeders show the LPC improves loading balance and reduces losses compared to conventional reconfiguration methods affected by intermittent PV generation.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
This document summarizes a technique for harvesting renewable energy from tidal, wind, and geothermal sources to power submarine communications. The energies are first converted to mechanical then electrical AC energy. An AC-DC converter produces DC power for storage. Geothermal energy uses heat from the earth's interior. An organic Rankine cycle converts high temperature geothermal water to vapor, powering a turbine to generate AC electricity. A boost converter increases the DC voltage for storage. Simulations validate the theoretical predictions for harvesting renewable energy underwater.
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy power system that uses multiple energy sources (photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, battery) along with a motor-generator set and diesel engine for power generation. An energy management and control unit using a programmable logic controller is also proposed to optimize the utilization of the various energy sources. The system is designed to operate in both islanding and grid-connected modes. Modeling and simulation of the system components was performed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system design.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
Due to the increasing concern for environment protection and the uncertainty about oil reserves, nowadays electricity is playing a key role as an alternative energy source in the automotive sector. In this paper, non isolated bidirectional converter is used for electric vehicle application during regenerative braking process. During motoring operation, the converter supplies energy to motor through battery. In regenerative braking action, the converter supplies the available back emf to charge the battery. The recycled energy is effectively stored in the battery. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The worthiness of simulation is illustrated experimentally by developing a prototype. The simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper.
The document summarizes test results from a high capacity nickel-metal hydride battery energy storage system installed at the New York City Transit system. Key findings include:
1) The battery system stabilized the third rail voltage during train acceleration, reducing voltage drops from 118V to 63V.
2) It stabilized third rail voltage during peak demand periods on the A line, reducing fluctuations from 122V to 64V.
3) The battery enhanced regenerative braking energy capture from trains from 1.34 kWh without the battery to 2.94 kWh with the battery installed.
4) The battery could provide enough power for a single train to move in an emergency power outage scenario at 10 mph,
This document discusses using a Loop Power Controller (LPC) and fuel cell system to improve load balancing and reduce power losses in a distribution system. It first provides background on fuel cells and how they can provide continuous power generation. It then discusses how an LPC works by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift to control real and reactive power flow between two distribution feeders. The document presents a case study where an LPC is used to balance the loads between two feeders that also have intermittent power injection from a fuel cell system. Simulation results show the LPC is able to improve load balancing and reduce overall power losses in the distribution system compared to using only fuel cell generation.
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
1) The document discusses using a Loop Power Controller (LPC) to improve distribution feeder loading balance for systems with high photovoltaic (PV) generation. The LPC controls real and reactive power flows between feeders by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift.
2) A control algorithm is developed for the LPC to minimize loading imbalance and power losses based on hourly PV generation and load profiles from a distribution automation system.
3) Simulation results on Taiwanese distribution feeders show the LPC improves loading balance and reduces losses compared to conventional reconfiguration methods affected by intermittent PV generation.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
This document summarizes a technique for harvesting renewable energy from tidal, wind, and geothermal sources to power submarine communications. The energies are first converted to mechanical then electrical AC energy. An AC-DC converter produces DC power for storage. Geothermal energy uses heat from the earth's interior. An organic Rankine cycle converts high temperature geothermal water to vapor, powering a turbine to generate AC electricity. A boost converter increases the DC voltage for storage. Simulations validate the theoretical predictions for harvesting renewable energy underwater.
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy power system that uses multiple energy sources (photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, battery) along with a motor-generator set and diesel engine for power generation. An energy management and control unit using a programmable logic controller is also proposed to optimize the utilization of the various energy sources. The system is designed to operate in both islanding and grid-connected modes. Modeling and simulation of the system components was performed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system design.
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
Due to the increasing concern for environment protection and the uncertainty about oil reserves, nowadays electricity is playing a key role as an alternative energy source in the automotive sector. In this paper, non isolated bidirectional converter is used for electric vehicle application during regenerative braking process. During motoring operation, the converter supplies energy to motor through battery. In regenerative braking action, the converter supplies the available back emf to charge the battery. The recycled energy is effectively stored in the battery. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The worthiness of simulation is illustrated experimentally by developing a prototype. The simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper.
The document summarizes test results from a high capacity nickel-metal hydride battery energy storage system installed at the New York City Transit system. Key findings include:
1) The battery system stabilized the third rail voltage during train acceleration, reducing voltage drops from 118V to 63V.
2) It stabilized third rail voltage during peak demand periods on the A line, reducing fluctuations from 122V to 64V.
3) The battery enhanced regenerative braking energy capture from trains from 1.34 kWh without the battery to 2.94 kWh with the battery installed.
4) The battery could provide enough power for a single train to move in an emergency power outage scenario at 10 mph,
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed p...IOSR Journals
This document describes a fuzzy logic based control system for coordinating power sources in a hybrid wind/hydrogen/supercapacitor power system to provide stable distributed power generation. The system uses a DC bus structure with power electronic converters to control power from each source. Two power management strategies - grid-following and source-following - are presented and experimentally compared. The source-following strategy was found to better regulate grid power by using total power from sources to control the DC bus voltage, while allowing direct control of power delivered to the grid. The strategies coordinate the various sources including maximizing wind power, and using fuel cells, electrolyzers and supercapacitors to balance power flows.
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
Fuel cells were first discovered in 1838 and demonstrated in 1839. Various improvements were made throughout the 1900s leading to their use in NASA space missions starting in the 1960s. Fuel cells work through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. They have advantages over combustion engines like higher efficiency and lower emissions. There are different types of fuel cells that are distinguished by their electrolyte, including PEM, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells are being developed for applications in transportation, backup power, and portable power and may eventually replace combustion engines and power grids.
The Eighteenth Annual Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Confer...mominul511
This document summarizes a feasibility study of implementing a pumped hydro energy storage system for the wind-diesel hybrid power system in Ramea, Newfoundland. Simulations found that a 500 battery, 150kW pumped hydro system could store excess wind energy, reduce fuel consumption by 94,782L per year, and lower the cost of energy by $0.03/kWh. Dynamic simulations showed the pumped hydro system effectively manages power flows during pumping and generation to meet loads and integrate wind energy. Future work could implement an actual pumped hydro system and consider variable loads and speeds.
This document contains an exam paper for the subject Power System I (EEE 305). It has two sections with multiple choice and descriptive questions. Section A contains questions related to power system modeling, symmetrical components, transmission lines and fault analysis. Section B contains questions on load flow analysis, transmission lines, and power flow control. The paper tests students' understanding of fundamental power system concepts and their ability to analyze common power system problems.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation InjectionIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4 scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic value of the voltage becomes 2.434%
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Ship Propulsion Systems. Maximum Fuel Economy Through SimulationYann Rageul
Ship Propulsion and Auxiliary machinery optimisation through simulation tools. Capable of optimising marine propulsion architecture including hybrid system (energy storage, fuel cell, gas turbine, diesel engines, etc.) under different operating conditions (slow steaming, high hotel load, rapid response, etc.)
1) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. MHD power generators directly convert the kinetic energy of conducting fluids flowing in a magnetic field into electrical energy without moving parts.
2) MHD electrical power generation works by inducing an electromotive force when a conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law of induction. Maximum power output can be achieved when the load resistance equals the internal resistance of the MHD generator.
3) MHD generators have applications in space systems, industrial processes requiring DC power, and ship propulsion due to their increased efficiency and ability to generate power without noise and vibration.
A fuel cell generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces water and heat as byproducts. There are several types of fuel cells that differ in their electrolyte material. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are well-suited for vehicles as they operate at low temperatures and have a compact design. Fuel cells provide advantages of zero emissions and few moving parts but also face challenges of high costs, limited power and range. Hybridizing fuel cells with batteries or ultracapacitors can help address these challenges.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLABIJERA Editor
The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Ways of professionalizing language education in the technological scenarioArya M.S.
1. The document discusses various ways that technology can be used to professionalize English language education, including blogs, social networking, wikis, online games, mobile apps, language labs, and audiovisual aids.
2. Blogs can improve student writing skills and autonomy by allowing them to publish writing for an audience. Social networking sites provide opportunities for online discussion and language exchange. Wikis support collaborative writing projects.
3. Massively multiplayer online games provide a virtual environment for extensive English practice. Mobile apps offer mini lessons, games, and dictionary access outside the classroom. Language labs integrate listening, speaking, reading and writing practice through multimedia.
4. Audiovisual aids like videos, recordings and images make lessons more
Equipo 2 "Problema, Hipótesis y Variables"RosarioFL
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de variables que se pueden usar en investigación. Explica que hay variables cualitativas nominales, ordinales y cuantitativas discretas y continuas. También describe variables descriptivas usadas en estudios descriptivos para hacer afirmaciones generales sobre un contexto o variable. Finalmente, proporciona enlaces a recursos adicionales sobre investigación.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
This document summarizes a study on controlling DC/DC converters for maximum power tracking in solar energy systems. The study analyzed buck, boost, and buck-boost converter performance using a discrete-time proportional-integral control algorithm to track the maximum power points of a solar array. Simulation and experimental results showed the converters successfully tracked maximum power points under changing solar irradiance. The buck converter achieved the highest efficiency of around 90%. The control method and converter configurations allow solar energy systems to effectively transfer power from solar arrays.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed p...IOSR Journals
This document describes a fuzzy logic based control system for coordinating power sources in a hybrid wind/hydrogen/supercapacitor power system to provide stable distributed power generation. The system uses a DC bus structure with power electronic converters to control power from each source. Two power management strategies - grid-following and source-following - are presented and experimentally compared. The source-following strategy was found to better regulate grid power by using total power from sources to control the DC bus voltage, while allowing direct control of power delivered to the grid. The strategies coordinate the various sources including maximizing wind power, and using fuel cells, electrolyzers and supercapacitors to balance power flows.
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
Fuel cells were first discovered in 1838 and demonstrated in 1839. Various improvements were made throughout the 1900s leading to their use in NASA space missions starting in the 1960s. Fuel cells work through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. They have advantages over combustion engines like higher efficiency and lower emissions. There are different types of fuel cells that are distinguished by their electrolyte, including PEM, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells are being developed for applications in transportation, backup power, and portable power and may eventually replace combustion engines and power grids.
The Eighteenth Annual Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Confer...mominul511
This document summarizes a feasibility study of implementing a pumped hydro energy storage system for the wind-diesel hybrid power system in Ramea, Newfoundland. Simulations found that a 500 battery, 150kW pumped hydro system could store excess wind energy, reduce fuel consumption by 94,782L per year, and lower the cost of energy by $0.03/kWh. Dynamic simulations showed the pumped hydro system effectively manages power flows during pumping and generation to meet loads and integrate wind energy. Future work could implement an actual pumped hydro system and consider variable loads and speeds.
This document contains an exam paper for the subject Power System I (EEE 305). It has two sections with multiple choice and descriptive questions. Section A contains questions related to power system modeling, symmetrical components, transmission lines and fault analysis. Section B contains questions on load flow analysis, transmission lines, and power flow control. The paper tests students' understanding of fundamental power system concepts and their ability to analyze common power system problems.
A Simple Control Strategy for Boost Converter Based Wind and Solar Hybrid Ene...IJRES Journal
This paper deals about the improvement of output from hybrid (Wind and PV) system through the maximum power point technique (MPPT). Though various power tracking techniques are available, Constant Voltage method is simple and effective way to track the maximum power. In this method output voltage is compared with the maximum voltage and based on the comparison gate signal is generated to the boost converter switch. Two boost converters are used individually for PV and Wind system. The whole system is modeled by using the Matlab/Simulink Model.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due
to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting
from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute
renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells;
alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one
of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output
voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load
located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC
boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time
and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is
considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation InjectionIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4 scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic value of the voltage becomes 2.434%
Mathematical Modelling of PV Module With multilevel 3-Ø inverter using SPWM t...IOSR Journals
1. The document presents a mathematical model of a photovoltaic (PV) module and grid-connected system using a three-phase multistring inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme.
2. The PV module is modeled using equations that account for factors like photocurrent, saturation current, series and shunt resistances, and temperature. The model is implemented in Simulink.
3. A three-phase multistring five-level inverter topology is proposed consisting of three PV strings connected to a common DC bus through DC-DC converters. SPWM control is used to generate switching signals and produce a five-level output voltage to reduce harmonics.
Ship Propulsion Systems. Maximum Fuel Economy Through SimulationYann Rageul
Ship Propulsion and Auxiliary machinery optimisation through simulation tools. Capable of optimising marine propulsion architecture including hybrid system (energy storage, fuel cell, gas turbine, diesel engines, etc.) under different operating conditions (slow steaming, high hotel load, rapid response, etc.)
1) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. MHD power generators directly convert the kinetic energy of conducting fluids flowing in a magnetic field into electrical energy without moving parts.
2) MHD electrical power generation works by inducing an electromotive force when a conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law of induction. Maximum power output can be achieved when the load resistance equals the internal resistance of the MHD generator.
3) MHD generators have applications in space systems, industrial processes requiring DC power, and ship propulsion due to their increased efficiency and ability to generate power without noise and vibration.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
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Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Role of power electronics in renewable and non renewable sourcesRayudu Mahesh
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Abstract: A low-cost high-performance fuel cell inverter for nominal 48 V dc to 120 V ac conversion is described. The inverter topology eliminates the need for a dc intermediate voltage by using an ac-link output inverter. The design minimizes overall system cost – including energy storage and management. The design provides low-ripple current-controlled interfacing to the fuel-cell stack, an intermediate-voltage battery energy storage buffer, and an ac-link output inverter. The circuit is based on square-wave cycloconverter technology, combined with a simple approach modulation process. Number of stages and magnetic elements low while providing galvanic isolation. Either SCRs or IGBTs can be used as output devices, which provides an unusual cost/performance trade-off possibility. Gate drives and other control elements are also simplified. The design provides excellent performance with a minimum of filter components and a simple control.
10. Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems (Benny Yeung).pdfSATHISHKUMARS801314
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Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
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This document discusses the design of a multiple-input power converter (MIPEC) for use in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell generator and a combined storage unit composed of ultracapacitors and batteries. It presents the topology and dynamic modeling of the MIPEC, which is responsible for power flow management. The design and sizing of the MIPEC, fuel cell, batteries, and ultracapacitors are determined together based on traction drive requirements and standard driving cycles. Experimental results from a 60 kW MIPEC prototype are also mentioned.
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
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two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
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Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
Improved backtracking search optimization algorithm for PV/Wind/FC systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper uses a novel optimization method based on the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm (IBSA). The study is conducted for a hybrid stand-alone system composed of photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine generator and fuel cell electrolyzer (FC). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IBSA, four benchmark functions are used. The result shows the better exploration and exploitation of the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm in terms of convergence and speed for system comprinsing PV panel wind, turbine generator and fuel cell. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the annual total cost (ATC) of the energy produced and feed up the load demand. The economic evaluation of the Hybrid PV/Wind/FC system is done throughout hourly demand and daily wind speed and insulation. The simulation results justify the robustness of the IBSA.
The document discusses various topics related to solar energy systems:
1. It describes the basic components and types of photovoltaic (PV) systems, including crystalline and thin film solar cells that convert sunlight into electricity.
2. It analyzes the characteristic curves of different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used to extract maximum available power from PV modules.
3. It examines applications of solar energy collectors and the principle of converting solar energy to heat through diagrams.
STUDY OF 1.26 KW – 24 VDC PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL’S (PEMFC’S) PARA...ecij
The eternally intensifying exigency for electrical energy and the mount in the electricity expenditures due to the recent transience of the oil charges over and above to the desensitizing of the air standard resulting from the ejections of the obtaining energy transmutation devices have amplified exploration into substitute renewable proveniences of electrical energy. In today, there are six antithetical types of fuel cell
technologies attainable – molten carbonate fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells; solid oxide fuel cells; alkaline fuel cells; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and direct methanol-air fuel cells. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells – also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are one of the uncomplicated types of fuel cell. PEMFC’s output power is unpredicted on nonlinearly on its output voltage and current. The output current of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack relies on the load located on that particular stack. This paper presents a 1.26 kW -24 Vdc PEMFC system and DC – DC boost converter topology used in 1.26 kW PEM fuel cell to fortify that the zenith obtainable output power
from a PEM membrane fuel cell is distributed to a load during a power outage bridging the start-up time and to optimize the health of the fuel cell membrane stack. A 1.26 kW – 24 Vdc PEMFC system is considered in this study as well as investigate how the output behaves.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
This document summarizes the economical analysis of an integrated wind and solar power generation standalone system with energy storage for a community/village located at latitude 13o0.4'N and longitude 79o7.8'E using HOMER software. The optimal system configuration consisted of 50 kW solar PV panels, 60 kW wind turbines, and 420 battery units. Simulation results found the cost of energy was ₹12.43/kWh, with a total net present cost of ₹6,388,599 and no greenhouse gas emissions. The system was technically and economically feasible for supplying clean energy to the community.
This document discusses the role of power electronics in coupling non-renewable and renewable energy systems to electric grids. It describes how power electronics can be used to interface systems like fuel cells, solar panels, wind turbines, and microturbines to convert their output to the required grid voltage and frequency. The document outlines several types of non-renewable systems like internal combustion engines and microturbines as well as renewable systems including wind, solar, and wave energy. It provides examples of how power electronics topologies can be applied to efficiently couple each type of system and allow for functions like maximum power point tracking and grid support services.
This paper presents a combined operation of the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with Fuel cell system (FC). The proposed system consists of a series inverter, a shunt inverter and a Fuel cell that is connected with the DC link of UPQC through a back boost converter, where it is a SEPIC converter. The mean purpose for using the SEPIC converter is ensuring a constant DC link voltage value and to make the FC system intervening only in the case when the DC link energy is insufficient. Excepting this case, the FC system will be in the standby state. To validate the proposed topology, several sags of source voltage have been applied, at the point of common coupling (PCC).The simulation results from MATLAB/SIMULINK are discussed to verify the proposed topology.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September. 2013 ǁ PP.01-09
Load Balance with Loop Power Controller & Fuel Cell System in
Distribution Feeders
P.Nagaraju1 A.Srinivasulu2
Scholar Madanapalle Institute of Technology &Science
Assistant professor Madanapalle Institute of Technology &Science
ABSTRACT: Now a day’s solar power plants are more reliable, because no fuel and reduced CO2 emission.
But the solar power generation system do not work in all weather conditions, it is power generated only solar
radiation time .To overcome this problem by using fuel cell (FC). In fuel cell power generation there will be no
problems, where as in fuel cell power distribution systems have some problems like overloading the distribution
feeders. In this project to overcome this overloading by using Loop Power Controller (LPC).The loop power
controller to control real power and reactive power flow by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift. Daily
loading unbalance is determined by analyzing fuel cell (FC) power generation recording by using SCADA
system and load profile based on Data Automation System (DAS).The loop power controller can improve
controllability, operational flexibility and reduce power loss of the distribution system. The Loop Power
Controller (LPC) is based on the MATLAB/ SIMULINK
INDEX TERMS: Distribution system, Fuel cell, Loop power controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
The fuel cell, wind turbines, hydrogen turbines and photovoltaic arrays are environmental friendly.
This type of generations rapidly increasing around the world because they can increasing the demand of electric
power and to decrease the green house gases. In this electrical power generation plants having outstanding
advance power electronics and energy storage devices for transient back up have accelerated penetration of the
distribution generation system. The electrochemical device is called fuel cell it is convert chemical energy to
electric energy. However, batteries need to be placed in parallel or series with the fuel cell as a temporary
energy storage elements to support start up or sudden load variations why because the fuel cell cannot respond
sudden load changes.
A fuel cell by definition is an electrical cell, which unlike storage cells can be continuously fed with a
fuel so that the electrical power output is sustained indefinitely (Connihan, 1981). They convert hydrogen, or
hydrogen-containing fuels, directly into electrical energy plus heat through the electrochemical reaction of
hydrogen and oxygen into water. The process is that of electrolysis in reverse.
In the summer peak period the load balance is critical, because of over loading problem at this time by
usage of air condition is more. Loading balance is also important for both schedule outages and service
restoration after fault isolation to perform load transfer between distribution feeders. The load varies from time
to time in the feeder, it will make it very difficult to find the desire load balance by using network configuration
in system planning stage. The renewable distributed generation like wind power, fuel cell power and
photovoltaic power being installed in distribution feeders, the injection of intermittent power generation more of
challenge to achieve load balance of distribution system.
The design of the LPC control strategy must consider intermittent power injection by FC generation
and varying feeder loading so that the loading unbalance and system power loss can be minimized in each study
hour. This paper is organized as follows. First, Section II introduces the distribution automation system with a
loop power controller. Section III the impact of the FC system on feeder loading balance and loss reduction of
the distribution system is investigated. In Section IV, presents the feeder loading balance simulation and LPC
control algorithm. Section V Loading Balance of Distribution Feeder by LPC and loss analysis, section VII,
gives conclusions.
II. ANALYSIS OF FUEL CELL (FC)
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts a source fuel into an electrical current. It generates
electricity inside a cell through reactions between a fuel and an oxidant, triggered in the presence of an
electrolyte.
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2. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains
within it. Fuel cells can operate continuously as long as the necessary reactant and oxidant flows are maintained.
Fuel cells are different from conventional electrochemical cell batteries in that they consume reactant from an
external source, which must be replenished[1] – a thermodynamically open system. By contrast, batteries store
electrical energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed system. Many combinations of
fuels and oxidants are possible. A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen as its fuel and oxygen (usually from air) as
its oxidant. Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols. Other oxidants include chlorine and chlorine dioxide
Fuel cells come in many varieties; however, they all work in the same general manner. They are made up of
three segments which are sandwiched together: the anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. Two chemical
reactions occur at the interfaces of the three different segments. The net result of the two reactions is that fuel is
consumed, water or carbon dioxide is created, and an electrical current is created, which can be used to power
electrical devices, normally referred to as the load. At the anode a catalyst oxidizes the fuel, usually hydrogen,
turning the fuel into a positively charged ion and a negatively charged electron. The electrolyte is a substance
specifically designed so ions can pass through it, but the electrons cannot. The freed electrons travel through a
wire creating the electrical current. The ions travel through the electrolyte to the cathode. Once reaching the
cathode, the ions are reunited with the electrons and the two react with a third chemical, usually oxygen, to
create water or carbon dioxide.
Fig III (a): Configuration of the fuel cell system
The configuration of fuel cell as shown in fig III(a). The fuel cell plants consist of three main parts
stack, reformer and power conditioning unit (PCU). First, reformer produce hydrogen gas from fuels after then
provider it for the stack. Second, this stack has main unit cells in series, to generate higher voltage needed for
their applications because a single cell that consist of electrolyte. The PCU include power converters convert a
low voltage DC from the fuel cell to a high sinusoidal AC voltage.
A. Dynamics of Reformer
For dynamic modelling of the fuel cells, the reformer and stack, which determine the dynamic response
of the fuel cell system, are further described. Fig. III (b) shows a detailed block diagram of the fuel cell system
to illustrate its operation.
Fig III (b): Detailed block diagram of the fuel cell system
As depicted in Fig. III (d), the fuel cell system consists of fuel cell stack and auxiliary systems such as
a fuel cell processor to request the hydrogen gas, a reformer, an air compressor to provide pressurized oxygen
flow through the cathode, a valve to control the hydrogen flow through the anode, a humidifier to add moisture
to the hydrogen and oxygen gases, and a water-cooling system to remove heat from the stack.
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3. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
Fig III (c): Dynamic model of the reformer.
Among the auxiliary systems stated above, the reformer significantly affects the dynamic behaviour of
the fuel cell system because it takes several minutes to tens of seconds to convert the fuel into the hydrogen
depending on the demand of the load current as illustrated in Fig.III (c). Thus, to investigate an overall operation
of fuel cell powered systems, the dynamics of the reformer need to be considered, and it may be represented by
a second order transfer function model or a first order time delay model. In this paper, a first order transfer
function is used for the dynamic model of the reformer.
C. Case study of fuel cells system.
Fig. III (d) shows the one-line diagram of the power system in the stadium. There are 179 units of
DC/AC inverters which are used to convert the solar panel generation to 380 Vac besides serving the local loads
in the fuel cell generation. The daily power generation of the study fuel cell has been recorded by the SCADA
system as shown in Fig. III (e).
Fig III (d): one-line diagram of fuel cells system.
Fig III (e): actual fuel cell generation
III.
LOOP POWER CONTROLLER IN DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SYSTEM
The distribution automation system (DAS) as shown in fig IV(a), its take to reference from taipower
station. The DAS consists master station (MS) with software application, remote terminal unit (RTU) and feeder
terminal unit (FTU) in substation. The distribution feeders are connected as open loop configuration with one of
the automatic line switches selected the open tie switch. In open loop configuration feeder having circuit
breaker, when fault occurs in feeder the circuit breaker will be trips, the over current fault flags of all upstream
FTUs are set due to large fault currents, after the all fault flags are received in master station. The master station
sends command to open all line switches by using the open tie switches around the faulted location, after
clearing the faults the feeder has to be recloses.
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4. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
In DAS fault restoration effectively in taipower, but balance of loading is difficult in distribution
system because the switching operation is required too frequently, to overcome the problem we are proposing
the LPC, it is applied to replace open tie switch by adaptive power flow control for load transfer. The
advantages of LPC in distribution feeder pair, 1) reduce the voltage fluctuations with fast compensate the
reactive power. 2) The real power and reactive power is controlled.
Fig IV (a): Distribution automation system with a loop power controller
3) In the distribution system controllability operation flexibility is improved. 4) Reduced power system losses
with improved load balance of distribution system.
IV. LPC CONTROL MODEL
The LPC control of load transfer to derive voltage ratio and phase shift, the LPC equivalent circuit
model is proposed by considering the branch impedance of distribution feeder for the simulation of feeder load
balance. The overall process to derive the LPC control algorithm as shown in fig IV(b).
Fig IV (b): Flowchart of LPC control algorithm.
A. Simulation of feeder loading balance
The circuit model of LPC considers as the combination of phase shifter and tap changer has shown
in fig IV(c). By adjusting voltage ratio phase shift between both sides of LPC, according to the branch
impedance and loading unbalance of distribution feeders. LPC can be controlled real power and reactive power
to achieve the load balance. The ideal transformer having the equivalent circuit model with turn ratio of 1:ne j∅ .
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5. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
Mainly to derive the voltage ratio and phase shift of LPC. The modified equivalent circuit with
depending current source as shown in fig IV(d).
I s | n |2 y n * y Vs
I n y
y Vr
r
Where n=n e
j
(1)
.
I s n yVs nyVr
2
(n 2 1)yVs (1 n) yVr y Vs Vr
I r n2 yVs yVr
(1 n)yVs y Vr Vs
(2)
(3)
dI s ' (n 2 1)yVs (1 n) yVr
(4)
dI r ' (1 n)yVs
(5)
The node currents are represented by assuming a fixed voltage ratio of 1.0 as follows:
I s yVs yVr e j
) yV y V V
(1 e j ) yVr y Vs Vr
I r (1 e j
s
r
(6)
(7)
s
dI s " (1 e j ) yVr
(8)
j
dIr " (1 e ) yVs
dI s dI s ' dI s "
dI r dI r ' dI r ''
(10)
dI s' (1 n 2 )y (n e j 2)y Vs
'
dI r (n 1)y (n e j 2)y Vr
(12)
(9)
(11)
Fig IV (e): Incremental circuit model of distribution feeders with LPC
Two sample radial feeders connected with an LPC shown in fig(e). The real and reactive power flows
through the LPC for feeder loading balance and branch impedances of feeder1 and feeder2 defined as:
(P1 P2 )
2
}
(Q1 Q2 )
2
PLPC
QLPC
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(13)
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6. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
Rt R1 R2
X t X1 X 2
}
The primary side terminal voltage represented by
(14)
VL1 it is LPC assumed 1.0 0o this value is fixed.
'
The LPC secondary side terminal voltage is VL 2 defined as:
VL 2 (1 PLPC Rt QLPC X t )2 (PLPC X t QLPC R t )
Total voltage ratio and phase shift defined as:
V | VL' 2 | 1.0
tan 1
(15)
PLPC X t QLPC Rt
1 PLPC Rt QLPC X t
(16)
Fig IV (f): distribution feeders for computer simulation.
The computer simulation of distribution feeders as shown in fig IV(f). It have two substations and
connected two feeders, the loads are connected in feeders different distances and connected one fuel cell system.
V. LOADING BALANCE AND LOSS ANALYSIS USING LPC IN AND
DISTRIBUTION FEEDER
Fig V (a): Power profiles of Feeder MF65 and MU67 (w/o FC system).
The loading balance of distribution feeders to adjust voltage ratio and phase shift between both feeders
by using LPC and the injection FC power, the LPC assumed to be installed replacing the open tie switches
between feeder MF65 and MU67 as shown in fig V(a). The daily load profile of real power and reactive power
loading of feeders MF65 and MU67 and the FC power injection is not considered, in the feeder MF65 peak load
was 3724 kW/1232 kVAR at 8pm and feeder MU67 peak load was 4483 kW/1485 kVAR at 2pm. The reduction
of real power loading of feeder MF65 andMU67 including FC power generation in the distribution system as
shown in fig V(b) the peak load of MF65 is 3724 kW at 8pm and the peak load of MU67 is 4483 kW at 2pm.
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7. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
Fig V (b): Power profiles of Feeder MF65 and MU67 (with FC system).
Fig. V(c): Loading balance of both feeders with the
control of LPC (w/o FC system).
After execution the real power and reactive power load profile of two feeders without injection FC
power as shown in fig V(c), the distribution feeders to achieve the load balance using LPC only, the real power
and reactive power difference between feeder MF65 and MU67 to be reduced from 1864 kW/1715 kVAR to
170 kW/71 kVAR after connecting LPC for power flow control.
Fig V (d): voltage ratio for the power transfer by LPC (w/o FC system)
Fig V (e): phase shift for the power transfer by LPC (w/o FC system)
The voltage ratio and phase shift for each study hour as shown in fig V(d) and V(e), the voltage ratio
and phase shift are derive in (15) and (16) for control of LPC to achieve the load transfer between two feeders.
The phase shift of -0.1o is applied for real power transfer of 1012kW from MU67 to MU65 while the voltage
ratio of 0.013 p.u is applied for reactive power transfer of 890 kVAR from MU67 to MF65 at 3pm, this is
without injection of FC power generation. To achieve the load balance the voltage ratio and phase shift by using
LPC with injection FC power as shown in fig V(f) and V(g). Comparing to fig V(d) and V(e) the voltage ratio of
LPC remains all is same because the FC power generation is not produced reactive power.
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8. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
Fig V (f):voltage ratio with control of LPC (with FC system)
Fig V (g): phase shift with control of LPC (with FC system)
Fig V (h): Percentage of system power loss before applying LPC for loading balance (with FC system).
Fig V (i): Percentage of system power loss after applying LPC for loading balance (with FC system).
The performance of LPC is effectiveness for loss reduction by load balance the power flow analysis is
performed for two feeders MF65 and MU67 by considering the daily feeder power loading profile before and
after load balance. The power losses of distribution feeders before applying LPC and after applying LPC as
shown in fig V(h) and V(i). The power loss over the daily period is decreased from 3457kWh (2.12%) to
2970kWh (1.72%) after LPC load balance. The distribution system power loss decrease as obtained after load
balancing of LPC implementing.
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9. Load Balance with Loop Power Controller...
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Finally the loop power controller is to balance the real power and reactive power by adjusting the
voltage ratio and phase shift, it is a power electronics based element. The LPC in distribution feeders to replace
the open tie switch, the daily unbalanced loads are recorded by the SCADA, the distribution system consisting
of two feeders with FC system has been selected for computer simulation. In LPC has to applying the control
algorithm to adjust the voltage ratio and phase shift between two feeders. Finally the conclusion of this paper
load balance of distribution system with intermitting FC power generation to be obtained effectively by the LPC
implementation. Loading balance by using LPC and FC power in distribution system is also reduced the power
loss has to be fined in this paper, the loss reduction is more effectively intermitting FC power generation
comparing photo voltaic generation.
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AUTHOR’s
P.Nagaraju received his B.TECH degree in EEE from Mekapati rajamohan reddy Institute
Of Technology & Science uadayagiri, Nellore (DT), in 2011, He is currently working
towards towards the Master Degree in Electrical Power Systems at Madanapalle Institute Of
Technology & Science, Angallu, 517325 Chittoor (DT).
A.Srinivasulu received B.tech (EEE) from JNTU, Hyderabad and M.E (VLSI Design) from
ANNA UNIVERSITY of TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE Currently he is working as an
Assistant Professsor in the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering ,Madanapalle
Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle (MITS-69) ,Andhra Pradesh,India
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