International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to
face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low
transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive
and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date
topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within
the zone, routes are immediately available. For
destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route
discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local
routing information of the zones.
Modified q aware scheduling algorithm for improved fairness in 802.16 j networksIJCNCJournal
Deployment of Multi-hop Relays in WiMax based Cellu
lar Networks is considered as a cost effective
solution to increase the Coverage area of Base Stat
ion and also to improve the Network Capacity with h
igh
quality short links. Scheduling became a challengin
g task in these Multi-hop Relay Wireless Cellular
Networks of IEEE 802.16j standard. H. Chen, X. Xie
and H. Wu proposed a Q-aware Scheduling
Algorithm in which back-pressure flow control mecha
nism is used to reflect current Q size of the Relay
s
and considered high back-pressure links to include
in Concurrent Transmission Scenarios, to maximize t
he
throughput. This focus on high back-pressure links,
leads to starvation of Mobile Stations having low
back-
pressure links, resulting unfairness in some cases.
To remedy this situation, a Fair Link Inclusion (F
LI)
mechanism is applied in Greedy Algorithm of Q-aware
Scheduling Algorithm. Simulation results show that
Modified Q-aware Scheduling Algorithm with FLI mech
anism has reasonable improvement in fairness and
maintaining steady throughput when compared with ex
isting algorithms.
Performance analysis of CSMA/CA and TDMA MAC protocols in Wireless Mesh Netw...Pranjal Das
This document summarizes a project presentation on analyzing the performance of CSMA/CA and TDMA MAC protocols in wireless mesh networks. It first provides background on wireless mesh networks and describes their architecture and characteristics. It then discusses CSMA/CA and TDMA protocols and how they work. The project involved simulating a wireless mesh network topology using NS-2 and evaluating the performance of the two protocols based on metrics like throughput, delay, and packet loss under varying conditions like number of hops and link distance. The results showed that TDMA performance was better than CSMA/CA. The conclusion recommends further analysis using directional antennas.
A Survey on Spectrum-Map Based on Normal Opportunistic Routing Methods for Co...Eswar Publications
Cognitive Radio (CR) technology has significant impacts on upper layer performance in Ad Hoc Networks (AHNs). In recent times, several number of investigation are conducted in CR are mostly focusing on the opportunistic spectrum admission and physical layer transmission throughput. However, CR technology determination also have considerable impacts in mobile Ad Hoc networks (AHNs), which enables wireless devices to dynamically create networks without essentially use of a fixed infrastructure . Nowadays, establishing a cognitive network is such a difficult task. The most important issues is routing in CRAHNs. In this paper, it majorly focuses on the survey of routing and opportunistic routing schema in CRAHN. The most significant scheme behind this concept is to make use of a suitable routing protocol designed for establishing Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Due to licensing, the accessibility of radio frequency for wireless communication gets reduced day by day. Thus, there is a necessitate to have some other way to use these frequencies in an efficient manner.
Routing is efficient method to solve these issues, but the use of geographical concept is also a challenging task in CRN. Since, there is a lack in detailed understanding of these extremely dynamic opportunistic links and a consistent end-to-end transportation mechanism over the network. Here, it focuses on the study of possible routing approaches with the purpose of be able to be employed in CRAHNs. There is a comparison on
performance evaluation of various potential routing approaches in terms of table significant reduction and what
solution can be found from the routing protocol are also discussed. The routing protocol attains reliable communications for CRAHNs, without usually getting feedback information from nodes in a CRAHN to considerably accumulate the communication overhead.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
Wireless mesh networks provide opportunities for broadband internet access, extending wireless LAN coverage, mobile internet access, emergency response, and more. They compare favorably to existing technologies due to lower upfront investments, good bandwidth and coverage, and ease of deployment in some cases. However, research challenges remain around the physical layer, medium access control, routing, security, and other areas. Ongoing work aims to improve performance through techniques like smart antennas, transmission power control, and use of multiple channels.
Cross layer design for power control and linkIJCNCJournal
Frequent changes in network topology due to mobility and limited battery power of the mobile devices are the key challenges in the adhoc networks. The depletion of power source may cause early unavailability of nodes and thus links in the network. The mobility of nodes causes frequent routes breaks and adversely affects the required performance of the applications. We propose a cross layer design for the dynamic power control protocol and link prediction (DPCPLP) that provides a combined solution for power conservation as well as link availability. This combines the effect of optimum transmit power and received signal strength based link availability estimation with AODV routing protocol using cross layer approach.
This method proposes to use optimum transmit power for transmitting the packets to a neighboring node to
increase the battery life of adhoc nodes and received signal strength based link prediction to increase the
availability of the links. In this paper, the transmit power and received signal strength of the packets are
cross-layer interaction parameters to provide the combined solution for power conservation and reliable
route formation with increased availability of links and thus the routes amongst sources and destinations. Further, this increases network and nodes’ lifetime and capacity. It improves throughput and packet delivery ratio by spatial reuse, prior prediction of link breaks and initiating the route repair. It also reduces
end-to-end delay and power consumption by use of optimum transmit power. Through simulations, we have
shown that our proposed protocol shows better performance.
Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to
face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low
transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive
and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date
topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within
the zone, routes are immediately available. For
destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route
discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local
routing information of the zones.
Modified q aware scheduling algorithm for improved fairness in 802.16 j networksIJCNCJournal
Deployment of Multi-hop Relays in WiMax based Cellu
lar Networks is considered as a cost effective
solution to increase the Coverage area of Base Stat
ion and also to improve the Network Capacity with h
igh
quality short links. Scheduling became a challengin
g task in these Multi-hop Relay Wireless Cellular
Networks of IEEE 802.16j standard. H. Chen, X. Xie
and H. Wu proposed a Q-aware Scheduling
Algorithm in which back-pressure flow control mecha
nism is used to reflect current Q size of the Relay
s
and considered high back-pressure links to include
in Concurrent Transmission Scenarios, to maximize t
he
throughput. This focus on high back-pressure links,
leads to starvation of Mobile Stations having low
back-
pressure links, resulting unfairness in some cases.
To remedy this situation, a Fair Link Inclusion (F
LI)
mechanism is applied in Greedy Algorithm of Q-aware
Scheduling Algorithm. Simulation results show that
Modified Q-aware Scheduling Algorithm with FLI mech
anism has reasonable improvement in fairness and
maintaining steady throughput when compared with ex
isting algorithms.
Performance analysis of CSMA/CA and TDMA MAC protocols in Wireless Mesh Netw...Pranjal Das
This document summarizes a project presentation on analyzing the performance of CSMA/CA and TDMA MAC protocols in wireless mesh networks. It first provides background on wireless mesh networks and describes their architecture and characteristics. It then discusses CSMA/CA and TDMA protocols and how they work. The project involved simulating a wireless mesh network topology using NS-2 and evaluating the performance of the two protocols based on metrics like throughput, delay, and packet loss under varying conditions like number of hops and link distance. The results showed that TDMA performance was better than CSMA/CA. The conclusion recommends further analysis using directional antennas.
A Survey on Spectrum-Map Based on Normal Opportunistic Routing Methods for Co...Eswar Publications
Cognitive Radio (CR) technology has significant impacts on upper layer performance in Ad Hoc Networks (AHNs). In recent times, several number of investigation are conducted in CR are mostly focusing on the opportunistic spectrum admission and physical layer transmission throughput. However, CR technology determination also have considerable impacts in mobile Ad Hoc networks (AHNs), which enables wireless devices to dynamically create networks without essentially use of a fixed infrastructure . Nowadays, establishing a cognitive network is such a difficult task. The most important issues is routing in CRAHNs. In this paper, it majorly focuses on the survey of routing and opportunistic routing schema in CRAHN. The most significant scheme behind this concept is to make use of a suitable routing protocol designed for establishing Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Due to licensing, the accessibility of radio frequency for wireless communication gets reduced day by day. Thus, there is a necessitate to have some other way to use these frequencies in an efficient manner.
Routing is efficient method to solve these issues, but the use of geographical concept is also a challenging task in CRN. Since, there is a lack in detailed understanding of these extremely dynamic opportunistic links and a consistent end-to-end transportation mechanism over the network. Here, it focuses on the study of possible routing approaches with the purpose of be able to be employed in CRAHNs. There is a comparison on
performance evaluation of various potential routing approaches in terms of table significant reduction and what
solution can be found from the routing protocol are also discussed. The routing protocol attains reliable communications for CRAHNs, without usually getting feedback information from nodes in a CRAHN to considerably accumulate the communication overhead.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
Wireless mesh networks provide opportunities for broadband internet access, extending wireless LAN coverage, mobile internet access, emergency response, and more. They compare favorably to existing technologies due to lower upfront investments, good bandwidth and coverage, and ease of deployment in some cases. However, research challenges remain around the physical layer, medium access control, routing, security, and other areas. Ongoing work aims to improve performance through techniques like smart antennas, transmission power control, and use of multiple channels.
Cross layer design for power control and linkIJCNCJournal
Frequent changes in network topology due to mobility and limited battery power of the mobile devices are the key challenges in the adhoc networks. The depletion of power source may cause early unavailability of nodes and thus links in the network. The mobility of nodes causes frequent routes breaks and adversely affects the required performance of the applications. We propose a cross layer design for the dynamic power control protocol and link prediction (DPCPLP) that provides a combined solution for power conservation as well as link availability. This combines the effect of optimum transmit power and received signal strength based link availability estimation with AODV routing protocol using cross layer approach.
This method proposes to use optimum transmit power for transmitting the packets to a neighboring node to
increase the battery life of adhoc nodes and received signal strength based link prediction to increase the
availability of the links. In this paper, the transmit power and received signal strength of the packets are
cross-layer interaction parameters to provide the combined solution for power conservation and reliable
route formation with increased availability of links and thus the routes amongst sources and destinations. Further, this increases network and nodes’ lifetime and capacity. It improves throughput and packet delivery ratio by spatial reuse, prior prediction of link breaks and initiating the route repair. It also reduces
end-to-end delay and power consumption by use of optimum transmit power. Through simulations, we have
shown that our proposed protocol shows better performance.
Performance Comparison of Different Mobility Model on Topology Managed MANETEswar Publications
A wireless ad hoc network is a sovereign system in which users can communicate with each other freely. It can be deployed rapidly at a very low cost, and can be easily managed and extended. Topology management has main objective to maintain a topology connectivity that improves wireless network performance by minimizing energy consumption. Also Topology control with cooperative communication was recently research initiated .Cooperative Communication (CC) is a technique that allows no. of nodes to simultaneously transmit the same data. It can save power and extend transmission coverage. Topology management with cooperative communication is new research
initiated in the field of Mobile Ad-hoc Network. In this paper, we analyze the effect of multi-traffic on the topology managed MANET. We implemented some applications on different mobility models that is OLSR move and random mobility. To simulate all scenario OPNET 14.5 software is used. OPNET is a comprehensive suite of tools for modelling large wired and wireless networks. It uses simulation and emulation to predict the behaviour and performance of networks to improve their design, operation and management.
In the first part of paper, implemented the existed network on the OPNET simulator and evaluate the performance (Download Response Time, Traffic Send and Traffic Receive) of OLSR move based topology control network.
In the second part of paper, evaluated the QoS performanc (Delay, Download Response Time, Traffic Send and Receive Response) of Random Mobility based topology control network. From the simulation results we observed that compare with OLSR move models, the Random mobility model performance is good. We implemented different traffic pattern on two Topology managed MANET.
In the third part of paper, implemented the dynamic traffic pattern like Email, FTP & Voice and video conferencing on the proposed network. Simulation results show that FTP and E-mail both have large download response time in case of OLSR move model rather than Random Mobility model. Traffic send and receive performance of email is good in OLSR-move model. Video Conferencing has good response of traffic send and receive in Random Mobility model.
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT On the real time hardware implementa...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
This document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of a modern channel codec in a Gaussian channel using higher modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM. It compares the simulated and theoretical BER results for digitally modulated communication channels with and without a convolutional encoder. With convolutional encoding, coding gains of up to 4dB were observed for QPSK compared to the uncoded system. The document also investigates the soft-output Viterbi algorithm used for decoding convolutionally encoded bits. It presents the simulation and theoretical BER results of the various modulation schemes with and without convolutional encoding.
This document provides an overview of routing in wireless ad-hoc networks. It discusses the key challenges in ad-hoc routing including dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth and energy, and security issues. The main types of routing protocols covered are proactive (table-driven), reactive (on-demand), hybrid, geographical, and hierarchical. Specific protocols discussed in more detail include DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. Performance is impacted by factors like network size, connectivity, topology changes, traffic patterns, and mobility.
Performance Analysis of Optimization Techniques for OLSR Routing Protocol for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through parameter tuning. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses routing challenges. It then proposes using metaheuristic algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to automatically tune OLSR parameters and evaluate the optimized protocol's performance in simulations. The results show the tuned OLSR protocol outperforms the standard OLSR protocol with increased throughput and packet delivery ratio, and reduced delay.
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
This document compares the TDMA and CSMA access techniques for a linear topology of sensor nodes. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses applications that use a fixed chain topology. It then explains that TDMA is generally more suitable than CSMA for a linear chain topology with a large number of nodes, periodic traffic, and relatively high traffic. The document reviews several existing MAC protocols designed for chain topologies and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It focuses on comparing the throughput and delay of nodes in a linear topology using TDMA versus CSMA.
Performance analysis of image transmission with various channel conditions/mo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper investigates the impact of different modulation techniques for
digital communication systems that employ quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM and 64-QAM) to
transmit images over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels for the cellular
mobile networks. In the further steps, wiener and median filters has been
adopted to the simulation are used at the receiver side to remove the impulsive
noise present in the received image. This work is performed to evaluate
the transmission of two dimensional (2D) gray-scale and color-scale (RGB)
images with different values from signal to noise ratios (SNR), such as;
(5, 10 and 15) dB over different channels. The correct conclusions are made
by comparing many of the observed Matlab simulation results. This was
carried out through the results that measure the quality of received image,
which is analyzes in terms of SNRimage peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and
mean square error (MSE).
This document summarizes and evaluates scheduling algorithms for wireless IP networks that support multiclass traffic. It begins by describing the challenges of providing quality of service (QoS) over wireless networks due to time-varying transmission quality and location-dependent errors. It then reviews existing scheduling algorithms like weighted fair queuing (WFQ) and discusses their limitations in wireless environments. The document proposes a new scheduling mechanism that differentiates service between traffic classes and subclasses, allows compensation for non-real time traffic, and adjusts weights of real-time flows in error states to maintain throughput. Overall, the scheduling algorithm aims to provide QoS, fairness between flows, and flexibility to adapt to changing wireless channel conditions.
This document provides an overview of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and describes implementations of GMPLS research testbeds. It begins with an introduction to MPLS and GMPLS fundamentals, including MPLS protocols, extensions made by GMPLS, and the history and functions of both. It then discusses specific GMPLS implementations, providing an overview of research testbeds and the DRAGON/HOPI architecture. Finally, it covers connecting to GMPLS research and education networks.
Iaetsd survey on cognitive radio networks and itsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a survey on cognitive radio networks and their routing mechanisms. It discusses how cognitive radios can dynamically identify unused portions of the spectrum and configure themselves to operate in those spaces to better utilize spectrum resources. It also describes some of the key challenges in designing routing metrics for cognitive radio networks, including how primary users occupying channels can break links in secondary networks, requiring secondary users to either wait, switch channels, or re-route data traffic. Finally, it outlines different cognitive radio network architectures like infrastructure, ad-hoc, and mesh networks and how routing schemes may be either stationary or dynamic depending on how often primary users interrupt secondary transmissions.
MAC PROTOCOLS FOR AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
Issues in designing a MAC Protocol- Classification of MAC Protocols- Contention based protocols- Contention based protocols with Reservation Mechanisms- Contention based protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms – Multi channel MAC-IEEE 802.11
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks Divya Tiwari
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivityiosrjce
This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
GMPLS extends MPLS to manage additional interface types beyond packet interfaces, such as TDM, wavelength switching, and fiber switching. It allows for establishing connection-oriented LSPs and provides routing, resource discovery, connection management, and restoration functions. GMPLS supports various interface types including packet, TDM, wavelength, and fiber switching. It faces challenges around routing, signaling, and management due to the large number of links and long setup times involved in photonic networks.
Signal classification in fading channels using cyclic spectral ankareenavolt
This document discusses signal classification in fading channels using cyclic spectral analysis. It proposes a hierarchical classifier that can identify signals such as AM, BFSK, OFDM, CDMA, PSK and QAM with no prior knowledge of carrier frequency, phase or symbol rate. The classifier performance is assessed using various multi-antenna combining schemes in fading channels. Cyclostationary features such as the spectral correlation function and cyclic cumulants are extracted to classify signals based on their spectral fingerprints. The proposed classifier is designed to minimize the number of samples needed for classification while maximizing reliability at each stage.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new cooperative channel load aware VoIP routing topology for 802.11 WLAN networks. It introduces the concept of cooperative channel transmitting technology for 802.11 WLAN networks and discusses some of the challenges in providing quality of service guarantees. It then presents a linear programming model and scheduling algorithm to implement cooperative channel transmissions while considering queue status and transitive node relationships to maximize throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to alternatives.
1. Wireless ad-hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without any fixed infrastructure. Nodes are able to communicate directly when within range, but rely on other nodes to forward packets when out of range.
2. Two routing protocols for ad-hoc networks are described: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) which is a table-driven protocol that uses routing tables and sequence numbers to distribute routing information, and Cluster-Head Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR) which groups nodes into clusters with a head node to route packets between clusters.
3. Routing in ad-hoc networks is challenging due to the lack of infrastructure and changing network topology. The protocols described aim
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd::Mobilecom...sunda2011
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd
IEEE projects, final year projects, students project, be project, engineering projects, academic project, project center in madurai, trichy, chennai, kollam, coimbatore
Channel Assignment With Access Contention Resolution for Cognitive Radio Netw...Polytechnique Montreal
In this paper, we consider the channel assignment problem for cognitive radio networks with hardware-constrained secondary users (SUs). In particular, we assume that SUs exploit spectrum holes on a set of channels where each SU can use at most one available channel for communication. We present the optimal brute-force search algorithm to solve the corresponding nonlinear integer optimization problem and analyze its complexity. Because the optimal solution has exponential complexity with the numbers of channels and SUs, we develop two low-complexity channel assignment algorithms that can efficiently utilize the spectrum holes. In the first algorithm, SUs are assigned distinct sets of channels. We show that this algorithm achieves the maximum throughput limit if the number of channels is sufficiently large. In addition, we propose an overlapping channel assignment algorithm that can improve the throughput performance compared with its nonoverlapping channel assignment counterpart. Moreover, we design a distributed medium access control (MAC) protocol for access contention resolution and integrate it into the overlapping channel assignment algorithm. We then analyze the saturation throughput and the complexity of the proposed channel assignment algorithms. We also present several potential extensions, including the development of greedy channel assignment algorithms under the max-min fairness criterion and throughput analysis, considering sensing errors. Finally, numerical results are presented to validate the developed theoretical results and illustrate the performance gains due to the proposed channel assignment algorithms.
This document contains a list of 132 IEEE paper titles from 2014 related to mobile computing, networking, and other topics. The papers cover various technologies and issues in wireless networks and communication systems, including routing protocols, energy efficiency, security, caching, and more. Many of the papers propose and analyze new algorithms or approaches to problems in areas like mobile ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, cognitive radio networks, optical networks, and smart grids.
Performance Comparison of Different Mobility Model on Topology Managed MANETEswar Publications
A wireless ad hoc network is a sovereign system in which users can communicate with each other freely. It can be deployed rapidly at a very low cost, and can be easily managed and extended. Topology management has main objective to maintain a topology connectivity that improves wireless network performance by minimizing energy consumption. Also Topology control with cooperative communication was recently research initiated .Cooperative Communication (CC) is a technique that allows no. of nodes to simultaneously transmit the same data. It can save power and extend transmission coverage. Topology management with cooperative communication is new research
initiated in the field of Mobile Ad-hoc Network. In this paper, we analyze the effect of multi-traffic on the topology managed MANET. We implemented some applications on different mobility models that is OLSR move and random mobility. To simulate all scenario OPNET 14.5 software is used. OPNET is a comprehensive suite of tools for modelling large wired and wireless networks. It uses simulation and emulation to predict the behaviour and performance of networks to improve their design, operation and management.
In the first part of paper, implemented the existed network on the OPNET simulator and evaluate the performance (Download Response Time, Traffic Send and Traffic Receive) of OLSR move based topology control network.
In the second part of paper, evaluated the QoS performanc (Delay, Download Response Time, Traffic Send and Receive Response) of Random Mobility based topology control network. From the simulation results we observed that compare with OLSR move models, the Random mobility model performance is good. We implemented different traffic pattern on two Topology managed MANET.
In the third part of paper, implemented the dynamic traffic pattern like Email, FTP & Voice and video conferencing on the proposed network. Simulation results show that FTP and E-mail both have large download response time in case of OLSR move model rather than Random Mobility model. Traffic send and receive performance of email is good in OLSR-move model. Video Conferencing has good response of traffic send and receive in Random Mobility model.
DOTNET 2013 IEEE MOBILECOMPUTING PROJECT On the real time hardware implementa...IEEEGLOBALSOFTTECHNOLOGIES
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
This document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of a modern channel codec in a Gaussian channel using higher modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM. It compares the simulated and theoretical BER results for digitally modulated communication channels with and without a convolutional encoder. With convolutional encoding, coding gains of up to 4dB were observed for QPSK compared to the uncoded system. The document also investigates the soft-output Viterbi algorithm used for decoding convolutionally encoded bits. It presents the simulation and theoretical BER results of the various modulation schemes with and without convolutional encoding.
This document provides an overview of routing in wireless ad-hoc networks. It discusses the key challenges in ad-hoc routing including dynamic topologies, limited bandwidth and energy, and security issues. The main types of routing protocols covered are proactive (table-driven), reactive (on-demand), hybrid, geographical, and hierarchical. Specific protocols discussed in more detail include DSDV, AODV, DSR, and ZRP. Performance is impacted by factors like network size, connectivity, topology changes, traffic patterns, and mobility.
Performance Analysis of Optimization Techniques for OLSR Routing Protocol for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through parameter tuning. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses routing challenges. It then proposes using metaheuristic algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to automatically tune OLSR parameters and evaluate the optimized protocol's performance in simulations. The results show the tuned OLSR protocol outperforms the standard OLSR protocol with increased throughput and packet delivery ratio, and reduced delay.
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
This document compares the TDMA and CSMA access techniques for a linear topology of sensor nodes. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and discusses applications that use a fixed chain topology. It then explains that TDMA is generally more suitable than CSMA for a linear chain topology with a large number of nodes, periodic traffic, and relatively high traffic. The document reviews several existing MAC protocols designed for chain topologies and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It focuses on comparing the throughput and delay of nodes in a linear topology using TDMA versus CSMA.
Performance analysis of image transmission with various channel conditions/mo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper investigates the impact of different modulation techniques for
digital communication systems that employ quadrature phase shift keying
(QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM and 64-QAM) to
transmit images over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels for the cellular
mobile networks. In the further steps, wiener and median filters has been
adopted to the simulation are used at the receiver side to remove the impulsive
noise present in the received image. This work is performed to evaluate
the transmission of two dimensional (2D) gray-scale and color-scale (RGB)
images with different values from signal to noise ratios (SNR), such as;
(5, 10 and 15) dB over different channels. The correct conclusions are made
by comparing many of the observed Matlab simulation results. This was
carried out through the results that measure the quality of received image,
which is analyzes in terms of SNRimage peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and
mean square error (MSE).
This document summarizes and evaluates scheduling algorithms for wireless IP networks that support multiclass traffic. It begins by describing the challenges of providing quality of service (QoS) over wireless networks due to time-varying transmission quality and location-dependent errors. It then reviews existing scheduling algorithms like weighted fair queuing (WFQ) and discusses their limitations in wireless environments. The document proposes a new scheduling mechanism that differentiates service between traffic classes and subclasses, allows compensation for non-real time traffic, and adjusts weights of real-time flows in error states to maintain throughput. Overall, the scheduling algorithm aims to provide QoS, fairness between flows, and flexibility to adapt to changing wireless channel conditions.
This document provides an overview of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and describes implementations of GMPLS research testbeds. It begins with an introduction to MPLS and GMPLS fundamentals, including MPLS protocols, extensions made by GMPLS, and the history and functions of both. It then discusses specific GMPLS implementations, providing an overview of research testbeds and the DRAGON/HOPI architecture. Finally, it covers connecting to GMPLS research and education networks.
Iaetsd survey on cognitive radio networks and itsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a survey on cognitive radio networks and their routing mechanisms. It discusses how cognitive radios can dynamically identify unused portions of the spectrum and configure themselves to operate in those spaces to better utilize spectrum resources. It also describes some of the key challenges in designing routing metrics for cognitive radio networks, including how primary users occupying channels can break links in secondary networks, requiring secondary users to either wait, switch channels, or re-route data traffic. Finally, it outlines different cognitive radio network architectures like infrastructure, ad-hoc, and mesh networks and how routing schemes may be either stationary or dynamic depending on how often primary users interrupt secondary transmissions.
MAC PROTOCOLS FOR AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
Issues in designing a MAC Protocol- Classification of MAC Protocols- Contention based protocols- Contention based protocols with Reservation Mechanisms- Contention based protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms – Multi channel MAC-IEEE 802.11
Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks Divya Tiwari
The document discusses routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It outlines several key challenges for these protocols, including mobility, bandwidth constraints, error-prone shared wireless channels, and hidden/exposed terminal problems. It also categorizes routing protocols based on how routing information is updated (proactively, reactively, or through a hybrid approach), whether they use past or future temporal network information, the type of network topology supported (flat or hierarchical), and how they account for specific resources like power.
Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivityiosrjce
This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
GMPLS extends MPLS to manage additional interface types beyond packet interfaces, such as TDM, wavelength switching, and fiber switching. It allows for establishing connection-oriented LSPs and provides routing, resource discovery, connection management, and restoration functions. GMPLS supports various interface types including packet, TDM, wavelength, and fiber switching. It faces challenges around routing, signaling, and management due to the large number of links and long setup times involved in photonic networks.
Signal classification in fading channels using cyclic spectral ankareenavolt
This document discusses signal classification in fading channels using cyclic spectral analysis. It proposes a hierarchical classifier that can identify signals such as AM, BFSK, OFDM, CDMA, PSK and QAM with no prior knowledge of carrier frequency, phase or symbol rate. The classifier performance is assessed using various multi-antenna combining schemes in fading channels. Cyclostationary features such as the spectral correlation function and cyclic cumulants are extracted to classify signals based on their spectral fingerprints. The proposed classifier is designed to minimize the number of samples needed for classification while maximizing reliability at each stage.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new cooperative channel load aware VoIP routing topology for 802.11 WLAN networks. It introduces the concept of cooperative channel transmitting technology for 802.11 WLAN networks and discusses some of the challenges in providing quality of service guarantees. It then presents a linear programming model and scheduling algorithm to implement cooperative channel transmissions while considering queue status and transitive node relationships to maximize throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm improves throughput and fairness compared to alternatives.
1. Wireless ad-hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without any fixed infrastructure. Nodes are able to communicate directly when within range, but rely on other nodes to forward packets when out of range.
2. Two routing protocols for ad-hoc networks are described: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) which is a table-driven protocol that uses routing tables and sequence numbers to distribute routing information, and Cluster-Head Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR) which groups nodes into clusters with a head node to route packets between clusters.
3. Routing in ad-hoc networks is challenging due to the lack of infrastructure and changing network topology. The protocols described aim
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd::Mobilecom...sunda2011
IEEE Final Year Projects 2011-2012 :: Elysium Technologies Pvt Ltd
IEEE projects, final year projects, students project, be project, engineering projects, academic project, project center in madurai, trichy, chennai, kollam, coimbatore
Channel Assignment With Access Contention Resolution for Cognitive Radio Netw...Polytechnique Montreal
In this paper, we consider the channel assignment problem for cognitive radio networks with hardware-constrained secondary users (SUs). In particular, we assume that SUs exploit spectrum holes on a set of channels where each SU can use at most one available channel for communication. We present the optimal brute-force search algorithm to solve the corresponding nonlinear integer optimization problem and analyze its complexity. Because the optimal solution has exponential complexity with the numbers of channels and SUs, we develop two low-complexity channel assignment algorithms that can efficiently utilize the spectrum holes. In the first algorithm, SUs are assigned distinct sets of channels. We show that this algorithm achieves the maximum throughput limit if the number of channels is sufficiently large. In addition, we propose an overlapping channel assignment algorithm that can improve the throughput performance compared with its nonoverlapping channel assignment counterpart. Moreover, we design a distributed medium access control (MAC) protocol for access contention resolution and integrate it into the overlapping channel assignment algorithm. We then analyze the saturation throughput and the complexity of the proposed channel assignment algorithms. We also present several potential extensions, including the development of greedy channel assignment algorithms under the max-min fairness criterion and throughput analysis, considering sensing errors. Finally, numerical results are presented to validate the developed theoretical results and illustrate the performance gains due to the proposed channel assignment algorithms.
This document contains a list of 132 IEEE paper titles from 2014 related to mobile computing, networking, and other topics. The papers cover various technologies and issues in wireless networks and communication systems, including routing protocols, energy efficiency, security, caching, and more. Many of the papers propose and analyze new algorithms or approaches to problems in areas like mobile ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, cognitive radio networks, optical networks, and smart grids.
This document summarizes a research paper on a new automatic mechanism called Packet-Deployment payload (P-DPL) for extracting signatures from malware files to detect unknown malware. P-DPL aims to generate signatures comprised of multiple byte-strings that can be used by high-speed network devices to filter malware, while minimizing false positives. It works by removing common code segments from executables to isolate the malware's unique code for signature generation. The researchers believe P-DPL can help detect zero-day malware more quickly until security software is updated with the new signature.
The document discusses collaboration and innovation. It argues that collaboration is needed to solve complex problems, as no single person or organization has enough resources or expertise to work alone. Effective collaboration depends on diversity, networks, trust and self-organization. When people from different backgrounds work together, it leads to better ideas and outcomes than a small group of similar experts. The document promotes opening up to new ideas from others and working with a variety of partners and stakeholders to achieve shared goals.
Google Calendar es un calendario y agenda electrónica desarrollado por Google que permite crear, gestionar y compartir eventos de forma gratuita. Ofrece funcionalidades como la visualización de la agenda por semana, mes u otros periodos de tiempo, la posibilidad de añadir y editar eventos, importarlos de otros calendarios, y compartirlos e invitar personas a ellos.
Thermal and energy-aware computing techniques aim to mitigate high temperatures and power consumption caused by technology scaling. Various methodologies are presented and compared, including static floorplanning algorithms and dynamic runtime techniques. Static approaches focus on design phases while dynamic approaches control task scheduling and resource allocation at runtime. Thermal-aware techniques generally outperform energy-aware techniques, but runtime approaches have overhead. Future work could reduce overhead while improving control granularity for practical thermal and energy management.
The document discusses various rights that children should have, including the right to relax and play, the right to be educated, the right to have a name, the right to safe water, the right to not engage in child labor, the right to housing, and an overall right to basic rights and protections. It presents brief arguments for each of these rights and some of the negative consequences children face when these rights are not upheld, such as disease, injury, or death. The document is a collection of short passages advocating for children's rights on various topics.
Clear Channel Communications reported financial results for the first quarter of 2006, with revenue increasing 4% to $1.5 billion compared to the first quarter of 2005. Net income increased 44% to $96.8 million, and diluted earnings per share increased 58% to $0.19. Radio broadcasting revenues were up 5% and outdoor advertising revenues increased 3%. The company repurchased $1.3 billion of shares since announcing its intent to return $1.6 billion to shareholders. Clear Channel will host a conference call to discuss the results.
Promo review of beer category for Ukraine for August 2013.
Leaders in promo (retailers and manufacturers), biggest discounts and goods with the highest number of promo in August.
Technology offers students many opportunities for learning through interactive tools like iPads, clickers, Microsoft Office, interactive whiteboards, listening centers, educational videos, document cameras, projectors, and Kindles. These tools allow hands-on learning, immediate feedback, skill building, active participation, virtual field trips, and engaging ways to read and listen.
Este documento apresenta um guia para avaliar o impacto do eLearning nas organizações em Portugal. O projeto foi financiado pela União Europeia e pelo governo português e teve como objetivo conceber, testar e disseminar uma metodologia de avaliação do eLearning. A metodologia inclui instrumentos e práticas de avaliação em várias fases, e foi testada em cinco organizações portuguesas. O resultado final foi um guia de avaliação do eLearning para organizações em Portugal.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
A Cross Layer Based Scalable Channel Slot Re-Utilization Technique for Wirele...csandit
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand
for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization
in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have
been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX
(802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high
collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the
author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification
based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node
information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk
involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation
and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot
re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
A CROSS-LAYER BASED SCALABLE CHANNEL SLOT RE-UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELE...cscpconf
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX (802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of WiMAX Networks with Relay Stationidescitation
IEEE 802.16 is a Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
network and thus it is considered to be an alternative solution
to wired broadband technologies. Relay station plays a
promising role of extending the range of Base station for long
distances in WiMAX networks. Relay station is suitable to
areas with limited infrastructure such as rural, hilly and lakes,
where it is difficult to install many Base stations with each
having wired connections and it is also suitable to those phases
where obstacles made the coverage limited. The Relay station
is placed in the network connectivity from Base stations and
extends the coverage of a single Base station. In this paper the
performance analysis of WiMAX technology including Relay
station has been done. This paper also focuses on increasing
number of nodes and distance from base station to the
performance of WiMAX networks.
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a fully dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a purely dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
INTERFERENCE-AWARE CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT FOR MAXIMIZING THROUGHPUT IN WMN pijans
Wireless Mesh network (WMN) is dynamically self-organizing and self-configured, with the nodes in the
network automatically establishing an ad-hoc network and maintaining the mesh connectivity. The ability
to use multiple-radios and multiple channels can be cashed to increase aggregate throughput of wireless
mesh network. Thus the efficient use of available interfaces and channels without interference becomes
the key factor. In this paper we propose interference aware clustered based channel assignment schemes
which minimizes the interference and increases throughput. In our proposed scheme we have given
priority to minimize interference from nearby mesh nodes in interference range than maximizing channel
diversity. We simulated our proposed work using NS-3 and results show that our scheme improves
network performance than BFSCA and Distributed Greedy CA.
Channel Allocation and Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks: A survey and qualit...ijwmn
In order to avoid transmission's collisions and improve network performances in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), a reliable and efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol and a good channel allocation are needed. Allowing multiple channels use in the same network is often presented as a possible way to improve the network capacity. As IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 standards provide more than one channel, thus a trivial way to improve the network performances is to allow transmission on multiple channels in each network node. A lot of research work have been conducted in the area of multi-channel allocation in order to improve the aggregate bandwidth of the hole network. In this paper, we focus our attention on the proposals for solving the channel allocation problem for Multi-Transceiver per node in the backbone level using the IEEE 802.11s technology. We classify these proposals into three categories. The first one consists on channel allocation proposals done at the MAC level independently to the other layers. The second one consists on a channel allocation approaches done by a modified MAC collaborating with upper layers. Finally, the third category concerns channel allocation methods implemented in a new layer resulting from a common-layer design between MAC and Network layer. For each category, the existing multi-channel protocols and their channel allocation approaches are identified. A qualitative comparison is conducted according to the advantages that they present, the limitations and problems they are facing, and the performances they are claiming to offer.
This document summarizes a research paper on dynamic resource allocation in wireless sensor networks. It proposes a load balancing mechanism that measures traffic load at each access point and shares the communication load among neighboring access points. It also proposes resource allocation for sensor networks that considers uplink and downlink channel information and network path/congestion data. Shortest path and routing algorithms are used to select optimal paths for sending data packets from source to destination nodes via intermediate nodes while dynamically allocating bandwidth. The mechanism aims to improve quality of service parameters like packet delivery, throughput, and efficiency of bandwidth allocation.
Ieee transactions 2018 topics on wireless communications for final year stude...tsysglobalsolutions
This document contains summaries of several academic papers related to wireless communications and signal processing. The summaries are 3 sentences or less and provide the high level purpose and key findings of each paper. The papers cover topics like content placement in cache-enabled small cell networks, joint beamformer design for wireless fronthaul and access links, long-term power procurement scheduling for smart grids, and frequency-domain compressive channel estimation for hybrid mmWave MIMO systems among others.
Rm literature survey_on_scheduling_and_resource_allocation_for_ieee_80211ax_p...RESHAN FARAZ
This document summarizes literature on scheduling and resource allocation algorithms for IEEE 802.11ax wireless networks. It discusses key features of 802.11ax like OFDMA and higher modulation schemes. It then reviews several papers that propose algorithms using buffer status reports, grouping, and optimized resource unit allocation to improve throughput in dense environments. Overall resource allocation and scheduling remain challenging areas of research for fully utilizing 802.11ax capabilities and achieving high average throughput.
This document discusses an autonomous network reconfiguration system (ARS) for multi-radio wireless mesh networks. ARS allows a network to self-recover from local link failures in order to maintain performance. It uses a reconfiguration planning algorithm to determine the minimum necessary changes needed for recovery. When a link failure is detected, ARS triggers the formation of a local group and designates a leader to coordinate reconfiguration. The leader requests a reconfiguration plan from a gateway, which is then implemented by group members to resolve the failure. ARS aims to reconfigure autonomously and locally in response to failures while limiting effects on healthy parts of the network.
JOINT-DESIGN OF LINK-ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND CODING WITH ADAPTIVE ARQ FOR COO...IJCNCJournal
This paper analyzes the efficiency of a joint-design of an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the
physical (PHY) layer with an adaptive Rmax-truncated selective-repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ)
protocol at the medium access control (MAC) layer to maximize the throughput of cooperative nonregenerative
relay networks under prescribed delay and/or error performance constraints. Particularly, we
generalize the existing design model/results for cross-layer combining of AMC along with truncated ARQ
in non-cooperative diversity networks in three-folds: (i) extension of the cross-layer PHY/MAC design or
optimization to cooperative diversity systems; (ii) generalization/unification of analytical expressions for
various network performance metrics to generalized block fading channels with independent but nonidentically
distributed (i.n.d) fading statistics among the spatially distributed nodes; (iii) analysis of the
effectiveness of joint-adaptation of the maximum retransmission limit Rmax of ARQ protocol and
cooperative diversity order N for delay-insensitive applications. Our insightful numerical results reveal
that the average throughput can be increased significantly by judiciously combining two additional degrees
of freedom (N and Rmax) that are available in cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay networks
besides employing AMC at the PHY layer, especially in the most challenging low signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) regime.
Modeling and Simulation of Wavelength-Routed optical Networksijceronline
All-optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks providing extremely large bandwidths are among the most promising solutions to the increasing need for high-speed data transport. A lightpath has a specific route and one or more wavelengths through which the information is routed from the source to the destination node. In wavelength-routed optical networks, data are transmitted solely in the optical domain along lightpaths from source to destination without being converted into the electronic form and each lightpath is allowed to use the same wavelength on all the links along its path. This restriction is known as the wavelength continuity constraint. And it leads to an issue called as blocking in networks. Optical wavelength conversion with suitable Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) can increase the performance and capacity of optical networks by eliminating this restriction and relaxing the wavelength continuity constraint. In this research, we analyze the problem of placing a limited number of wavelength converters in a mesh network using Weighted Maximum Segment Length (WMSL) converter placement algorithm. It employs Least-Loaded Routing and First-Fit (LLR-FF) RWA algorithm. It is tested on varying number of nodes in network and its respective blocking probabilities are calculated. The proposed algorithm provides the minimum blocking probability on optimal wavelength converters placement.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) (20)
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September. 2013 ǁ PP.20-25
www.ijesi.org 20 | Page
Performances Anlazaying of Dynamic Channel Allocation Using
ARSCA
Mr A.S.Devare1
, Prof M.P.Wankhade2
, Prof Vinay jadhav3
1
(SCOE, PUNE)
2
(SCOE, PUNE)
3
(NBNSSOCS, PUNE)
ABSTRACT: Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) consist of mesh routers and mesh clients for their
lifetime, multihop wireless mesh networks (WMNs) experience frequent link failures caused by channel
interference, dynamic obstacles, and/or applications’ bandwidth demands. Dynamic channel allocation for
effective autonomous network reconfiguration system (ARS), by analyzing ARS, it shows that by using ARS
alone it won’t provide a sufficient result such as network quality, leader assigning problems etc, so in order
improve the network performance we going to implement a new concept Breadth First Search Channel
Assignment (BFS-CA) algorithm against with ARS so that it will multi radio configuration for mesh network and
channel assignment problems. We demonstrate our solution’s through the evaluation of a prototype
implementation in an IEEE 802.11 in ns2. We also report on an extensive evaluation via simulations. In a
sample multi-radio scenario, our solution yields performance more gains compared E-ARS.
INDEXTERMS: IEEE 802.11, multiradio wireless mesh networks (mr-WMNs), E-ARS, BFS-CA networks,
wireless link failures.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Mesh Network is growing very widely now a day. It is used in various applications such as
public safety. Even though many solutions for WMNs to recover from wireless link failures have been
proposed, they still have limitations as follows. First Autonomous reconfigurable system (ARS) outperforms
existing failure-recovery methods, such as static greedy channel assignments, and local rerouting. Second load
on channel vary over time. To achieve our goals then the existing work ARS, we propose, a new concept
Breadth First Search Channel Assignment (BFS-CA) algorithm against with E-ARS so that it will multi radio
configuration for mesh network and channel assignment problems. To sense and evaluate the current channel
conditions, our network includes dynamic channel sensor nodes for multi-radio dynamic configuration. The
dynamic channel detection sensors monitor and record the traffic on each channel. Using this technique BFS-
ARS network with ARS, we show the performance of some experiments to determine the best set of
properties about each different channel to be able to rank all available channels in terms of achievable
performance. We can then build a dynamic channel allocation using ARS algorithm that will, according to
the appropriate set of properties about the current channel utilization, choose and dynamically assign the
best channel for the links in our wireless mesh network. A comprehensive performance study that shows
significant throughput improvements in the presence of varying interference levels, which are validated through
empirical measurements on a prototype implementation. Wireless mesh network consist of mesh router, mesh
client, gateway. Functionality of mesh router is to forward packet to and from gateway which is connected to
internet. Mesh client is nothing but your laptop or mobile. Gateway is one of entry or exit point from one
network to another. In section II we define motivation for our project and drawbacks of existing system. Section
III explains scope of our project. In section IV we have explained architecture of system and finally conclusion.
II. MOTIVATION
The channel assignment algorithm we propose in this paper is designed for wireless mesh networks.
Routers in such networks are stationary. Whereas, user devices, such as laptops and PDAs, can be mobile. Such
devices associate with routers.In ARS there is a leader node which is chosen by group member so whenever link
failure occurs that information is given to the leader node. Leader node forward that information to gateway and
all the functionality (like routing planning, reconfiguration) performed at gateway and send back to leader node.
Finally, all nodes in the group execute the corresponding configuration changes.The main drawback of dynamic
channel assignment is that it results into change in network topology, so to avoid this solution is that make
mandatory one radio of mesh router to operate on default channel. This default radio is of the same physical
layer technology IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b or 802.11g. A second drawback is channel assignment can result in
disruption of flows when the mesh radios are reconfigured to different frequencies. To prevent flow disruption,
redirect flow over default
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COMPARISION WITH EXISTING ALGORITHM
* CS=centralized System DS=Distributed System
III. SCOPE
ARS is used for static channel allocation so we are developing a system to overcome this limitation
named Dynamic channel allocation for effective autonomous network reconfiguration system (ARS). we
propose, and evaluate a wireless mesh network with dynamically allocated channels. To sense and evaluate
the current channel conditions, our network includes dynamic channel sensor nodes. The channel
detection sensors monitor and record the traffic on each channel. Using this network, we can first perform
some experiments to determine the best set of properties about each different channel to be able to rank all
available channels in terms of achievable performance.
We can then build a dynamic channel allocation using ARS algorithm that will, according to the
appropriate set of properties about the current channel utilization, choose and dynamically assign the
best channel for the links in our wireless mesh network. We can then evaluate the performance gains offered
by this allocation engine.The explosive growth in Wi-Fi deployments that operate in the same spectrum as
wireless mesh networks, any static assignment will likely result in the operation of the mesh on channels that are
also used by co-located Wi-Fi deployments. The resulting increase in interference can degrade the performance
of the mesh network. For this reason our Channel Assignment algorithm addresses the channel assignment
problem and specifically investigates the dynamic assignment of channels in a wireless mesh network. We
chose the hybrid and centralized, interference-aware channel assignment algorithm BSF-CA as this channel
assignment protocol aimed at improving the capacity of wireless mesh networks by making use of all available
non-overlapping channels (i.e. IEEE 802.11) and that intelligently selects channels for the mesh radios in order
to minimize interference within the mesh network and between the mesh network and co-located wireless
networks. Hence, our first improvement will try to introduce this new information into the algorithm. Second,
we will develop an algorithm that can be used in a wireless mesh network with more gateways available, this
because the BSF-CA algorithm is designed to work on single-gateway WMNs.
Property
Switching
Time
Connectivity
Ripple
Effect
Topology
control
Control
philosophy
FIXED
CA
CCA NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
No Fixed NA
C-HYA NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
Yes Fixed CS
CLICA NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
No
CA scheme
define
topology
CS
MICA NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
No
CA scheme
define
topology
CS/DS
MesTiC NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
No Fixed CS
TiMeSH NO
Ensured by CA
scheme
No
CA scheme
define
topology
DS
HYBRID
LLP YES
Ensured by
channel
switching
No
Dynamicall
y changing
DS
BFS-CA
YES
(INFREQUE
NT)
Ensured by
default radio
No Fixed CS
DYNAMIC
D-HYA
YES
(INFREQUE
NT)
Ensured by CA
scheme
No
No
topology is
defined by
routing tree
DS
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IV. ARCHITECTURE OF SYSTEM
Fig 1.1 Architecture of ARS. Dotted link shows non-overlapping channel. Solid line shows overlapping
channel. Fig.1.1 shows multi-radio multichannel wireless mesh network. The mesh routers are assumed to be
equipped with multiple IEEE 802.11 radios, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g. Here we need to mandate
each MR will be associate with one radio, called the default radio, which is of the same physical layer type, e.g.
802.11b. One of the routers is assigned as gateway or Channel Allocation Server (CAS).Access Points (APs)
provide connectivity to user devices and are co-located with mesh routers. A majority of the traffic within the
mesh is either from the user devices to the gateway or vice-versa. Therefore, in order to improve overall
network capacity, it is preferable to place MRs close to the gateway and in regions of the mesh that are likely to
experience heavy utilization The dotted lines in the figure show links between MRs that are tuned to non-
overlapping channels. In our example, five such channels are used. A sixth channel, indicated by solid lines, is
the default channel. The Channel Assignment Server (CAS), which is co-located with the gateway in the figure,
performs channel assignment to radios.
Algorithm: ARSCA
Step 1: Generate topology
Step 2: Start flooding information and Channel assignment in server
A: for every link/node do
B: Exchange neighbor Nodes information.
C: end for
D: send neighbor node information to the gateway
Step 3: Select source node.
Step 4: Establish path from source to destination
Step 5: Start packet transmission.
Step 6: If packet received by node is destination then directly send packet to destination
Step 7: Then gateway receive monitoring result
Step 8: It Check node/link failures
Step 9: then group formation function execute Using bully algorithm Identify leader, group announcement
function
Step 10: next check for planning ,before planning check channel assignment using bfs-ca and Calculate
interference, create MCG, calculate link delay, assign channel
Step 11: next send planning request and receive planning request
Step 12: Generate Reconfigure plan and add information to planner list
Step 13: send reconfigure plan, receive Reconfigure plan
Step 14: update energy
Step 15: Stop
The algorithm starts by adding all vertices from the MCG to a list, V. It does a breadth first search of
the MCG to visit all vertices and assign them channels. The search starts from vertices that correspond to links
emanating from the gateway the smallest hop count vertex is determined of all vertices in the MCG. All vertices
with distance equal to the smallest hop count are added to a queue, Q. If vertices correspond to network links
emanating from the gateway, their hop count is 0.5. These vertices are then sorted by increasing delay values
This sort is performed in order to give higher priority to the better links emanating from the shortest hop count
router (the gateway for the first BFS iteration). The algorithm then visits each vertex in Q and permanently
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assigns them the highest ranked channel that does not conflict with the channel assignments of its neighbors If a
non-conflicting channel is not available, a randomly chosen channel is permanently assigned to the vertex. Note,
however, that the default channel is never assigned. Once a vertex is assigned a channel, all vertices that contain
either radio from the just-assigned vertex are placed in a list, L. All vertices from L are removed from the MCG.
This step is needed to satisfy the constraint that only one channel is assigned to each radio. The radios in the list
of vertices that do not belong to the just-assigned vertex are tentatively assigned the latter’s channel.
Vertices at the next level of the breadth first search are added to Q. These vertices correspond to links
that fan-out from the gateway towards the periphery. To find such links in the MCG, two steps are performed. In
the first step, the router from the just-assigned vertex that is farthest away from the gateway is chosen; the
farthest router is the router with the higher hop-count of the two routers that make up the just-assigned vertex. In
the second step, all unvisited MCG vertices that contain a radio belonging to the farthest router are added to the
list, Tail. This list is sorted by increasing value of the delay metric to give higher priority to better links that
emanate from the farthest router. Finally, the vertices from Tail are added to Q. The above described algorithm
continues until all vertices in the MCG are visited. If there is a link failure while transmitting a packet do use of
bully algorithm and on that basis select leader node amongst them. Start reconfiguration and generate
reconfiguration plan. Reestablish path. Any radio that is not assigned a permanent channel during the search,
because vertices containing it were deleted, is permanently assigned one of the channels tentatively assigned to
it. Once channel assignments are decided, the CAS notifies the mesh routers to re-assign their radios to the
chosen channels.
V. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
We have used ns-2 in our simulation study. Throughout the simulation, we use a grid topology with 10
nodes in an area of 500*500 meter , as shown in Fig.1.2. Each node is equipped with a four number of radios,
depending on its proximity to a gateway.
Figure 1.2 Node configuration code
For failure occurs instead of choosing next router that node is switched to another channel of same
router.Next, IEEE 802.11 wireless extension is used for the MAC protocol with a varying data rate and is further
modified to support multiple radios and multiple channels. Finally, SRWMN protocol is used for routing. In
these settings, ARSCA is implemented as an agent in both the MAC layer and a routing protocol before. It
periodically collects channel information from MAC and requests channel switching or link-association changes
based on its decision. At the same time, it informs the routing protocol of network failures or a routing table
update. There are several settings to emulate real-network activities. First, to generate users’ traffic, multiple
UDP flows between a gateway and randomly chosen mesh nodes are introduced. Each flow runs at 500 kb/s
with a packet size of 1000 bytes. Second, to create network failures, uniformly distributed channel faults are
injected at a random time point. Random bit error is used to emulate channel-related link failures and lasts for a
given failure period. Finally, all experiments are run for 3000 s, and the results of 10 runs are averaged unless
specified otherwise.Combining ARS and BFS-CA i.e. ARSCA we got minimized control overhead. Control
Overhead is considered in two terms 1) Route failure that takes new route so in this case traffic must be rerouted
quickly and failure is recovered as per energy efficiency. 2) Broadcast Communication so that transmit
broadcast even though all nodes are not awake and stay awake regardless of sleep schedule. These two terms we
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have satisfied and got 20% less overhead as compared to ARS and 40-50% less as that of BFSCA as shown in
fig 1.3.
VI. CONCLUSION
Dynamic channel allocation for effective autonomous network reconfiguration system (ARS), by
analyzing ARS, it shows that by using ARS alone it won’t provide a sufficient result such as network quality,
leader assigning problems etc, so in order improve the network performance we going to implement a new
concept Breadth First Search Channel Assignment (BFS-CA) algorithm against with ARS so that it will multi
radio configuration for mesh network and channel assignment problems.
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VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my parents, my family and friends, for always
being there with me. With all respect and gratitude, I would like to thank all the people, who have helped me
directly or indirectly. Without their silent support and encouragement for this work could not have been possible
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