This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a fully dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.

1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
2277
www.ijarcet.org

Abstract — One of the major advantages of wireless com-
munication over wired is the flexibility when creating links
between nodes. But this comes at a price as influences from
outside the mesh network can distort communication between
the nodes and even the nodes themselves interfere with each
other. By carefully selecting channels where each link
transmits data on, the interference can be minimized causing
the throughput and end-to-end delay to be improved. We
compares the channel allocation schemes to find the best
channel selection for each link. While single radio mesh nodes
operating on a single channel suffer from capacity constraints,
equipping mesh routers with multiple radios using multiple
non overlapping channels can significantly alleviate the
capacity problem and increase the aggregate bandwidth
available to the network. The goal of channel assignment
algorithms in multi radio mesh networks is to minimize
interference while improving the aggregate network capacity
and maintaining the connectivity of the network.
Index Terms — Channel allocation, Wireless mesh network.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) [1] consist of a number
of stationary wireless routers interconnected by wireless
links. These wireless routers serve as access points (APs) for
wireless mobile devices. Some of them also act as gateways
to the Internet via high-speed wired links. Wireless mobile
devices first transfer data to the associated wireless router,
and these data are then transferred to the Internet (or other
networks) via the intermediate wireless routers in a multi-
hop manner (see Fig. 1). In our work, we focus on
improving the aggregate capacity of the IEEE 802.11a/b/g-
based WMNs via the use of multiple channels in each
router. In this scenario, stationary wireless routers are
assumed to have multiple network interface cards (NICs).
Each network interface is assigned to a distinct frequency
channel. A router can establish a link with a neighboring
router when each router has one of its interfaces using the
same channel. The number of available channels depends on
the frequency band. For example, the IEEE 802.11b/802.11g
1
Pranay Joshi(M.E.4 Sem.)
Department of electronics & communication, IPS Academy, Indore
(M.P.) India,
2
Prof Rupesh dubey(Associate Prof. and head of the department)
Department of electronics & communication, IPS Academy,
Indore (M.P.,), India
3
Prof. Harsh Goud (Asst. Prof.)
Department of electronics & communication, IPS Academy, Indore
(M.P.,), India
standards [2] and IEEE 802.11a standard [3] provide 3 and
12 non-overlapping frequency channels within the 2.4 GHz
frequency band, respectively. Since the number of channels
is limited, some links in the WMNs may be allocated to the
same channel. In this case, interference will occur if these
links are close to each other. Interference between
neighboring links can potentially cause network congestion.
Fig.1. A multi-channel wireless mesh network with 4 channels.
The next generation of wireless communication systems
is envisaged to provide high-speed, high-bandwidth
ubiquitous connectivity to end users through a converged
network of different technologies, such as third- and fourth-
generation (3G/4G) mobile cellular systems, IEEE 802.11
(Wi-Fi) based wireless local area networks (WLANs), and
emerging broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE
802.16 (WiMAX). One of the key components of such
converged networks is the wireless mesh network (WMN),
which is a fully wireless network that employs multi hop ad
hoc networking techniques to forward traffic to/from the
Internet. Unlike the mobile ad hoc network (MANET), a
mesh network uses dedicated nodes (called mesh routers) to
build a wireless backbone to provide multi hop connectivity
between nomadic users and the Internet gateways [4].
WMNs can provide significant advantages in deploying cost
efficient, highly flexible, and reconfigurable backhaul
connectivity over large areas. The wireless backbone,
consisting of wireless mesh routers equipped with one or
more radio interfaces, highly affects the capacity of the
mesh network. This has a significant impact on the over-all
performance of the system, thus generating extensive
research in order to tackle the specific challenges of the
WMN. Current state-of-the-art mesh networks, which use
off-the-shelf 802.11-based network cards, are typically
configured to operate on a single channel using a single
radio. This configuration adversely affects the capacity of
the mesh due to interference from adjacent nodes in the
Improving Performance of Wireless Mesh
Network using Channel Allocation Schemes
1
Pranay Joshi, 2
Prof. Rupesh Dubey, 3
Prof. Harsh Goud

2. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
2278
www.ijarcet.org
network.
To improve capacity and reduce interference between
nodes of wireless mesh network in this paper we
systematically studied different channel allocation schemes
for WMNs, and examine their relative strengths and
weaknesses.
II. CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEMES
Wireless Technologies such as the 802.11a, provides
several non-overlapping channels, which means that nodes
can be transmitting or receiving at the same time on
different channels without interfering with each other.
However, to ensure such interference free communication,
all the nodes within each other’s interference range must be
on different channels. This problem of making sure that all
the interfering nodes are allocated different channels is
known as the Channel Allocation (CA). Channel allocation
in a multi radio WMN environment consists of allocating
channels to the radio interfaces in order to achieve efficient
channel utilization and minimize interference. However, if it
can be ensured that in a node, if each of the multiple radio
interfaces operate on different channels then this will
improve the networks performance. The benefits of using
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel (MR-MC) nodes are studied in
[5, 6] which consider channel allocation. In this section we
present a classification of various CA schemes for mesh
networks. Specifically, the proposed CA schemes can be
divided into three main categories — static, dynamic, and
hybrid — depending on the frequency with which the CA
scheme is modified. In a static scheme the CA is almost
constant, while in a dynamic scheme it is continuously
updated to improve performance. A hybrid scheme applies a
static scheme for some interfaces and a dynamic one for
others. Fig.2. shows classification of these channel
allocation scheme.
Fig.2. classification channel allocation scheme
A. Static Channel Allocation
Static Channel Allocation (SCA) schemes allocate
channels to interfaces either permanently or for some time
intervals with respect to the interface switching time. Such
schemes can be further subdivided into common channel
Allocation and varying channel Allocation.
1) Common Channel Allocation Scheme
Common Channel Allocation (CCA) is the simplest
scheme. In this case the radio interfaces of each node are all
allocated the same set of channels. The main benefit is that
the connectivity of the network is the same as that of a
single-channel approach, while the use of multiple channels
increases network throughput. However, the gain may be
limited in scenarios where the number of non-overlapping
channels is much greater than the number of network
interface cards (NICs) used per node.
2) Varying Channel Allocation Scheme
In the Varying Channel Allocation (VCA) scheme,
interfaces of different nodes may be allocated different sets
of channels. However, the allocation of channels may lead
to network partitions and topology changes that may
increase the length of routes between the mesh nodes.
Therefore, in this scheme, allocation needs to be carried out
carefully.
One obvious disadvantage of using this static channel
allocation scheme can best be explained using an example.
Imagine two neighboring nodes with their allocated
channels. If at any time, one of the nodes happens to have
all its channels occupied, and another request for service is
made at this same node, this new request will be denied
even though there may be free channels in the neighboring
node at this very instant. The overall result is one of poor
channel utilization.
B. Dynamic Channel Allocation
In Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) strategy any
interface can be allocated to any channel and interfaces are
allowed to switch from one channel to another. A network
using such a strategy needs some kind of synchronization
mechanisms to enable communication between nodes in the
network. An example of such mechanism is that nodes can
periodically visit a common channel [7] and tune the
interfaces accordingly to establish a communication link.
1) Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme
In a Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation (CDCA)
scheme a good allocation policy requires as a central
authority to take care of all requests, dispatching its
decisions to nodes but maintaining a central knowledge
base. In this case, the status of the system is globally known
and every decision can take advantage of the whole
configuration, of statistics about future requirements and so
it is more likely to maintain a good configuration of the
system. On the other hand, having a central authority is
more error prone: what if it breaks down?
The main hurdle in the dynamic strategy is to decide
which channel to switch the interface and also when to
switching needs to occur so that interference free
communication is ensured.
2) Borrowed Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme
In a Borrowed Dynamic Channel Allocation (BDCA)
scheme, an acceptor node that has used all its nominal
channels can borrow free channels from its neighboring
nodes (donors) to accommodate new service request. A
channel can be borrowed by a node if the borrowed channel
does not interfere with existing services. When a channel is
borrowed, several other nodes are prohibited from using it.
This is called channel locking.
C. Hybrid Channel Allocation
Hybrid channel allocation strategies combine both static
and dynamic allocation properties by applying a static
allocation for some interfaces and a dynamic allocation for
other inter-faces [8, 10, 11]. Hybrid strategies can be further

3. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
2279
www.ijarcet.org
classified based on whether the static interfaces use a
common channel [11] or varying channel [8, 10] approach.
The static interfaces can be allocate a dedicated control
channel [9] or a data and control channel [11], while the
other interfaces can be switched dynamically among
channels. Hybrid allocation strategies are attractive because,
as with static allocation, they allow for simple coordination
algorithms, while still retaining the flexibility of dynamic
channel allocation.
III. DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATED SYSTEM
Basic assumptions
1. For the investigation of the optimum division between
static and dynamic channels, a system with a very large
mesh layout should be used, but the statistics should be
collected from the central nodes only. The reason for
considering a large mesh layout was to overcome the edge
effects. Using a small system for this kind of study is bad
because the nodes around the edges do not have enough
neighboring nodes to cause services to be blocked, whereas
the centrally located nodes have a lot of neighboring nodes
and therefore every time the central nodes wish to borrow,
chances are the neighboring nodes will be using the desired
channels. This gives rise to the central nodes having higher
blocking probabilities than those at edges.
2. The services in each node are assumed to have a
Poisson distribution with known arrival rate, λ
services/hour.
3. The service time per service, in any node, is assumed to
be exponentially distributed, with a mean of 180 seconds.
4. The first available channel in the search that satisfies
the spacing constraint is borrowed for use.
5. The access points could transmit on any borrowed
frequency at all times, as allocated to them by the system
controller.
Now consider a system having uniform spatial offered
traffic and using a CA scheme. The steps involved in the
simulation are as follows:
a) Assumed that the long term average offered traffic in
Erlangs was known. Then using the tables for the Erlang B
traffic formula [12] now determine the number of channels
required in each cell to give the desired grade of service
assuming that a FCA scheme was in use.
In performance evaluation of a system, Erlang B formula
for estimating the blocking probability (Pb ) for a node
which has ‘n’ channels and the amount of traffic is ‘A’
Erlang:
b) Then consider a wireless communications system with
uniformly offered traffic that requires N channels per node,
on the average. the ratio of Static to Dynamic channels that
carry the most traffic at the desired grade of service. Let
this, ratio be represented S : D, where S is the average
number of static channels per node, D is the average number
of dynamic channels per node and Total Channel (TC) is –
c) Now using the results obtained in Step b above,
channels are assigned to the cells of the mobile
communications system.
Fig.3. Simulation results showing the comparison between SCA
and HCA
IV. CONCLUSION
The obtained results indicate that the Static to Dynamic
Channel Allocation scheme ratio per node is equal performs
better than other ratios. The simulation study of the protocol
indicates that the blocking probability low for less traffic in
SCA case, while for high traffic static and dynamic channels
should equal so that blocking probability remain less.
Beyond this, for different combination of ratios HCA has
low blocking for less traffic and high for high traffic.
To further improve the performance, there is no division
of static and dynamic channels groups. Dynamic channel
pool includes all the channels in the system.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and X. W. Wang, “Wireless mesh networks: A
Survey, ”Elsevier Journal on Computer Networks, vol. 47, pp. 445–
487, March 2005.
[2] “IEEE 802.11b Standard”; standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/
802.11b-1999.pdf.
[3] “IEEE 802.11a Standard”; standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/
802.11a-1999.pdf.
[4] R. Bruno, M. Conti, and E. Gregori, “Mesh Networks: Commodity
Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE Com-mun. Mag., Mar. 2005, pp.
123–31.
[5] M. Alicherry, R. Bhatia, and L. E. Li, Joint channel assignment and
routing for throughput optimization in multi-radio wireless mesh
networks, MobiCom 05.
[6] A. P. Subramanian, R. Krishnan, S. R. Das, and H. Gupta,
minimum interference channel assignment in multi-radio
wireless mesh networks.
[7] Jungmin So and Nitin H. Vaidya, Multi Channel MAC for Ad Hoc
Networks: Handling Multi Channel Hidden Terminals Using A Single
Transceiver, Mobi-hoc 2004.
[8] P. Kyasanur and N. Vaidya, “Routing and Interface Assignment in
Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Wireless Networks,” Proc. IEEE Conf.
Wireless Comm. And Net. Conf., 2005, pp. 2051–56.
[9] A. Raniwala and T. Chiueh, “Evaluation of a Wireless Enterprise

4. ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2013
2280
www.ijarcet.org
Backbone Network Architecture,” Proc. 12th
Hot-Interconnects, 2004.
[10] P. Kyasanur and N. Vaidya, “Routing and Link-layer Protocols for
Multi-Channel Multi-Interface Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,” Mobile
Comp. and Commun. Rev., vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 31–43.
[11] K. Ramachandran et al., “Interference Aware Channel Assignment in
Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Apr.
2006.
[12] James, Martin, Systems Analysis for Data Transmission. Prentice-
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1972.