All-optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks providing extremely large bandwidths are among the most promising solutions to the increasing need for high-speed data transport. A lightpath has a specific route and one or more wavelengths through which the information is routed from the source to the destination node. In wavelength-routed optical networks, data are transmitted solely in the optical domain along lightpaths from source to destination without being converted into the electronic form and each lightpath is allowed to use the same wavelength on all the links along its path. This restriction is known as the wavelength continuity constraint. And it leads to an issue called as blocking in networks. Optical wavelength conversion with suitable Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) can increase the performance and capacity of optical networks by eliminating this restriction and relaxing the wavelength continuity constraint. In this research, we analyze the problem of placing a limited number of wavelength converters in a mesh network using Weighted Maximum Segment Length (WMSL) converter placement algorithm. It employs Least-Loaded Routing and First-Fit (LLR-FF) RWA algorithm. It is tested on varying number of nodes in network and its respective blocking probabilities are calculated. The proposed algorithm provides the minimum blocking probability on optimal wavelength converters placement.
MMINIMUM RESOURCE CONSUMPTIONS ROUTING FOR OPTICAL NETWORKSprj_publication
The problem of determining primary and backup paths for survivable optical WDM
networks is considered. Results of various available routing techniques that try to minimize
the combined cost of primary and the backup path are analyzed for the effects on network
parameters such as mean load, variance of the load on route, number of converters required
by the route and the length of the route. The route cost is modelled such a way that it is
extensible to include any new parameter and vary their relative importance. The efficiency of
such wavelength routed networks has been proved to improve for certain parameters, such as
reduction in blocking probability and number of converters required for desired performance.
The routing is enhanced to analyse effect on network parameters for all node full range
converters, limited number full converters, reserved primary and back up wavelengths and
with no such reservation.
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is
because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result
congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses.
In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce
end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector
routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing
(IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy
adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing
performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput
and packet delivery fraction
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
A comparative study in wireless sensor networksijwmn
Sensor networks consist of a large number of small, low-powered wireless nodes with limited computation,
communication, and sensing abilities, in a battery-powered sensor network, energy and communication
bandwidth are a precious resources. Thus, there is a need to adapt the networking process to match the
application in order to minimize the resources consumed and extend the life of the network. In this paper,
we introduce a comparative study in different routing algorithms that propose vital solutions to the most
important issues that should be taken into account when designing wireless network which are reliability,
lifetime, communication bandwidth, transmission rand, and finally the limited energy issue, so we will
introduce their algorithms and discuss how did they propose to solve such of these challenges and finally
we will do some evaluation to each approach.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
MMINIMUM RESOURCE CONSUMPTIONS ROUTING FOR OPTICAL NETWORKSprj_publication
The problem of determining primary and backup paths for survivable optical WDM
networks is considered. Results of various available routing techniques that try to minimize
the combined cost of primary and the backup path are analyzed for the effects on network
parameters such as mean load, variance of the load on route, number of converters required
by the route and the length of the route. The route cost is modelled such a way that it is
extensible to include any new parameter and vary their relative importance. The efficiency of
such wavelength routed networks has been proved to improve for certain parameters, such as
reduction in blocking probability and number of converters required for desired performance.
The routing is enhanced to analyse effect on network parameters for all node full range
converters, limited number full converters, reserved primary and back up wavelengths and
with no such reservation.
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is
because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result
congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses.
In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce
end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector
routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing
(IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy
adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing
performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput
and packet delivery fraction
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
A comparative study in wireless sensor networksijwmn
Sensor networks consist of a large number of small, low-powered wireless nodes with limited computation,
communication, and sensing abilities, in a battery-powered sensor network, energy and communication
bandwidth are a precious resources. Thus, there is a need to adapt the networking process to match the
application in order to minimize the resources consumed and extend the life of the network. In this paper,
we introduce a comparative study in different routing algorithms that propose vital solutions to the most
important issues that should be taken into account when designing wireless network which are reliability,
lifetime, communication bandwidth, transmission rand, and finally the limited energy issue, so we will
introduce their algorithms and discuss how did they propose to solve such of these challenges and finally
we will do some evaluation to each approach.
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
Mobile Primary User in Cognitive Radio State of the Arts and Recent Advancesjosephjonse
The processing of primary user mobility with static or mobile secondary user in the context of cognitive radio (CR) has recently been the subject of several studies and discussions all over the world. These studies are seeking to broaden the horizons of CR implementation beyond the formalism described in the diverse existing standards. The mobility of primary users is likely to reduce the overall performance of the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) and affects the different phases of the cognitive cycle. Said mobility alters the network’s topology, the channel’s availability, and affects spectrum sensing. This makes any endeavor aiming to implement CR technology complicated. This paper is devoted to the analysis and discussion of the scientific literature that has addressed the issue of the primary user’s mobility.
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Implementing Energy Efficient Strategies in the MANET on-demand routing Proto...IJEEE
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically. Because of the nodes in the MANET are mobile and battery operated, energy optimization is one of the major constraints in the MANET. Failure of some nodes operation can greatly impede the performance of the network and even affect the basic availability of the network, i.e., routing. To improve the lifetime of these networks can be improving the energy levels of the individual nodes of the network. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this on- demand routing protocols DSR and AODV in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, the energy efficient strategies are implemented in the AODV and DSR protocols to improve the life time of the Mobile ad hoc network. The CBEER-NN is developed using the existing DSR protocol and the AO- EEDTR is developed using the existing AODV protocol. GloMoSIM simulator is used to simulate the proposed MANET environment. This paper also compares the existing DSR and AODV protocols with proposed CBEER- NN and AO-EEDTR protocols. From the simulated results, this paper concludes that the proposed CBEER-NN and AO- EEDTR protocols are improving the life time of the network by improving the average residual energy of the nodes over the existing DSR and AO-EEDTR protocols.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Simulation Based Routing Protocols Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 enabled Wirel...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is emerging as a
major research field in computer networks over the last decade
due to its wide variety of embedded real time applications.
Sensor networks have infrastructure-less architecture because
of frequently varying topology and link status. Routing is an
extremely challenging task for battery-powered resourceconstrained
WSN, since it is main cause for energy depletion
and energy must be utilized prudently to enhance lifetime
for sensor networks. This drives a myriad of research efforts
aiming at efficient data dissemination. In this paper we
analyze how efficiently MANET specific routing protocols
OLSR (Optimized Link-State Routing protocol), DYMO
(Dynamic MANET On-demand) and ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol) perform in IEEE 802.15.4 enabled wireless sensor
networks and evaluate their simulation results using Qualnet
simulator. Several simulations were carried out under varying
network size and offered load for performance evaluation and
relative comparison of protocols is reported in terms of average
end to end delay, throughput and jitter.
Detecting Good Neighbor Nodes and Finding Reliable Routing Path Based on AODV...IOSR Journals
Wireless operations allow services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or
impractical to implement with the use of wires. It is supported by well-liked technique known as Adhoc Protocol
[1]. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems e.g.
radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc. which use some form of energy e.g. radio waves, acoustic
energy, etc. to transfer information without the use of wires.[1] Information is transferred in this manner over
both short and long distances.In this, routes may be detached due to lively movement of nodes. So route
assortment and topology grouping is not easy and demanding issue. This type of networks is more vulnerable to
both internal and external attacks due to presence of wicked neighbour nodes[1][2s. Paper see the sights new
method using AODV protocol to find out good neighbour node and finding reliable path according to their
signal strength, flow capacity relative position of node in network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ROUTING IN OPTICAL MESH NETWORKS-A QOS PERSPECTIVEijasuc
Wireless Ad-Hoc Mesh Networks are characterized by static nodes connected in a mesh topology. A routing
protocol discovers and maintains the route for successful transmission of data in a network. The routing
protocol should also provide load balancing and fault tolerance for improved network performance. In
Free Space Optical networks (FSO) line of sight (LOS) should be maintained between the two
communicating nodes. In a multihop scenario maintaining LOS during routing is a challenge. In this paper
we propose a routing protocol Quality of Service-Directional Routing Protocol (QDRP) - which assures a
certain level of performance to a data flow in terms of delay and implemented on FSO MANET. Through
simulations it is observed that QDRP chooses the path with the least delay and performs satisfactorily
under varying node densities and transmission rates achieving end to end delay of .14 s and packet delivery
percentage of 96% when simulated for an area of 1300 m *1300 m for 100 nodes. This work explores the
potential of the proposed routing protocol for free space optical mesh networks. QDRP is compared with
ORRP (Orthogonal Rendezvous Routing Protocol) and AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector), a
reactive protocol which is also implemented in free space optical environment. We support our conclusions
that QDRP gains in terms of packet delivery percentage, end to end delay and goodput.
Energy Enhancement by Selecting Optimal Routing Path from Source to sink Node...ijiert bestjournal
WSNs are used for collecting limitations have to be taken into account when desi gning e nergy dissipation significantly methods namely A- star algorithm and fuzzy approach for WSN routing path from the source to the destination,by considering the battery power,number of hops,and traffic load for extend lifetime improves by employing the optimized routing protocol lifetime.
Single Mode Optical Fiber in Rof System Using DWDMIJERA Editor
Performance analysis was carried out to find the effect of crosstalk in a WDM system. Firstly, analysis of BER
was carried out without crosstalk. Then analysis of BER with crosstalk was done. Using equation for crosstalk,
number of channels was plotted using matlab. System parameters were optimized for a particular crosstalk.
Objective of the thesis work
Performance Analysis is carried out to find the effect of crosstalk due to optical cross connect in a DWDM
system considering a WDM based optical cross connect (OXC). An analysis is carried out to find the amount of
crosstalk due to OXC. The bit error rate performance degradation due to crosstalk is evaluated for OXC
parameter and number of wavelengths per fiber. The optimum parameters such as optimum number of channels
and hops are determined.
A Novel Timer-Based Hybrid Rerouting Algorithm for Improving Resource Utiliza...IJERA Editor
In this paper we investigate hybrid rerouting and minimization of incurred service disruption period due to
rerouting in Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) transparent optical network. One limitation of such a
network is the wavelength continuity constraint which does not allow a circuit to be placed on a non
wavelength-continuous route. The impact of this constraint might have a severe consequence on the
performance of transparent optical networks especially in terms of rejection ratio ant it is especially severe when
traffic demands are unpredictable and characterized by random arrivals and departures. To alleviate the impact
of these constraints, either wavelength conversion or traffic rerouting can be used. Since, in the foreseeable
future, wavelength conversion is expected to remain an expensive technology, traffic rerouting is an attractive
alternative solution. Thus, we here propose to employ hybrid rerouting to improve the network performances.
Hybrid rerouting combines passive and active rerouting. Through simulation results, the performances of the
proposed algorithm in terms of rejection ratio are demonstrated to be promising while rerouting a small number
of already established lightpaths using Lightpath ReRouting (LRR). By rerouting a small number of existing
lightpaths using LRR, we hope that the incurred service disruption period due to rerouting is minimized.
Fault Tolerant Congestion based Algorithms in OBS NetworkCSCJournals
In Optical Burst Switched networks, each light path carry huge amount of traffic, path failures may damage the user application. Hence fault-tolerance becomes an important issue on these networks. Blocking probability is a key index of quality of service in Optical Burst Switched (OBS) network. The Erlang formula has been used extensively in the traffic engineering of optical communication to calculate the blocking probability. The paper revisits burst contention resolution problems in OBS networks. When the network is overloaded, no contention resolution scheme would effectively avoid the collision and cause blocking. It is important to first decide, a good routing algorithm and then to choose a wavelength assignment scheme. In this paper we have developed two algorithms, Fault Tolerant Optimized Blocking Algorithm (FTOBA) and Fault Tolerant Least Congestion Algorithm (FTLCA) and then compare the performance of these algorithms on the basis of blocking probability. These algorithms are based upon the congestion on path in OBS network and based on the simulation results, we shows that the reliable and fault tolerant routing algorithms reduces the blocking probability.
Abstract In optical circuit switching the high values of blocking probability is resolved by dynamic wavelength routing algorithms with wavelength conversion. The aim of this paper is to study these algorithms. Then the algorithm is selected which gives good results with and without wavelength conversion. The selected algorithm is then checked for other parameters of networking namely throughput, packet delivery ratio, and delay. A comparative study is then carried out for increasing traffic. We try to prove that these algorithms satisfy the criteria of QoS parameters by this comparative study. The results of simulation show that the parameters follow the trend of blocking probability of the selected algorithm. Keywords: optical burst switching, throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
Mobile Primary User in Cognitive Radio State of the Arts and Recent Advancesjosephjonse
The processing of primary user mobility with static or mobile secondary user in the context of cognitive radio (CR) has recently been the subject of several studies and discussions all over the world. These studies are seeking to broaden the horizons of CR implementation beyond the formalism described in the diverse existing standards. The mobility of primary users is likely to reduce the overall performance of the Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) and affects the different phases of the cognitive cycle. Said mobility alters the network’s topology, the channel’s availability, and affects spectrum sensing. This makes any endeavor aiming to implement CR technology complicated. This paper is devoted to the analysis and discussion of the scientific literature that has addressed the issue of the primary user’s mobility.
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Implementing Energy Efficient Strategies in the MANET on-demand routing Proto...IJEEE
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically. Because of the nodes in the MANET are mobile and battery operated, energy optimization is one of the major constraints in the MANET. Failure of some nodes operation can greatly impede the performance of the network and even affect the basic availability of the network, i.e., routing. To improve the lifetime of these networks can be improving the energy levels of the individual nodes of the network. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this on- demand routing protocols DSR and AODV in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, the energy efficient strategies are implemented in the AODV and DSR protocols to improve the life time of the Mobile ad hoc network. The CBEER-NN is developed using the existing DSR protocol and the AO- EEDTR is developed using the existing AODV protocol. GloMoSIM simulator is used to simulate the proposed MANET environment. This paper also compares the existing DSR and AODV protocols with proposed CBEER- NN and AO-EEDTR protocols. From the simulated results, this paper concludes that the proposed CBEER-NN and AO- EEDTR protocols are improving the life time of the network by improving the average residual energy of the nodes over the existing DSR and AO-EEDTR protocols.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Simulation Based Routing Protocols Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 enabled Wirel...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is emerging as a
major research field in computer networks over the last decade
due to its wide variety of embedded real time applications.
Sensor networks have infrastructure-less architecture because
of frequently varying topology and link status. Routing is an
extremely challenging task for battery-powered resourceconstrained
WSN, since it is main cause for energy depletion
and energy must be utilized prudently to enhance lifetime
for sensor networks. This drives a myriad of research efforts
aiming at efficient data dissemination. In this paper we
analyze how efficiently MANET specific routing protocols
OLSR (Optimized Link-State Routing protocol), DYMO
(Dynamic MANET On-demand) and ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol) perform in IEEE 802.15.4 enabled wireless sensor
networks and evaluate their simulation results using Qualnet
simulator. Several simulations were carried out under varying
network size and offered load for performance evaluation and
relative comparison of protocols is reported in terms of average
end to end delay, throughput and jitter.
Detecting Good Neighbor Nodes and Finding Reliable Routing Path Based on AODV...IOSR Journals
Wireless operations allow services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or
impractical to implement with the use of wires. It is supported by well-liked technique known as Adhoc Protocol
[1]. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems e.g.
radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc. which use some form of energy e.g. radio waves, acoustic
energy, etc. to transfer information without the use of wires.[1] Information is transferred in this manner over
both short and long distances.In this, routes may be detached due to lively movement of nodes. So route
assortment and topology grouping is not easy and demanding issue. This type of networks is more vulnerable to
both internal and external attacks due to presence of wicked neighbour nodes[1][2s. Paper see the sights new
method using AODV protocol to find out good neighbour node and finding reliable path according to their
signal strength, flow capacity relative position of node in network.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ROUTING IN OPTICAL MESH NETWORKS-A QOS PERSPECTIVEijasuc
Wireless Ad-Hoc Mesh Networks are characterized by static nodes connected in a mesh topology. A routing
protocol discovers and maintains the route for successful transmission of data in a network. The routing
protocol should also provide load balancing and fault tolerance for improved network performance. In
Free Space Optical networks (FSO) line of sight (LOS) should be maintained between the two
communicating nodes. In a multihop scenario maintaining LOS during routing is a challenge. In this paper
we propose a routing protocol Quality of Service-Directional Routing Protocol (QDRP) - which assures a
certain level of performance to a data flow in terms of delay and implemented on FSO MANET. Through
simulations it is observed that QDRP chooses the path with the least delay and performs satisfactorily
under varying node densities and transmission rates achieving end to end delay of .14 s and packet delivery
percentage of 96% when simulated for an area of 1300 m *1300 m for 100 nodes. This work explores the
potential of the proposed routing protocol for free space optical mesh networks. QDRP is compared with
ORRP (Orthogonal Rendezvous Routing Protocol) and AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector), a
reactive protocol which is also implemented in free space optical environment. We support our conclusions
that QDRP gains in terms of packet delivery percentage, end to end delay and goodput.
Energy Enhancement by Selecting Optimal Routing Path from Source to sink Node...ijiert bestjournal
WSNs are used for collecting limitations have to be taken into account when desi gning e nergy dissipation significantly methods namely A- star algorithm and fuzzy approach for WSN routing path from the source to the destination,by considering the battery power,number of hops,and traffic load for extend lifetime improves by employing the optimized routing protocol lifetime.
Single Mode Optical Fiber in Rof System Using DWDMIJERA Editor
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was carried out without crosstalk. Then analysis of BER with crosstalk was done. Using equation for crosstalk,
number of channels was plotted using matlab. System parameters were optimized for a particular crosstalk.
Objective of the thesis work
Performance Analysis is carried out to find the effect of crosstalk due to optical cross connect in a DWDM
system considering a WDM based optical cross connect (OXC). An analysis is carried out to find the amount of
crosstalk due to OXC. The bit error rate performance degradation due to crosstalk is evaluated for OXC
parameter and number of wavelengths per fiber. The optimum parameters such as optimum number of channels
and hops are determined.
A Novel Timer-Based Hybrid Rerouting Algorithm for Improving Resource Utiliza...IJERA Editor
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rerouting in Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) transparent optical network. One limitation of such a
network is the wavelength continuity constraint which does not allow a circuit to be placed on a non
wavelength-continuous route. The impact of this constraint might have a severe consequence on the
performance of transparent optical networks especially in terms of rejection ratio ant it is especially severe when
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of these constraints, either wavelength conversion or traffic rerouting can be used. Since, in the foreseeable
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alternative solution. Thus, we here propose to employ hybrid rerouting to improve the network performances.
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AN MINIMUM RECONFIGURATION PROBABILITY ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR RWA IN ALL-OPTIC...sipij
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routing (MRPR) algorithm selects most reliable routes and assign wavelengths to connections in a manner that utilizes the light path(LP) established efficiently considering all possible requests.
Rate Adaptation for Time Varying Channels Using Distributed Relay Selectionpaperpublications3
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Energy Saving DSR and Probabilistic Rebroadcast Mechanism are used to Increas...IJTET Journal
Abstract- MANETs are infrastructure less and can be set up anytime anywhere. Due to high mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. In a route discovery, broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data broadcasting mechanism, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts the first received route request packets unless it has a route to the destination, and thus it causes the broadcast storm problem and without consider the nodes energy level of route selection it leads to reduce the network lifetime. In this paper proposed to focus is on a two mechanism ESDSR and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast to overcome those problems. A Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing in MANETs (ESDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power consideration in the route selection time of mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more life time and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead, and can also improve the routing performance. The simulation was carried out using the NS-2 network simulator.
QUALITY OF SERVICE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING LOCATION AND ENERG...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multi path protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RWA PROBLEM IN OPTICAL NETWORKSIJEEE
Blocking probability has been one of the key performance to solve Routing and Wavelength Assignment problem (RWA) indexes in the design of wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks. To evaluate blocking probability different analytical model are introduced.
Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Location and Energ...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multipath protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
DYNAMIC CONGESTION CONTROL IN WDM OPTICAL NETWORKcscpconf
This paper is based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical networking. In this optical networking, prior to data transfer, lightpath establishment between source and
destination nodes is usually carried out through a wavelength reservation protocol. This wavelength is reserved corresponding to a route between the source and destination and the
route is chosen following any standard routing protocol based on shortest path. The backward reservation protocol is implemented initially. A fixed connected and weighted network is
considered. The inputs of this implementation are the fixed network itself and its corresponding shortest path matrix. After this initial level of implementation, the average node usage over a time period is calculated and various thresholds for node usage are considered. Above threshold value, request arriving at that path selects its next shortest path. This concept is
implemented on various wavelengths. The output represents the performance issues of dynamic congestion control.
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
Abstract : As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses. In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing (IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput and packet delivery fraction. Keywords- DSDV, Hybrid protocol, AODV, IAODV, MANET
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
AN EFFICIENT MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE DESIGN OF AON INCLUD...optljjournal
This paper recommends a systematic wavelength assignment scheme which deliberately enhance the quality of service by minimizing the average dispersion in optical network. In this approach assignment of the wavelength recommended that allocates the wavelength as per mathematical model based on the path length request. Results validate that path length-based scheme improves the system performance in comparison with the commonly used existing assignment technique which works on the principle of first fit wavelength assignment(FFWA) and former assignment methodology should be ideal choice when the number of connection requests extremely high.
PERFORMANCES OF AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC CHANNEL...IJCNCJournal
Deterministic channel models have been widely used in simulation and modeling of ad hoc network for a long time. But, deterministic channel models are too simple to represent a real-world ad hoc network scenario. Recently, random channel models have drawn considerable attention of the researchers in this field. The results presented in the literature show that random channel models have a grave impact on the
performance of an ad hoc network. A comprehensive investigation on this issue is yet to be available in the
literature. In this investigation, we consider both deterministic and random channel models to investigate their effects on ad hoc networks. We consider two different types of routing protocols namely single path and multipath routing protocols. We choose Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the single path routing protocols. On the other hand, we choose Ad-hoc On-Demand Multiple Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) as the multipath routing protocol. The results show that some single path routing protocol can outperform multipath routing protocol under both deterministic and random channel conditions. These results surprisingly contradict the popular claim that multipath routing protocol always outperforms single path routing protocol. A guideline for choosing an appropriate routing protocol for adhoc network has also been provided in this work.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR.
SNR/RP Aware Routing Algorithm: Cross-Layer Design for MANETSijwmn
Routing in MANET is complex due to the fact that the network graph is episodically connected and nodes get only intermittently connected because of nodes mobility, terrain, weather, and jamming that change topology rapidly. In this paper, we propose cross-layer design to achieve a reliable data transmission in MANET. A key challenge is to create a mechanism that can provide good delivery performance and high quality of service in intermittent networks. The key components of our approach include a cross-layer design (CLD) to improve information sharing between different protocol layers. In order to improve the end-to-end performance of MANET, we present mechanism that allows the network layer to adjust its routing protocol dynamically based on SNR and Received Power along the end-to-end routing path for each transmission link. We evaluate our approach using one of common MANET routing protocols, DSR, to illustrate that our CLD improved the performance of DSR
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Modeling and Simulation of Wavelength-Routed optical Networks
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 06 || Issue, 04||April – 2016 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 9
Modeling and Simulation of Wavelength-Routed optical
Networks
Ankita A Chakor1,
Dr. Lochan Jolly2
M.E Student, EXTC, TCET, Mumbai, India1
, Professor, EXTC, TCET, Mumbai, India2
,
I. Introduction
The advantages of optical fiber communication lead to a technology called as Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing (WDM) which multiplexes the multiple signals onto a single optical fiber. WDM in optical fiber
networks has been rapidly gaining acceptance as a means to handle the ever-increasing bandwidth demands of
network users. A wavelength-routed all-optical WDM network comprises of optical wavelength routing nodes
that is wavelength routers interconnected by optical fiber links. A lightpath is to be set up before any
communication between any two wavelength routers. These light paths need to be set up dynamically by
determining a path across the network connecting the source to the destination is called as routing. Allocating
the free wavelength on each fiber link along the chosen path is called as wavelength assignment [1]. Routing
and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) is a fundamental problem in the engineering, control, and design of all-
optical networks and it arises in most network design applications, including traffic grooming, survivability
design, and traffic scheduling. There are various routing algorithms in all–optical networks using WDM and
wavelength routing in Wide Area Networks (WAN). This study aims to highlight the RWA problems in WDM
optical networks. The RWA algorithm plays a role of selecting the path and assigning a wavelength to it called
as lightpath. Generally RWA algorithms block the call requests if a continuous or same wavelength from source
to destination cannot be found. This drawback is known as Wavelength Continuity Constraint (WCC). This
failure of RWA algorithm to find available wavelengths on all the links in network from source to destination
results into congestion or blocking. This blocking causes loss of signals [2]. Blocking or congestion is a major
challenge in the design of WDM networks. Wavelength conversion is used to eliminate wavelength blocking in
optical networks. Hence, RWA and Wavelength Conversion (WC) are the techniques to improve the blocking
performance. The existing research has proved that these are two techniques to be considered together to solve
the blocking problem in networks [3].
Abstract
All-optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks providing extremely large
bandwidths are among the most promising solutions to the increasing need for high-speed data
transport. A lightpath has a specific route and one or more wavelengths through which the
information is routed from the source to the destination node. In wavelength-routed optical
networks, data are transmitted solely in the optical domain along lightpaths from source to
destination without being converted into the electronic form and each lightpath is allowed to use the
same wavelength on all the links along its path. This restriction is known as the wavelength
continuity constraint. And it leads to an issue called as blocking in networks. Optical wavelength
conversion with suitable Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) can increase the performance
and capacity of optical networks by eliminating this restriction and relaxing the wavelength
continuity constraint. In this research, we analyze the problem of placing a limited number of
wavelength converters in a mesh network using Weighted Maximum Segment Length (WMSL)
converter placement algorithm. It employs Least-Loaded Routing and First-Fit (LLR-FF) RWA
algorithm. It is tested on varying number of nodes in network and its respective blocking
probabilities are calculated. The proposed algorithm provides the minimum blocking probability on
optimal wavelength converters placement.
Keywords: Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Wavelength-Routed Networks, Wavelength
Continuity Constraint, Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA), Optical Network, First-Fit (FF),
2. Modeling And Simulation Of Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 10
II. Literature Survey
2.1. RWA algorithms
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network. In the past, the term routing was meant to forward
network traffic between networks. It is also described as forwarding. The routers are used mainly by connecting
several networks and providing packet forwarding to different networks. The main idea for routing protocols is
to establish the best path from the source to the destination [4]. The routing algorithm is a major factor in the
performance of the routing environment. The purpose of the routing algorithm is to make decisions for the
router concerning the best paths for data. The router uses the routing algorithm to compute the path from the
source to the destination. There are three basic approaches of routing in networks such as fixed routing, fixed-
alternate routing and adaptive or dynamic routing [2]. In fixed routing, all the paths are fixed for source-
destination pairs. Standard Shortest path algorithms (SPA) are used to calculate the shortest path route for each
source-destination pair. Predetermined routes are used for the connection between the specified pair of nodes
using these algorithms. This routing has the disadvantages such as it is unable to handle the fault situations
where more number of links are failing and it results into the large number of wavelengths if the resources are
not available for the particular path. In fixed-alternate routing (FAR), every node in the network is required to
maintain the routing table that contains an ordered list of numbers of fixed paths to each and every destination
node. Alternate-shortest path (ASP) algorithms are used to calculate the multiple shortest paths. These alternate
paths do not share any common link between source and destination pair. If no path is available from the routing
table, then the connection is blocked or lost. The network state information is not considered in fixed and fixed-
alternate routings [2]. In adaptive or dynamic routing, the path is selected dynamically from a source to a
destination node, depending on the network state. And the network state is determined by all the set of
connections that are currently in progress [2]. Hence dynamic routing approaches are more efficient than static
routing approaches [5].
The allocation of free wavelength on each link along the selected path is called as wavelength assignment.
Heuristic methods are used to assign wavelengths to the lightpaths when arrive one at a time. Random
wavelength assignment heuristic performs well in the low traffic network. First-Fit (FF) performs better in high
traffic network to assign free wavelengths to the paths. Most used heuristic also achieves the same performance
as that of FF, but FF is simple and easy to implement [6]. Hence dynamic routing together best wavelength
assignment scheme works much better than any other static algorithms. So dynamic RWA algorithms are
developed to improve the overall blocking performance of the wavelength-routed optical networks. The existing
research shows the dynamic RWA with FF algorithms are the best suitable wavelength assignment algorithms
[2], [3].
2.2. Wavelength Conversion
Today wavelength-routed all optical networks are considered as the best candidates for the next generation
networks [3]. The wavelength conversion plays an important role in improving the fiber link utilization. It also
reduces the blocking probability of the optical networks [7]. A wavelength converter is used to convert one
wavelength to another wavelength by placing it on the nodes in the networks. As it is observed in literature
survey that sparse wavelength conversion and full wavelength conversion can be implemented to eliminate the
wavelength continuity constraint in wavelength-routed optical networks. Since wavelength converters are
expensive. Hence, they cannot be used at every node in the network. When it is used on every node of the
network for conversion, then it is called as full wavelength conversion and when it is used at particular nodes in
the networks then it is called as sparse wavelength conversion [8]. Most of the research work has focused on
sparse wavelength conversion as it is achieving satisfactory performance with a small number of converters.
2.3. Issues related to sparse wavelength conversion
RWA and Wavelength Conversion (WC) can be used together to improve the blocking performance. Specially,
sparse wavelength conversion can be used to improve the overall blocking performance of the networks than
full wavelength conversion as it uses small number of converters. The wavelength converter placement problem
is not considered as critical as placing the wavelength converters in the network in order to minimize the
blocking probability. The placement of optimal wavelength converters on appropriate nodes is very important to
reduce the blocking in networks. The existing research has considered this as an individual issue and this can be
solved by using wavelength converter placement algorithms in networks. The wavelength converter placement
algorithms are already existing for the topologies like ring, bus [9]. The development of converter placement
algorithms for an arbitrary network such as mesh is very difficult. Hence number of converter placement
algorithms are developed. All are assumed suitable for static networks [10-13].
In literature study, it is seen that for mesh networks, the dynamic RWA algorithms with wavelength conversion
has to be designed. A well designed wavelength converter algorithm for a particular RWA algorithm might not
work well with different RWA algorithms. So it is necessary to design RWA algorithm with its suitable
3. Modeling And Simulation Of Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 11
wavelength converter placement algorithm. In the proposed work, the problem of placing the limited
wavelength converters on appropriate nodes in network is investigated and the blocking performance is
observed by calculating the blocking probabilities of the paths. The Least-Loaded Routing With First-Fit
wavelength assignment algorithm (LLR-FF) is used. Under LLR-FF RWA, the heuristic algorithm called as
Weighted Maximum Segment Length (WMSL) for wavelength converter placement is employed.
III. Implementation of Converter Placement Algorithm under LLR-FF RWA Algorithm
2.4. LLR-FF RWA algorithm with sparse wavelength conversion
The LLR algorithm is a commonly used dynamic routing algorithm which achieves better performance than
static routing algorithms in terms of blocking probabilities. Sparse wavelength conversion is used in LLR-FF
RWA algorithm to place limited number of wavelength converters. The analytical model includes the LLR-FF
with sparse wavelength conversion which is given in [3]. This analytical model includes the path-blocking
analysis and link-traffic analysis. The mesh network consists of N nodes and J fiber links. Each link has W
wavelengths that are labeled from 1 to W. The call holding time is exponentially distributed with one unit time.
The M number of wavelength converters are used in the networks. This LLR-FF RWA algorithm is used to set
up lightpaths in networks. The following are the steps to determine the overall blocking probabilities:
1. Initialize all the blocking probabilities of the paths, as zero where is the path passing through the
node pair a.
2. The is the available wavelengths on link j. Let ( ) denote the probability that wavelengths
are free on link j. So is initialized as zero for all links.
3. Determine for all links where is the rate at which call requests arrive at link j which follows Poisson
distribution.
4. Calculate for all the paths. If new values of are converged then iteration is terminated otherwise
go to step 2 again.
5. Finally, determine the overall blocking probability.
The above steps are performed using the analytical equations given in [3]. When a call request arrives for
node pair a, it selects a path and assign wavelength to that path. The states of the number free wavelengths
on the paths are examined. The are the paths passing through the node pair a where wavelength
converters are placed. The path with the maximum free wavelengths is selected for connection. Call request
gets blocked if there is no free wavelength on the path. The path with the smallest label is selected if two
paths are having same number of free wavelengths. FF is used to assign wavelengths to the paths.
2.5. WMSL algorithm for wavelength converter placement
The heuristic algorithm called as WMSL for wavelength converter placement employs the LLR-FF RWA
algorithm in mesh network. The WMSL algorithm places the converters sequentially one by one on nodes. The
nodes which give less blocking probabilities than other nodes are found. These nodes give less blocking
probabilities after placing the wavelength converter on them. The approach is to assign a weight value to each
and every node present in the network. These weight values are used to decide the significance of the node for
reducing blocking probabilities. The most important factor affecting the blocking probability of the path is
length of the path. When there is no wavelength conversion then length of the path affects the blocking
probability significantly [14]. Since wavelength converters divide the length of the path into segments or links.
So it eliminates the issue called as wavelength continuity constraint. Hence blocking probabilities of the paths
are directly related to the maximum segment length of that path. This WMSL algorithm is employed to
minimize the sum of the maximum segment length of the paths over the network. The following are the steps of
WMSL algorithm to place the wavelength converters in the network in order to reduce blocking probability and
avoid of loss signals:
1. Once the wavelength is blocked due to wavelength continuity constraint then calculation is made for the
blocking probability.
2. The weight values are calculated for each node present in that path in terms of blocking probabilities.
3. The maximum length of path is calculated among the paths passing through each and every node of the
path.
4. Again the maximum length is calculated for each node after placing a wavelength converter on them. And
difference between these two maximum lengths (step 3 and step 4 ) is multiplied with the offered traffic to
that path
5. The maximum value of the node is selected to place a wavelength converter.
6. The number of wavelength converters can be placed till it reaches the acceptable value for blocking.
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In this way the proposed WMSL algorithm is executed to find the suitable nodes to place the wavelength
converters in networks.
IV. Results and analysis
The proposed WMSL algorithm for wavelength converter placement is simulated using MATLAB software.
The simulations are done for different number of nodes in the network. In proposed work, the mesh network
consists of N number of nodes which is varying as 9- Nodes and 16-Nodes respectively. The number of
wavelengths in networks used are five that is W= 5. In simulations, the call requests arrived to the networks are
following a Poisson distribution and the call holding time is exponentially distributed. Then according to the
nodes and offered traffic to the network, carried traffic „L‟ is calculated. The results are observed using
MATLAB software which are significantly reducing the blocking probabilities by using wavelength converters
for 9-nodes and for 16-nodes respectively.
4.1 Simulation results for 9-Nodes
Here the mesh network of 9-nodes is simulated where the nodes are placed randomly as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Network Structure for 9-Nodes
Here the routing is done using SP algorithm to decide the best path for a particular source and destination nodes.
The number of links present on the path are giving the maximum number for wavelength converter placement.
Three links or segments are included in the shortest path for Node- 2 as source and Node- 9 as destination. So
the maximum three wavelength converters can be used in the network to minimize the blocking probability as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Shortest Path for 2-9 Nodes
After selecting the source and destination nodes, the blocking probabilities of all the links present in that
shortest path are calculated using the steps explained in Section 3. The following table gives the blocking
probabilities for Node-2 as source and Node-9 as destination.
Table 1. Blocking Probabilities for 2-9 Nodes with no, one, two and three wavelength converters
Number of
Nodes in
Network
Source-
Destination
Nodes
Blocking Probabilities
with No Converter
Blocking Probabilities
with Wavelength
Converter =1
Blocking Probabilities with
Wavelength Converters =2
Blocking Probabilities
with Wavelength
Converters =3
9-Nodes 2-9 0.0003 0.0003 - -
0.0089 0.0065
0.0098 0.0099
0.0020 - 0.0005 -
0.0072 0.0055
0.0096 0.0090
0.0005 - - 0.0000
0.0044 0.0009
0.0090 0.0051
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Figure 3 shows the comparative difference between the blocking probabilities for no wavelength converter and
after placing one wavelength converter in the network. The blocking probabilities with no wavelength converter
can block the traffic. So to avoid such congestion or blocking, wavelength converters are used. The wavelength
converter is placed on a node that from there the blocking probability is minimum. So with one wavelength
converter again blocking probabilities are calculated showing the significant difference.
Figure 3. Blocking Probabilities for no converter and for one converter placement
Figure 4. Blocking Probabilities for no converter and for two wavelength converters placement
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the comparative difference between the blocking probabilities after placing
two and three wavelength converters for 2-9 Nodes in network. As the number of wavelength converters
increases the blocking probability decreases. It is observed that with only a few wavelength converters the
blocking probability can be decreased by a large margin. Once the number of wavelength converters is beyond
some threshold then blocking probability decreases very slowly. When there is no conversion in network the
blocking probability for 2-9 nodes is 0.0190 (in percentage). When one and two wavelength converters are used,
the total blocking probabilities are 0.0167 and 0.0150 (in percentages) respectively. When three wavelength
converters are used then blocking probability is 0.0060 (in percentage). It is showing that it is reducing as
number of wavelength converters are increased. So the optimal number of wavelength converters for 2-9 nodes
are three.
Figure 5. Blocking Probabilities for no converter and for three converters placement
Therefore, the sparse wavelength conversion is very meaningful for arbitrary networks where traffic is
nonuniform and independent. A 35% investment of wavelength converters for 2-9 Nodes has achieved better
blocking performance up to 75%.
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4.2. Simulation results for 16-Nodes
Here the mesh network of 16-nodes is simulated where the nodes are placed randomly as shown in Figure 6
Figure 6. Network Structure for 2-15 Nodes
The Figure 7 shows the shortest path selected for 2-15 nodes using SP algorithm where 2 is source node and 15
is destination node. The number of links involved in the shortest path are three. So maximum three wavelength
converters can be used for wavelength conversion for 2-15 nodes in network.
Figure 7. Shortest Path for 2-15 Nodes
The
Table 2 gives blocking probabilities for 2-15 Nodes. It is efficiently showing the reduction in blocking
probabilities when wavelength converters are used.
Table 2. Blocking probabilities for 2-15 Nodes with no, one, two and three wavelength converters
Number of Nodes
in Network
Source-
Destination
Nodes
Blocking Probabilities
with No Converter
Blocking Probabilities
with Wavelength
Converter =1
Blocking Probabilities
with Wavelength
Converters =2
Blocking Probabilities
with Wavelength
Converters =3
9-Nodes 2-15 0.0004 0.0001 - -
0.0082 0.0065
0.0098 0.0099
0.0003 - 0.0001 -
0.0089 0.0065
0.0098 0.0099
0.0010 - - 0.0002
0.0087 0.0053
0.0098 0.0079
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Figure 8 shows the comparative difference between the blocking probabilities for no wavelength converter and
after placing one wavelength converter in the network. The blocking probabilities with no wavelength converter
can block the traffic. So the wavelength converters are used on appropriate nodes to reduce it.
Figure 8.Blocking Probabilities for 2-15 Nodes for no converter and for one converter placement
Figure 9.Blocking Probabilities for 2-15 Nodes for no converter and for two converters placement
Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the comparative difference between the blocking probabilities after placing two
and three wavelength converters for 2-9 Nodes in network. When there is no conversion in network the blocking
probability for 2-15 nodes is 0.0190 (in percentage). When one and two wavelength converters are used, the
total blocking probabilities are 0.0158 and 0.0165 (in percentages) respectively. When three wavelength
converters are used, the total blocking probability is 0.0134(in percentage). Hence it is reducing the blocking in
network efficiently as number of wavelength converters are increased. So the optimal number of wavelength
converters for 2-9 nodes are three.
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Figure 10. Blocking probabilities for 2-15 Nodes for no converter and for three converters placement
Therefore, a 19% investment of wavelength converters for 2-15 nodes has achieved the better performance up to
75%.
V. Conclusion And Future Scope
The proposed work has modelled, simulated and analysed the dynamic RWA algorithm with
wavelength conversion. This work deals with the following analysis of reduction in blocking probabilities and
usage of optimal number of wavelength converters. It is concluded that sparse wavelength conversion can
improve the blocking performance efficiently in mesh networks with non-uniform traffic. An investment of
15%-40% (overall) of wavelength converters can improve the blocking performance in network. Hence the cost
of using more number of wavelength converters is avoided. It has been observed that the proposed work reduces
the number of wavelength converters in networks according to the traffic given. And it achieves the
performance as that of the full wavelength conversion. So it is concluded that the proposed algorithm is efficient
for minimizing the blocking probabilities in wavelength–routed optical networks. The study can be extended in
the future in following possible directions:
1. A single generic RWA algorithm for all the types of optical networks can be designed so that there will
be no issue related to the routing and wavelength assignment of different topology
2. The algorithm can be designed with fast computations
3. These algorithms can be designed by taking different metrics like delay, jitter.
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