This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
Investigating VANET for Unwavering Ways with Flawless Connectivitypaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper is investigating the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density, time, range and calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to
face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low
transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive
and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date
topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within
the zone, routes are immediately available. For
destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route
discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local
routing information of the zones.
Reduce Handover Delay Using the HSBCC Based Buffer Over Flow In Wimax Networkinventionjournals
In wireless networks to improve the competence for event account. Due to the in complete transmission size of nodes, a single path often cannot meet the condition of data transmission. Consequently, multipath show is needed. However, not every path originate by multipath routing algorithms maybe appropriate for conveying image, because a extended routing pathway with a long end to end show delay may not satisfied the time constraint. Furthermore, each data stream includes two kinds of material data handover. We have coming a novel explicit rate-based congestion control method, for supportive requests hand over process. Handover Streaming based Congestion Control (HSBCC), a new adaptive media handover streaming congestion organization in which the assembly packet broadcast rate is adjusted rendering to the active bandwidth share of the connection. They prepare not maintain or continually inform their route tables with the newest route in network. If a node requirements to send a pack to another node then this protocol explorations for the route in an on-demand method and begins the joining in order to communicate and receive the packet. The route detection usually happens by flooding the route application packets throughout the network. It makes sense to simply disregard a packet loss due to random frequency errors than to multiplicatively reduction the current transport rate and it is more suitable to periodically investigation the network during interruption period for a prompt retrieval than to slow down and exponentially increase the retransmission timer.
Investigating VANET for Unwavering Ways with Flawless Connectivitypaperpublications3
Abstract: This paper is investigating the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density, time, range and calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols.
This ppt describes about the Different protocols of Ad-Hoc Network .It is a pure survey report which will make clarification about each protocols used in ad-hoc network and helps to future generation to make more publishing of recent trends of ad-hoc networks.
Routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have to
face the challenge of frequently changing topology, low
transmission power and asymmetric links. Both
proactive and reactive routing protocols prove to be
inefficient under these circumstances. The Zone Routing
Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of the proactive
and reactive approaches by maintaining an up-to-date
topological map of a zone centered on each node. Within
the zone, routes are immediately available. For
destinations outside the zone, ZRP employs a route
discovery procedure, which can benefit from the local
routing information of the zones.
Reduce Handover Delay Using the HSBCC Based Buffer Over Flow In Wimax Networkinventionjournals
In wireless networks to improve the competence for event account. Due to the in complete transmission size of nodes, a single path often cannot meet the condition of data transmission. Consequently, multipath show is needed. However, not every path originate by multipath routing algorithms maybe appropriate for conveying image, because a extended routing pathway with a long end to end show delay may not satisfied the time constraint. Furthermore, each data stream includes two kinds of material data handover. We have coming a novel explicit rate-based congestion control method, for supportive requests hand over process. Handover Streaming based Congestion Control (HSBCC), a new adaptive media handover streaming congestion organization in which the assembly packet broadcast rate is adjusted rendering to the active bandwidth share of the connection. They prepare not maintain or continually inform their route tables with the newest route in network. If a node requirements to send a pack to another node then this protocol explorations for the route in an on-demand method and begins the joining in order to communicate and receive the packet. The route detection usually happens by flooding the route application packets throughout the network. It makes sense to simply disregard a packet loss due to random frequency errors than to multiplicatively reduction the current transport rate and it is more suitable to periodically investigation the network during interruption period for a prompt retrieval than to slow down and exponentially increase the retransmission timer.
This ppt gives you a brief knowledge on protocols used in VANETs using real time vehicular traffic information. These have overruled the the existing MANET protocols. It also give you a description regarding forwarding optimisation
UNIT III ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND TRANSPORT LAYER IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS -Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks.
An energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol for underwa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Underwater sensor network is an emerging technology due to its numerous applications in aqueous environments. However, limitations of these networks include limited bandwidth, high propagation delays and power constraints. Hence, new routing protocols must be designed specifically for USN. Opportunistic routing offers a promising method to overcome these limitations. The proposed protocol is a novel energy-efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing algorithm. The protocol deals with the issue of void holes during transmission while reducing energy consumption and keeping the packet delivery ratio at a satisfactory level. To evaluate the performance, two common metrics have been used for routing protocols in USNs; energy consumption and packet delivery ratio. Simulations were carried out in ns2 with Aqua-Sim. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared to VAPR. The performance evaluation of EEVA-OR indicate its benefit as compared to VAPR in terms of void detection, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOCAmitoj Kaur
In this project, AODV and Flooding routing protocols using different parameter metrics have been simulated and analyzed
Simulation results show that performance parameters of the routing protocols may vary depending on network load, mobility and network size.
Under G-Sense Model, AODV experience the highest Packet Delivery Fraction and Throughput with the increase of nodes stop time, and mobile nodes number.
AODV and Simple Flooding performance is due to their on demand characteristics to determine the freshness of the route. And it is proved also that AODV has a slightly higher Average end-to-end Delay than Simple Flooding.
This paper presents a novel data and timed control routing protocol which is Flying Adhoc Network (FANET) specific. The developed FANET specific routing protocol laid emphasis on the route connectivity in the network by considering the captured data size, minimum allowable distance between randomly moving nodes and connection time. The performance of the proposed FANET specific routing protocol was simulated using NS3. The obtained throughput value for the routing protocol fluctuated between 742.064kbps and 755.083kbps as data are exchanged between nodes. This showed that when all the UAVs are on the network and communicating with one another, the throughput is flatline and not plummet. This implies consistency as nodes join and leave the network. The packet delivery ratio obtained for the FSRP during simulation was 96.13%. These results implied that data is successfully transmitted between the UAV acting as server and UAV acting as client on the network.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Air Interface Virtualization using FBMC and OFDM ConfigurationsMalik Saad
Real time on air experiment is performed on Software-defined Radio (SDR) for radio virtualization using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and filter bank multi carrier to support diverse mobile service requirements for user equipment.
This ppt gives you a brief knowledge on protocols used in VANETs using real time vehicular traffic information. These have overruled the the existing MANET protocols. It also give you a description regarding forwarding optimisation
UNIT III ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND TRANSPORT LAYER IN AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS -Issues in designing a routing and Transport Layer protocol for Ad hoc networks- proactive routing, reactive routing (on-demand), hybrid routing- Classification of Transport Layer solutions-TCP over Ad hoc wireless Networks.
An energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol for underwa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Underwater sensor network is an emerging technology due to its numerous applications in aqueous environments. However, limitations of these networks include limited bandwidth, high propagation delays and power constraints. Hence, new routing protocols must be designed specifically for USN. Opportunistic routing offers a promising method to overcome these limitations. The proposed protocol is a novel energy-efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing algorithm. The protocol deals with the issue of void holes during transmission while reducing energy consumption and keeping the packet delivery ratio at a satisfactory level. To evaluate the performance, two common metrics have been used for routing protocols in USNs; energy consumption and packet delivery ratio. Simulations were carried out in ns2 with Aqua-Sim. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared to VAPR. The performance evaluation of EEVA-OR indicate its benefit as compared to VAPR in terms of void detection, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio
Comparison of different MANET routing protocols in wireless ADHOCAmitoj Kaur
In this project, AODV and Flooding routing protocols using different parameter metrics have been simulated and analyzed
Simulation results show that performance parameters of the routing protocols may vary depending on network load, mobility and network size.
Under G-Sense Model, AODV experience the highest Packet Delivery Fraction and Throughput with the increase of nodes stop time, and mobile nodes number.
AODV and Simple Flooding performance is due to their on demand characteristics to determine the freshness of the route. And it is proved also that AODV has a slightly higher Average end-to-end Delay than Simple Flooding.
This paper presents a novel data and timed control routing protocol which is Flying Adhoc Network (FANET) specific. The developed FANET specific routing protocol laid emphasis on the route connectivity in the network by considering the captured data size, minimum allowable distance between randomly moving nodes and connection time. The performance of the proposed FANET specific routing protocol was simulated using NS3. The obtained throughput value for the routing protocol fluctuated between 742.064kbps and 755.083kbps as data are exchanged between nodes. This showed that when all the UAVs are on the network and communicating with one another, the throughput is flatline and not plummet. This implies consistency as nodes join and leave the network. The packet delivery ratio obtained for the FSRP during simulation was 96.13%. These results implied that data is successfully transmitted between the UAV acting as server and UAV acting as client on the network.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
Call for paper 2012, hard copy of Certificate, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJCER, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, research and review articles, IJCER Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathematics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer review journal, indexed journal, research and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijceronline.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, Google journals, hard copy of Certificate,
journal of engineering, online Submission
Air Interface Virtualization using FBMC and OFDM ConfigurationsMalik Saad
Real time on air experiment is performed on Software-defined Radio (SDR) for radio virtualization using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and filter bank multi carrier to support diverse mobile service requirements for user equipment.
Les célibataires se cherchent sur ce site rencontre gratuitpascalsevran
Si vous souhaitez une rencontre coquine, ce sera en étant le plus modeste et plus intéressant, ne restez pas un célibataire sans pointe d’humour, faîtes vivre vos sentiments tout en restant attachants.
“Design and Detection of Mobile Botnet Attacks”iosrjce
A mobile botnet is a type of bot that runs automatically when installed on a mobile phone, which
does not have any anti-malware. The botnet gains complete access over our mobile device. The common
propagation medium for smartphone based botnet attacks are SMS, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. In our project, we will
demonstrate a SMS-cum-Wi-Fi based mobile botnet using a centralized C&C server. The botmaster initiates
commands to C&C server and the C&C propagates to infected smartphones i.e. bots. We will try to develop a
network which cannot be detected easily and propagates fast. The target of the propagation will be Android
Operating System. For detection, an application is created to detect whether smartphone is working as bot or
not. In this, we guide user about possible botnet attacks.
Ask the Experts: Protecting your BusinessWelch LLP
You have built a business that you are proud of. As an entrepreneur, how do you protect it? Review our presenters' slides with notes on how you can safeguard
your business from a legal standpoint as well as how government programs and incentives can help you.
To view our video coverage of the event, visit: http://www.welchllp.com/resource-centre/videos/events/
Impact of Malicious Nodes on Throughput, Packets Dropped and Average Latency ...iosrjce
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a decentralized wireless network[1]. Here the mobile nodes make and
break the links with the neighbouring nodes available in the radio range without actually being physically
connected. These networks are temporary and keep on changing from time to time. MANET applications are
getting importance in both civilian and military areas. MANETs can be applied in disaster communications and
used as the backup network of traditional mobile communication networks as well. Network throughput, number
of packets dropped and average latency are important parameters to evaluate the performance of wireless ad
hoc network[3]. Generally, it is difficult to achieve high throughput and low packet drop with minimum
delay[5]. In this paper, the objective is to achieve high throughput while keeping the packet drop and the
average latency under certain acceptable limits[10]. We tried to study the signature pattern of these malicious
nodes and made conclusions with the results obtained. The performance is evaluated with the following
parameters: network throughput, number of packets dropped and the average latency. We used NS2 simulator
and extracted data from the trace files[2]. Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol has
been used in our experiments[4]. Similar to our previous work, the nodes are free to move or remain static in all
the quadrants in the defined space[8].
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Improved aodv based on energy strength and dropping ratioIJLT EMAS
Wireless Sensor Networks are the latest trends in the
market due to the demand for communication and networking
among the wireless network devices. The routing protocols are
used in the Wireless Sensor Networks for efficient
communication of data between sensor nodes. The designs of
routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks are very concern
because they are influenced by many challenging factors. To
design the networks, the factors needed to be considered are the
coverage area, mobility, energy power consumption,
communication capabilities etc.. Broadcasting is an inevitable
operation in the route discovery phase of AODV protocol. A
probability based AODV is proposed, it uses nodes remaining
energy and threshold random delay to generate the
rebroadcasting of route request packet. The route request packet
of AODV is modified to gather nodes remaining energy strength.
The performance of probability based AODV is compared with
AODV over packet delivery fraction, normalized routing
overhead, delay and average acquisition latency.
NS-2 based simulator is used to evaluate the performance of
routing protocol.
We make use of the existence of cell-disjoint paths in the 3D grid topology to design a new highly reliable adaptive geographic routing protocol called Grid-based Adaptive Routing Protocol (GARP) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In GARP, the underwater environment is viewed as a virtual 3D grid of cells. A packet is forwarded following a pre-constructed routing path from a node in a grid cell to a node in a neighbouring grid cell repeatedly until the destination sink node is reached. When a selected routing path becomes unavailable, GARP adapts to the condition by switching to an alternative path making use of the existing cell-disjoint paths. Since the protocol uses pre-constructed routing paths, it avoids path establishment and path maintenance overheads. Analytical performance evaluation results for GARP are obtained showing its high reliability. In tested cases, the delivery ratio has approached 100% when the network density has reached a minimum number of sensor nodes per grid cell.
Detecting Good Neighbor Nodes and Finding Reliable Routing Path Based on AODV...IOSR Journals
Wireless operations allow services, such as long-range communications, that are impossible or
impractical to implement with the use of wires. It is supported by well-liked technique known as Adhoc Protocol
[1]. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems e.g.
radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls etc. which use some form of energy e.g. radio waves, acoustic
energy, etc. to transfer information without the use of wires.[1] Information is transferred in this manner over
both short and long distances.In this, routes may be detached due to lively movement of nodes. So route
assortment and topology grouping is not easy and demanding issue. This type of networks is more vulnerable to
both internal and external attacks due to presence of wicked neighbour nodes[1][2s. Paper see the sights new
method using AODV protocol to find out good neighbour node and finding reliable path according to their
signal strength, flow capacity relative position of node in network.
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple “hops” may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. This paper presents performance comparison of the three routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and pause time. Simulation revealed that although DSDV perfectly scales to small networks with low node speeds, AODV is preferred due to its more efficient use of bandwidth.
Energy Saving DSR and Probabilistic Rebroadcast Mechanism are used to Increas...IJTET Journal
Abstract- MANETs are infrastructure less and can be set up anytime anywhere. Due to high mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), there exist frequent link breakages which lead to frequent path failures and route discoveries. The overhead of a route discovery cannot be neglected. In a route discovery, broadcasting is a fundamental and effective data broadcasting mechanism, where a mobile node blindly rebroadcasts the first received route request packets unless it has a route to the destination, and thus it causes the broadcast storm problem and without consider the nodes energy level of route selection it leads to reduce the network lifetime. In this paper proposed to focus is on a two mechanism ESDSR and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast to overcome those problems. A Energy Saving Dynamic Source Routing in MANETs (ESDSR) which will efficiently utilize the battery power consideration in the route selection time of mobile nodes in such a way that the network will get more life time and Neighbor coverage based Probabilistic rebroadcast mechanism, which can significantly decrease the number of retransmissions so as to reduce the routing overhead, and can also improve the routing performance. The simulation was carried out using the NS-2 network simulator.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
Dynamic routing discovery scheme for high mobility in mobile ad hoc wireless ...IJECEIAES
An innovative technology that is widely used in many applications is the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Discovery and maintenance of routes at MANET are important issues. Within MANET, broadcasting is used to discover a path within on-demand routing protocols. Establishing and maintaining a route periodically among the nodes is the challenge that requires the transmitting of control packets across a network. This state leads to the issue of broadcasting storms. Broadcasting control packets increase control packets overhead and decrease network performance. In this paper, we proposed a scheme called AODV-Velocity and Dynamic (AODV-VD) for effective broadcast control packets. The routing protocol for the ad-hoc on-demand distance victor (AODV) is used to implement the proposed AODV-VD scheme. AODV-VD scheme reduces both the excessive route discovery control packets and network overhead. Network simulator version 2.35 (NS2.35) was used to compare the proposed AODV-VD scheme to the AODV routing protocol in terms of end-to-end latency, average throughput, packet transmission ratio and overhead ratio.
An Effective and Scalable AODV for Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networksijcnes
Appropriate routing protocol in data transfer is a challenging problem of network in terms of lower end-to-end delay in delivery of data packets with improving packet delivery ratio and lower overhead as well. In this paper we explain an effective and scalable AODV (called as AODV-ES) for Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Networks (WASN) by using third party reply model, n-hop local ring and time-to-live based local recovery. Our goal is to reduce time delay for delivery of the data packets, routing overhead and improve the data packet delivery ratio. The resulting algorithm AODV-ES is then simulated by NS-2 under Linux operating system. The performance of routing protocol is evaluated under various mobility rates and found that the proposed routing protocol is better than AODV.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different
approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in
increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for
efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and
disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols
A Survey on Cross Layer Routing Protocol with Quality of ServiceIJSRD
Wireless is playing the wide role in today’s industrial application. Central idea of this paper is to enhance quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over ad-hoc network. This paper describes the operational of different QoS routing protocols, their properties and various parameters advantages and disadvantages. Also describes the use of QoS in Cross layer routing protocol. Finally, it concludes by study of all these cross layer QoS routing protocols.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
Quality of service Routing Using Stable Nodes in Mobile Ad hoc Networksijceronline
An efficient and secured routing protocol design is the vital concern for mobile ad hoc networks in view of major problems raising on security issues and loss of the network resources is due to changes within the connections of the network like Node failures, link breakages in the network. Our proposed scheme enhances the secured and reliable transmission of data, which also improves the network constancy, efficient packet delivery ratio and network life time by integrating through the AODV Routing protocol. It unites the authentication, stable routes and signal strength of the nodes to attain the secure and reliable transmission of data through nodes.
Similar to Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
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Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 17, Issue 6, Ver. I (Nov – Dec. 2015), PP 64-68
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17616468 www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight
Connectivity
Ms. Pradnya kamble, Dr. M.M. Kshirsagar,
Research Scholar, Ph.D, GHRCE,Nagpur;
Principal,SDMP,Nagpur
Abstract: This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
Keywords: VANET; MANET; ADHOC Network; Routing; Link Time, RREQ packet; RF Packet etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
VANET is an emerging technology and the concept of VANET arrives from the MANET technique. In
MANET there are various routing methods which is applied to the ADHOC network. It uses the theory of
wireless networks. Wireless networks are computers that use radio frequency channels as their physical medium
for communication. Each node in the network broadcast information which can be received by all nodes within
its direct transmission range. Since the nodes transmit and receive over the air, they need not be physically
connected to any network. Hence the network offers data connectivity along with user mobility.
The World’s first wireless radio communication system was invented by GUGLIELMO Marconi in
1897. In 1901, he successfully demonstrated his wireless telegraph system to the world by transmitting radio
signals across the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, covering more than 1700 miles. Through his system
, two end users could communicate by sending each other alphanumeric characters that were encoded in an
analog signal. This signaled the beginning of the radio communication era. Wireless communication is one of
the fastest growing industries in the world. The wireless communication industry has several segments such as
cellular telephony, wireless LAN’s and satellite- based communication networks.
In VANET, it uses the wireless communication to communicate with nodes using radio frequency
signals. VANET is S based on the principle of broadcast and reception of electromagnetic waves. Since the
electromagnetic spectrum is a common resource which is open for access by anyone. The VANET system can
make use of this spectrum for allocation of frequency band for VANET.
One very important property that an ad hoc wireless network should exhibit is organizing and maintain
the network by itself
II. ISSUES IN VANET
Medium Access Scheme: The primary responsibility of a medium access control (MAC) protocol in an
ad hoc wireless networks is the distributed arbitration for the shared channel for transmission of packets
Routing: The responsibilities of a routing protocol include exchanging the route information; finding
the physical path to a destination based criteria such as hop length ,minimum power required, and the lifetime of
the wireless link; gathering information about the path breaks;
Mobility: The Mobility Of nodes result in frequent path breaks, Packet collision, transient loops, stale
routing information and difficulty in resource reservation. So how to solve the route forming in the fast mobile
nodes.
Bandwidth Constraint: Since the Channel is shared by all nodes in the broadcast region, The bandwidth
available per wireless link depends on the number of nodes and the traffic they handle
Location dependent contention: the load on the wireless channel varies with a number of nodes present
in a given geographical region. This makes the contention of the channel high when the number of nodes
increases.
Quick Route reconfiguration: The unpredictable changes in the topology of the network require that the
routing protocol be able to quickly perform route reconfiguration in order to handle path breaks and subsequent
packet losses.
2. Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17616468 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Security and privacy: The routing protocol in VANET must be resilient to threats and vulnerabilities. It
must have inbuilt capability to avoid resource consumption, denial –of- service, impersonation and similar
attacks.
Road constraint: the length and width of the road is fixed. the nodes must communicate within limits;
Stable routes: the need of stable routes is the most urgent issue in VANET; Continuous Link: another important
issue is continuous link for communication
III. RELATED PROTOCOLS
Many authors suggest that the routing protocols of MANET are used for VANET, In routing
Techniques the major activity is neighbor discovery. During Neighbor discovery phase, every node in the
network gathers information about its neighbors and maintains that information in appropriate data structures.
This may require periodic transmission of short packets named beacons, or promiscuous snooping on the
channel for detecting activities of neighbors.
During the topology reorganization phase, the VANET requires updating the topology information by
incorporating the topological changes occurred in the network due to mobility of nodes, failure of links
A. Macaw Protocol
The binary exponential back-off mechanism used in MACA at times starves flows.
Figure 1: Example Topology
For example consider the figure1, here both the nodes S1 and S2 keep generating the high volume of
traffic. The nodes that first capture the channel starts transmitting the packets (say node S1). The packets
transmitted any node S2 get collided, and the nodes keep incrementing its back-off window according to the
BEB algorithm. MACAW use CTS RTS and ACK control packets.
Real Time Medium Access Control Protocol: Provides the bandwidth reservation mechanism for
supporting real time traffic in VANET networks. A separate set of control packets consisting of ResvRTS, and
ResvACK is used for effective bandwidth reservation for real time packets
Table Driven Routing Protocol: routes to all destinations are readily available for every node at all times. In one
paper the author says that DSR is better than DSDV.
B. Dynamic Source Routing (Dsr) :
DSR is a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is similar to AODV in that it forms a route on-
demand when a transmitting computer requests one. Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is an on-demand
protocol designed to restrict the bandwidth consumed by control packets in ad hoc wireless networks by
eliminating the periodic table-update messages required in the table-driven approach OF DSDV. The major
difference between this and the other on-demand routing protocols is that it is beacon-less and hence does not
require periodic hello packet (beacon) transmissions, which are used by a node to inform its neighbors of its
presence. This protocol is truly based on source routing whereby all the routing information is maintained
(continually updated) at mobile nodes. It has only two major phases, which are Route Discovery and Route
Maintenance. Route Reply would only be generated if the message has reached the intended destination node
(route record which is initially contained in Route Request would be inserted into the Route Reply).
3. Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17616468 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
Figure 2: Topology Graph Of The Network
C. Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV):
Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) is a table-driven routing scheme for ad hoc
mobile networks based on the Bellman–Ford algorithm. Each entry in the routing table contains a sequence
number, the sequence numbers are generally even if a link is present; else, an odd number is used. The number
is generated by the destination, and the emitter needs to send out the next update with this number.
Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV):
Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing uses on demand approach for finding routes. That is
route is established only when it is required by source node. For transmitting data packets. It employs
destination sequence numbers to identify the most recent paths. The major difference between DSR and AODV
stems out from a fact that DSR uses source routing in which a data packet carries the complete path to be
traversed. However in AODV, the source node and the intermediate nodes store the next hop information
corresponding to each flow for data packet transmission. In AODV protocol, the source node floods the RREQ
packet in the network, when the route is not available for the desired destination. And RREP packet for reply
mode. And if error occurs then RRER packet is used for error forwarding message.
D. Signal Stability Based Adaptive Routing Protocol:
SSBARP is an On Demand protocol that uses signal stability as a prime factor for finding stable routes
we can make use of bus transportation system their schedules for best packet delivery protocol is beacon based.
In which the signal strength of the beacon is measured for determining the link stability. The signal strength is
used to classify a link as stable or unstable
Every node maintains a table that contains the beacon count and the signal strength of each of its
neighbors. If the node has received the strong beacons for the past few beacons, the node classifies the link as a
strong stable link. The link is otherwise classified as a unstable link. Each node maintains a table called a signal
stability table (SST)
IV. RELATED WORK
The some of the Authors said that stable route is the important factor for VANET; Next important
factor is how to form a route. They said that number of above techniques can be used, but in that we have to
add stable route and packet transmission seamlessly.
1. In one IEEE Transaction paper on” A stable routing protocol to support its services in VANET networks;
IEEE transactions on Vehicular Technology Vol 56,no 6 November 2007;Tarik Taleb, Ehssan Sakhaee” ,
The author Tarik Taleb and others explains the idea about grouping of vehicles to forward the packet delay
and reduce the traffic. Therefore each group will forward the packet in the same direction of moving
vehicles Which is one of the good strategies for forwarding technique.. If the vehicle forwards the message
to different group vehicle then penalty is added and it is considered as unstable route. And the location of
nodes is found out by the GPS system installed in each device or say vehicles..In GPS system the X, Y
coordinates are easily available for all the moving vehicles. Location is detected in every 1 second time
interval
2. In 2nd
paper the author proposed the beacon message is used by all the vehicles to inform about speed
,direction and position of each other vehicle in the vicinity, they said that performance of the GPSR is
improved
3. In other paper, the author explains that predicted routes are already stored in the buffer inside the device so
that even if failure occurs, already stored route can then be taken for delivery of packets. So that creates a
stable route.
4. In another paper, the author said we can make use of bus transportation system for communication on the
road. Bus transportation has fixed schedules. Buses are occupying the fixed route from source to destination
and the timing is also fixed for them. Also bus move slowly than fast moving cars, also we don’t know the
4. Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17616468 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
path of the cars. And the cars are less in number on roads. And only one interface can be given to each car
but bus can provide more than one interface. So they can be the best source for transmission of packets.
They can be used as a relay system on the road.
5. In one paper the author said that road side units are fixed unit so they can be used for storing the predefined
routes for the vehicles on the road. If route failure occurs then another route can immediately from the
Roadside units and packets are delivered
6. In one paper the probability of breaking the route is found out. And the predefined routes are stored.
Probability of vehicle density on the road at a particular time is also taken and range is also taken and
using OPNET simulator the results show that DSR is better than DSDV
7. The Securiy of Vehicular adhoc Networks,2005by by Maxim Raya ,Jean – Pierre Hubaux. Vehicular
networks implement the detail threat analysis and provide security and privacy and analysis of the
robustness of the security protocols. He carries out the quantitative assessment of the proposed solution
In all the above work the route is first found out from source to destination node and then packets are
forwarded and for maintaining that route, different techniques are used so that connectivity can be shown
between nodes. And even if route breaks, the new routes are set. but i suggest that if continuous connectivity is
directly shown between all the nodes there is no need of forming route and then send the packets from source to
destination only, the packets can be sent from any node to all other nodes
V. Proposed Work
Geographic routing (also called Georouting or position-based routing) is a routing principle that relies
on geographic position information. It is mainly proposed for wireless networks and based on the idea that the
source sends a message to the geographic location of the destination instead of using the network address.
Geographic routing requires that each node can determine its own location and that the source is aware
of the location of the destination. With this information a message can be routed to the destination without
knowledge of the network topology or a prior route discovery. But with some other information in the packet
In this I have taken the concept of GPS system to locate the position of nodes using X and Y
coordinates of each vehicle. Vehicle positions of x and y coordinates are created. After that, total time at which
the vehicle is on the road is found out. That is, time matrix is created
The point of Distance at which vehicle starts and the last maximum distance is taken which is the total
approximate distance, the vehicle will run.
The speed of each vehicle is calculated, distance of each vehicle is found out using the DSDV
There is no need of any routing technique here.
Road length and Road width is taken in consideration Speed is taken in consideration Distance is taken
in consideration ;GPS system is taken in consideration; Distance vector is created ;Distance between two points
is found out; Angle between two points is found out ;Example : Suppose There Are Two Vehicles Say i and j
Speed of the Vehicle i is Vi; and Speed of the Vehicle j is Vj; Taking the formula, Speed = Distance / Time
Distance to be covered for the Vehicle i = R –|di| ;Di is the starting point (distance )at which the
vehicle 1 is starting his ride;(Di is the X value of i vehicle and Dj is the X value of j vehicle); Dj is the starting
point(distance )at which the vehicle2 is starting his ride; Each two vehicle has X1,Y1 and x2 y2 coordinates
The speed of each vehicle we know in km/sec which is tracked from Speed Sensors and GPS device
But since we do not know time initially, we find time from the speed of the vehicle and its total distance covered
by the vehicle on the road. Distance say D is the maximum travel distance of the vehicle say i from its starting
position = R-di = 500-di And Z is Angular Distance between two vehicles = SQRT(x2-x1)2
+(y2-y1)2
;Using the distance between two vehicles distance matrix is created Using time sensors the time can be
measured time = distance covered (d)/ speed(v) ;Time of travel of vehicle 1 = (500-di) / speed1 Time of travel
of vehicle 2 = (R-dj)/ speed2; Time of each vehicle can be found out
Taking the total time of travel of vehicle on the road, we can show the connectivity between vehicles for that
total time period
If, x2 and y2 are the x, y coordinates for one point
If x1 and y1 are the x,y coordinates for the second point
if d is the distance between the two points; Then we can say that following equation will be formed for finding
the distance between two points.
So vehicle 1 takes time t1 seconds and vehicle 2 takes time t2 seconds then, Time of connectivity between the
two vehicles is the minimum time taken between the two vehicles; Total time required by the two vehicles at
which they can be connected = min(t1,t2) seconds; Z is the distance between the two vehicles is, distance =
SQRT(x2-x1)2
+(y2-y1)2
;From the standard Mathematical formula , for finding the Angle theta between two
vehicles, vehicle 1 and Vehicle2
5. Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivity
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17616468 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
Ø= tan-1
[(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)] ; R=500; Z is the distance between the two vehicles is, distance = SQRT(x2-
x1)2
+(y2-y1)2
Speed Is Tracked Using GPS System, Required travel Distance (D)= R - Current Distance(Starting Point)
Time = Required Covered Distance (D) / Speed(V) Ex : Total time required by the two vehicles at which they
can be connected = min(t1,t2) seconds; Speed And Position Is Tracked By GPS System in Every 1 Second
Interval. Angle Ø Is Known Required Travelled Distance Is Known. Speed is known, distance between two
nodes is known, So Using All These Information The Link Is Made Using The Packet Information As (R,V, Ø,
TIME, X,Y, Z) for each vehicle. As all the nodes are known at a single time we can connect all of them for their
time on road, and using GPS System continuous RF packets having all the information and RREQ packets
showing the information about other nodes is sent
VI. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A. The challenge in VANET:
The design of routing protocols for VANETS must achieve the low communication overhead, Low
latency delay, the low time cost, and high adjustability for the city, highway, and rural environments, Broadcast
storm problem, large scale deployment, collision avoidance, traffic congestion. This happens due to lack of
connection between the nodes. Because of frequent route breakes.because of high mobility pattern of nodes. In
different proposed routing methods for VANET, the prolong connectivity is not shown because each routing
method has to search the location of the neighboring nodes, and then connect, again optimum path is found out
to send the packet in the route. But if we know the location, distance and time of nodes then we can connect
them throughout of their total runtime. Many of the algorithms suggested the distance and position parameter for
finding the location of nodes.
B. Research contribution
1. New parameters are generated- distance1,distance2, link-time, position of nodes
2. From distance1 parameter , Distance vector is generated for all nodes
3. incessant connectivity between nodes is shown
4. Overhead of the nodes are reduced
5. Large scale deployment are covered
6. Traffic congestion is avoided
C. Comparision of SBAPM with GPCR,AODV,CBR
In SBAPM Method, the less number of nodes get disconnected in the route.while GPCR, AODV and CBR will
get a continuous disconnection because of their topology structure.The Following Figure 1: showing the
topologies of GPCR,CBR,AODV and SBAPM. Figure2: three tables represent the values of nodes in range for
break nodes.and figure 3 represent the graphs from the break nodes giving the values in percentage for breking
of nodes.Figure 4 shows the range of connection for SBAPM versus GPCR, AODV and CBR.The connectivity
range of SBAPM is greater than all the other protocols AODV,CBR,GPCR etc. therefor break range is lesser in
SBAPM than other topologies.
VII. REFERENCES
[1]. Mobisys13 The 11th
Annual International conference on Mobile systems, Applications and Services Taipei Taiwan June 25-28 2013
ACM new York NY ,USA @ 2013
[2]. A Novel Geographic Routing Strategy Over VANET,2010 IEEE 24TH
International Conference On Advanced Information
Networking And Applications Workshops: Yan Bo Wang,Tin Yu Wu
[3]. A NEW Cluster Based Routing protocol for VANET, 2010 2nd
International Conference on Network Security Yuyi Luo
[4]. Study of feasibility of VANET and its routing protocol, 2008 IEEE,SUN Xi,LI Xia Miao
[5]. Distance routing Effect algorithm for mobility(DREAM(1998))by S Basagni, I Chlamtac, V R Syrotiuk, B A Woodward IN the
proceedings of the 4th
annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile computing and Networking,ser . MobiCom’96
[6]. A Methodology for Studying VANET Performance with Practical Vehicle Distribution in Urban Environment
[7]. The Securiy of Vehicular adhoc Networks,2005by by Maxim Raya ,Jean – Pierre Hubaux.
VIII. BIBLOGRAPHY
[1]. Pradnya kamble ,she is a professor at PCE,Nagpur,and presently doing Ph.D. research in VANET systems
[2]. Dr. M.M. Kshirsagar, She is presently working as a Principal, SDMP, Nagpur. She has a versatile experience in teaching and
management field